NEUTRINO COMMUNICATION FOR INSIDER TRADING

Son Cao, Gareth Kafka, Tianlu Yuan

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OUTLINE

 Goals, Motivation  Background   Information Considerations  Beam Considerations  Quaternary System  Conclusions

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GOALS AND QUESTIONS

 How can we use neutrinos to communicate faster than fiber optics?   What types of beam source and detector are used?   How should the information (beam) be structured?

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MOTIVATION  Neutrino speed ~c,

fiber optical ~2/3 c

 Time saving: 1 ms is a long time for traders

 Wireless: no long fiber cable, no satellites

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BACKGROUND COMMUNICATION WITH NEUTRINOS

 Messages encoded in binary bit state   1 = has neutrino   0 = no neutrino

 Travels at speed of light

  Weak interaction, losing information is very small

 Hard to intercept 5

BACKGROUND MINERVA COMMUNICATIONS

  2.25 x 1013 POT (protons on target) per spill   120 GeV protons beam  Spill lasts 8.1 μs and is separated by 2.2 s  Peak neutrino E is ~3 GeV  Detector ~1 km from target  Expect 0.8 events/spill

 ~0.1 bits/s information rate  < 1% Bit error rate  Slow information transfer, low bit rate! 6

BACKGROUND MINERVA COMMUNICATIONS

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  2.25 x 1013 POT (protons on target) per spill   120 GeV protons beam  Spill lasts 8.1 μs and is separated by 2.2 s  Peak neutrino E is ~3 GeV  Detector ~1 km from target  Expect 0.8 events/spill

 ~0.1 bits/s information rate  < 1% Bit error rate  Slow information transfer, low bit rate!

INFORMATION CONSIDERATIONS BEAM STRUCTURE

 T2K: beam with 1 bunch/μs  Many bunches per spill  Time between spills O(seconds)  Assume bunches carry information

  Use only one spill!   Remember $$ is no issue,

this is Wall Street

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INFORMATION CONSIDERATIONS OPTIMIZE NUMBER OF BITS

 How many different messages?   Buy or sell (2 options)   Number of Shares: 107 possible options (100—109 in

steps of 100)   106 Different Stocks (106 options)   Total is N = 2 x 1013 options

Use 44 bunches in one spill, information sent in at best ~44 μs + L/c!

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INFORMATION CONSIDERATIONS BIT ERROR RATE (BER)

 Assume equal probability to send 0 or 1  Assume no error when 0 sent (no beam = no

neutrino)  Probability to receive a “0” when a “1” was

transmitted with λ expected events:

 Minerva: λ = 4 (after 5 repetitions), P = 1%

 For P = 0.002%, need λ = 10 events

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BEAM CONSIDERATIONS NEUTRINO BEAM TYPE

  Requirements   Fast Identity   Good Purity   Ignorable Background   High Flux

  Muon neutrino is best choice   Long muon track easily

identifiable   Pure muon neutrino

beam is practical   Background mainly

from atmospheric muons – ignorable from direction, timestamp 11

BEAM CONSIDERATIONS EXTRAPOLATE FROM MINERVA

 Oscillation length  Oscillation probability for high energy (120 GeV)

neutrinos is negligible until large L (maximized ~80,000 km)

 σ~ E2, so cross section at 120 GeV increases by 1600 from Minerva (3 GeV)

 Minerva’s POT/spill: 2.25 x 1013

 Required POT/bunch to get 10 neutrino events/bunch (120 GeV) at L=10000km

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L[km] =π

2× 1.267

eV 2

∆m2

E

GeV

BEAM CONSIDERATIONS BEAM POWER

 From MINOS, 120 GeV proton beam can generate peak of 10 GeV neutrinos

 Assume linear scaling factor  Beam of ~1.44 TeV protons generates 120 GeV

neutrinos  Beam power given by:

 Compare with NuMI beam, assume T~O(ms), POT increases by 105 and proton energy increase by 10, the beam power should be 109 time NuMI power (0.25MW)

 NOT FEASIBLE 13

P (kW ) ∝ POT (1020)× Ep (GeV )/T (107s)

BEAM CONSIDERATIONS POSSIBLE WORKAROUNDS

 Previous beam power assumed Minerva detector as far detector   Make bigger detector (e.g. IceCube)

  Increase neutrino energy   Cross section scales as E2, power scales as E

 Preq(10 events) ~ 1/(V x E)   IceCube ~ 1km3 and Minerva ~ 60m3 so if

using IceCube, power required reduced by 109/60=1.6x107 (Assuming similar cross-sections)25MW

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COMPUTER TECHNICAL DETAILS

 Use a predefined library of commands  Store as binary tree  Access tree as bits are decoded   (Theoretically,) no encryption necessary as only

sender and receiver should have access to the tree

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QUATERNARY SYSTEM ANOTHER BEAM

 Since wall street money is limitless, build second beam

 Must NOT be muon neutrinos, must be pure  Use isotope beam, or beta beam

  Generates 100% pure electron anti-neutrino beam   Ex:

  Issues:   Still much R&D   Must synchronize pulses from both beams   Must have enough land space to build both beams

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62He

++ →63 Li

+++ + e− + νe

QUATERNARY SYSTEM NEW BIT OPTIMIZATION

 Quaternary system of bits, or q-bits:   0 if no events   1 if events   2 if events   3 if both events

 Number of q-bits   24 for 2 x 1014 messages   Information sent 50% faster than binary system!

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DETECTOR TYPE

 Consider Minerva detector   Uses 200 planes, alternating steel

and scintillator

 We need only to distinguish electron events and muon events   Determine difference between

electron showers and muon tracks   Muon deposits same energy in

each plane, electron shower has a changing energy deposition

  10-15 planes enough to ID particle, reconstruct direction to veto backgrounds

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CONCLUSIONS AND COMMENTS

 Neutrino communication through the Earth can be faster than light by hundreds of microseconds

 Using a pure muon neutrino beam and scintillator detector, messages can be transferred in 44 + L/c μs   Requires unfeasibly high power

 Possible workarounds:   Higher energy   Larger volume detectors

 Using multiple flavor beams improves communication speed, but not power

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REFERENCES   [1] http://cdn5.blog.doostang.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/11/wall-

street-sign.jpg   [2] http://www.stockmarkets.com/images/map-large.gif   [3] Dorminey, Bruce. “Neutrinos to Give High-Frequency Traders the

Millisecond Edge.” Forbes. http://www.forbes.com/sites/brucedorminey/2012/04/30/neutrinos-to-give-high-frequency-traders-the-millisecond-edge/

  [4] http://www.techgear.gr/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/neutrino_beam_communication.jpg

  [5] arXiv:1203.2847.   [6] http://www.remarkablecard.com/catalog/item/

3185835/2737484.htm   [7] http://nialangleyspeaks.blogspot.com/2011/12/this-is-sparta.html   [8] http://www-numi.fnal.gov/minwork/info/dpb01.pdf   [9] http://cupp.oulu.fi/neutrino/nd-cross.html   [10] http://minerva.fnal.gov/   [11] http://www.enigmatic-consulting.com/Communications_articles/

RFID/Resources/protocol_pix/binary_tree_w_tags_class0.gif   [12] arXiv:hep-ex/0107006v4.

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EXTRAS

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INFORMATION CONSIDERATIONS BEAM STRUCTURE

 T2K: beam with 1 bunch/μs  Many bunches per spill  Time between spills O(seconds)  Assume bunches carry information

  Use only one spill!   Remember $$ is no issue,

THIS IS WALL STREET!

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