neutrino experiments and proton decay experiments summary
DESCRIPTION
Neutrino Experiments and Proton Decay Experiments Summary. Takuya Hasegawa(KEK). Sorry for Skipping Following Three Important Contributions Due to Limited Time. Mar. 5, 2008 NP08@Mito. J-PARC Neutrino Facility Status. T.Kobayashi IPNS, KEK. 3. The T2K experiment. Christos Touramanis - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
The T2K experiment
Christos Touramanis
4th International Workshop on Nuclear and Particle Physics NP08 5 March 2008 Mito, Ibaraki, Japan
NP08 Future beam options for
experiments Yves Déclais 5
Future beam options for long baseline neutrino experiments
Yves DéclaisUniversité Lyon1CNRS/IN2P3/IPNL
Primary Motivation of T2K
Discover νμ→νe Conversion Phenomenon
Prior to Any Other Experiment in the World
Conclude Lepton Flavor Mixing Structure
T2K Proposal Accepted by J-PARC PAC
“We request total integrated beam power larger than 0.75MW × 15000h at any proton energies between 30 and 50 GeV.“
15000 h = 5×3000h
≒ 5×107sec
Integrated Power of 1 ~ 2MW×107seconds
is
a Turning Point to Decide
Next Project Utilizing J-PARC Neutrino Facility
Future Investment for the “Discovery” in ν Physics we are High Energy Experiment Researcher
Not much Interested in Upper Bound Physics
If Significant νe Signal → Proceed Immediately to CP Violation Discovery MUST: Improve ν Beam Intensity MUST: Improve the Main(Far) Detector Quality In terms of Detector Technology, Volume and Baseline+Angle
optional: improve Near Detector( whatever it is)
Discovery of Proton Decay
Naturally, Main Neutrino Detector
Tends to be Huge.
As a Consequence, Main Neutrino Detector Gives us Rare and Important Opportunity to
Discover Proton Decay
J-PARC to SomewhereLong Baseline Neutrino Experiment
andNucleon Decay Experiment
WithHuge Volume Detector
Quest for the Origin of Matter Dominated Universe
• Lepton Sector CP Violation– Search for CP violation in Neutrino Oscillation Process
• Conclude Mass Hierarchy of Neutrinos• Examine Matter Effect in Neutrino Oscillation Process
• Proton Decay– p → ν K – p → e π0
*Non-Equilibrium Environment in the Evolution of Universe is Assumed
6 March 2008 Ed Kearns - Non-accelerator Physics with Water Cherenkov - NP08 16
Supernova Neutrino BurstSupernova Neutrino Burst
Guaranteed signal – if you run long enough.
Enormous statistics in a megaton-scale detector.
Time profile and spectra of great astrophysical interest. Exotic possibilities such as Si-burning and black hole formation.
Standard picture: Initial burst of e and cooling tail of equal flavors
Matter effects in SN and in earth may be revealed.
May reveal fundamental neutrino physics as well.
A. Bueno, U. Granada
Indirect Dark Matter detection
• WIMPS can be gravitationally trapped in the centre of celestial massive bodies (e.g. the Sun)
• They can annihilate and produce standard particles (among others high energy neutrinos)
• Look for high energy (anti-) e pointing to the Sun – Take advantage of superb
angular resolution and electron ID capabilities of LAr TPCs
• Clear WIMP signal expected if elastic cross section above 10-4 pb
JCAP01(2005)001
elastic H ,SD H ,SI He,SI
18
My Favorite Themes
Determine The Universe is dominated by matter and has no anti-matter.
Discover proton decay Origin of extremely small mass of the neutrinos.The Universe was born and will die.The Universe is dominated by matter and has no anti-matter.
What is the dark-matter?Unknown new heavy particles.
What is the dark energy?New paradigm beyond relativity and quantum theory?
Prof. Totsuka’s Talk @ 1st J-PARC Int. Symp.
We Will Cover Them
Future Investment for the “Discovery” in ν Physics we are High Energy Experiment Researcher
Not much Interested in Upper Bound Physics
If Significant νe Signal → Proceed Immediately to CP Violation Discovery MUST: Improve ν Beam Intensity MUST: Improve the Main(Far) Detector Quality In terms of Detector Technology, Volume and Baseline+Angle
optional: improve Near Detector( whatever it is)
Possible MR Power Improvement ScenarioKEK ROADMAP
Day1(up to Jul.2010)
Next Step KEK ROADMAP
Ultimate
Power(MW) 0.1 0.45 1.66 ?
Energy(GeV) 30 30 30
Rep Cycle(sec) 3 3-2 1.92
No. of Bunch 6 8 8
Particle/Bunch 1.2×1013 <4.1×1013 8.3×1013
Particle/Ring 7.2×1013 <3.3×1014 6.7×1014
LINAC(MeV) 181 181 400
RCS h=2 h=2 or 1 h=1
After 2010, plan depends on financial situation
NP08 Mar/06/2008
~0.5Megaton fid vol. (0.27Mton x 2 detectors) Needs ~200,000PMTs (assume 40% coverage)
K.KaneyukiWater Cherenkov Detector Simplicity, Mass
22
Passive perlite insulation
≈70 m
Drift lengthh =20 m max
Electronic crates
Single module cryo-tank based on
industrial LNG technologySingle module cryo-tank based on
industrial LNG technology
possibly up to 100 kton
Huge Liquid Ar TPCA scalable detector with a non-evacuable dewar and ionization charge
detection with amplification
A.Marchionni
0 pn
Precision Measurement Detector
T.Kobayashi (KEK) 23
OA3°
OA0°OA2°
OA2.5°
Baseline and AngleBaseline and AngleOscill. Prob. @
f
lux
• Baseline– Long: Oscillation Maximum
at Higher Energy,
Utilize Matter Effect– Short: More Intense
Neutrino Flux, Control
of π0 Background
Less Matter Effect• Angle w.r.t On-Axis
– On-Axis: Wide Energy Coverage– Off-Axis: Narrow Energy Coverage,
Control of π0 Background
Brand New Far(Main) Detector
• Detector Technology – Water Cherenkov– Liquid Ar TPC– Etc.
• Baseline + Angle
Depend on How to Approach Lepton Sector CP Violation
Focused in this Workshop
Lepton Sector CP Violation
• Effect of CP Phase δ appear as– νe Appearance Energy Spectrum Shape
(Sensitive to All the Non-Vanishing δ including 180°)
– Difference between νe and νe Behavior
3
2
1
231323122313122312231312
231323131223122313122312
1312131312
ccsccssesscsce
scssseccsscecs
sesccc
ii
ii
ie
A.Bueno et alA.Bueno et al NP08 (@Mito) on Mar-6-2008NP08 (@Mito) on Mar-6-2008 2626
ee oscillation probability (on E/L) oscillation probability (on E/L)O
scill
ati
on p
robabili
ty
m312 = 2.5x10-3 eV2
sin2213 = 0.1No matter effects
CP=90CP=270
CP=0
(E/L)OscillationMinimumE/L~1.27m2/
1st OscillationMaximumE/L~1.27m2*2/
2nd OscillationMaximumE/L~1.27m2*2/3
J-PARC to OkinoshimaLong Baseline Neutrino Experiment
andNucleon Decay Experiment
WithHuge Liquid Ar TPC
A.Bueno et alA.Bueno et al NP08 (@Mito) on Mar-6-2008NP08 (@Mito) on Mar-6-2008 2828
Focus on lepton sector CP violation Focus on lepton sector CP violation discovery/measurement with LAr TPC discovery/measurement with LAr TPC
How to approach CP phase measurement How to approach CP phase measurement with Liquid Argon TPC detectorwith Liquid Argon TPC detector
– Liquid Argon TPC has advantage onLiquid Argon TPC has advantage on Good Energy resolution / reconstructionGood Energy resolution / reconstruction Good background suppression (Good background suppression (00)) Good signal efficiencyGood signal efficiency
– Thus this detector is suitable for the precision Thus this detector is suitable for the precision measurement on neutrino energy spectrum to measurement on neutrino energy spectrum to extract CP information. (w/ extract CP information. (w/ onlyonly neutrino run) neutrino run)
A.Bueno et alA.Bueno et al NP08 (@Mito) on Mar-6-2008NP08 (@Mito) on Mar-6-2008 2929
Focus on lepton sector CP violation Focus on lepton sector CP violation discovery/measurement with LAr TPC (cont’d)discovery/measurement with LAr TPC (cont’d)
For example, if the second oscillation For example, if the second oscillation maximum has to stay larger than ~400MeV, maximum has to stay larger than ~400MeV, – Baseline is needed to be longer than ~600kmBaseline is needed to be longer than ~600km
If the beam should cover wider energy If the beam should cover wider energy range,range,– Beam should be as on-axis as possible.Beam should be as on-axis as possible.
To keep high statistics to analyze;To keep high statistics to analyze;– Not too long baseline, but not too short baseline Not too long baseline, but not too short baseline
neutrino experiment is needed. neutrino experiment is needed.
A.Bueno et alA.Bueno et al NP08 (@Mito) on Mar-6-2008NP08 (@Mito) on Mar-6-2008 3030
Okinoshima
~658km~0.8deg. Almost On Axis
Found suitable place in mapFound suitable place in map
A.Bueno et alA.Bueno et al NP08 (@Mito) on Mar-6-2008NP08 (@Mito) on Mar-6-2008 3131
Spectra for Spectra for ee CC events CC events
Shaded is beam Shaded is beam ee background, background, while histogram while histogram shows the oscshows the osc’’d d signal. signal.
cpcp effects are effects are seen in 1seen in 1stst and and 22ndnd osc. Maxima. osc. Maxima.
(perfect resolution (perfect resolution case) case)
0 deg 90 deg
180 deg 270 deg
0 0
0 0
4 4
4 4
4525
4060
A.Bueno et alA.Bueno et al NP08 (@Mito) on Mar-6-2008NP08 (@Mito) on Mar-6-2008 3232
Allowed regionsAllowed regions This is perfect This is perfect
energy spectrum energy spectrum casecase
Cases at Cases at cpcp=0,90,180,270 =0,90,180,270 and and sinsin22221313=0.1,0.05,=0.1,0.05,0.03 are overlaid.0.03 are overlaid.
Each point has Each point has 67,95,99.7% C.L 67,95,99.7% C.L contourscontours
Perfect resolution case
A.Bueno et alA.Bueno et al NP08 (@Mito) on Mar-6-2008NP08 (@Mito) on Mar-6-2008 3333
Okinoshima
~658km~0.8deg. Off-axis
KamiokaKorea
~1000km~1deg. Off-axis
295km2.5deg. Off-axis
Sites for 100kT LArSites for 100kT LAr
At Kamioka, it could be nice tothink different strategy as well!
Perfect resolution
J-PARC to KamiokaLong Baseline Neutrino Experiment
andNucleon Decay Experiment
WithHuge Water Cherenkov Detector
NP08 Mar/06/2008
Super-Kamiokande22.5kt
295km<E>~0.6GeV
Difference Betweenand anti-
TsukubaTokai
Hyper-Kamiokande~Mt
CP violation
NP08 Mar/06/2008expected sensitivity
1.66MW 1.1yr+ 3.9yr 1.66MW 2.2yr+ 7.8yr
CP sensitivity CP sensitivity
sin2213 sin2213
sin
22 1
3
Fract
ion o
f
sin
22 1
3
Fract
ion o
f
systematic error:signal 5%, BG 5%beam e, e BG 5%/ 5%
These errors are still challenging.
K.Kaneyuki
J-PARC to KoreaLong Baseline Neutrino Experiment
andNucleon Decay Experiment
WithHuge Water Cherenkov Detector
So Called T2KK
Comparison of Each Scenario
Scinario 1Okinoshima
Scenario 2Kamioka
Scenario 3Korea
Baseline(km) 660 295 295 & 1000
Off-Axis Angle(°) 0.8(almost on-axis) 2.5 2.5 1
Method νeSpectrum Shape Ratio between νe νe νeSpectrum Shape
Beam 5Years νμ,
then Decide Next 2.2 Years νμ,
7.8 Years νμ,
5 Years νμ,
5 Years νμ,
Detector Tech. Liq. Ar TPC Water Cherenkov Water Cherenkov
Detector Mass (kt) 100 2×270 270+270
Study is continuing to seek for Optimum Choice
SK1
SK2SK3+
540 kt WC
IMB
prot
on li
fetim
e SK I+II
270 kt WC
efficiency = 0.45bg. rate = 0.2 evts/100 kty Nobs = Nbg
6 March 2008 43Ed Kearns - Non-accelerator Physics with Water Cherenkov - NP08
Water Cherenkov
A. Bueno, U. Granada
Super-symmetric decay mode
p K+
Wire coordinate
Drif
t coo
rdin
ate
34 cm
90 c
m
e+
K+
K[AB] [BC] e[CD]
A
B
C
D
K+
µ+
e+
Real event recorded by ICARUS T600 detector while surface tests were
carried out in 2001
Liquid Ar TPC
A. Bueno, U. Granada
Sensitivity to nucleon partial lifetimeOnly atmospheric neutrino background is included
Almost background free search
100kt, 10year
Liquid Ar TPC
Realization of the Huge Detector
• Test of the Key Components Underway
• Need to Understand
the Detector as a Whole System– Physics Motivated Optimization is Important
– Test with the Beam is Important
• Etc.
47
LAr
Cathode (- HV)
E-fi
eldExtraction grid
UV & Cerenkov light readout photosensors
E≈ 1 kV/cm
E ≈ 3 kV/cm
Electronic racks
Field shaping electrodes
GAr
Greinacher voltage multiplier up to MV
ArgonTube: 5 m drift test
Large area DUV sensitive photosensors
Charge readout with extraction from liquid phase & amplification in gas phase for long
drifts
Example of R&D for Huge Liq. Ar TPC: GLACIER
Charge readout plane
A. Rubbia hep-ph/0402110Venice, NO-VE 2003
Photo sensor gives a sizable portion in the total cost of the experiments.
There are two propositions to give the solution
1. PMT with small size (conservative approach) by French team (PMm2) with PHOTONIS
2. New photo sensor (aggressive approach) by Japanese team with Hamamatsu
T.Abe
R&D for Water Cherenkov
A.Bueno et alA.Bueno et al NP08 (@Mito) on Mar-6-2008NP08 (@Mito) on Mar-6-2008 4949
Importance of Resolution (1)Importance of Resolution (1) ““ResolutionResolution”” includes; includes;
– neutrino interaction neutrino interaction Fermi motionFermi motion Nuclear interaction for final state particles.Nuclear interaction for final state particles. Vertex nuclear activities (e.g. nuclear break up signal)Vertex nuclear activities (e.g. nuclear break up signal) NC NC 00 event shape including vertex activity event shape including vertex activity
– detector mediumdetector medium IonizationIonization ScintillationScintillation Charge/light correlationCharge/light correlation Signal quenching (amount of ionization charge/scinti. light Signal quenching (amount of ionization charge/scinti. light
is non-linear to dE/dx. E.g.including recombination ) is non-linear to dE/dx. E.g.including recombination ) hadron transport hadron transport Signal diffusion and attenuationSignal diffusion and attenuation
– readout system including electronicsreadout system including electronics Signal and Noise RatioSignal and Noise Ratio Signal amplificationSignal amplification Signal shapingSignal shaping
– reconstructionreconstruction Pattern recognitionPattern recognition 00 event shape event shape Particle IDParticle ID
We assume these effectscauses Gaussian resolution,then see the results
A.Bueno et alA.Bueno et al NP08 (@Mito) on Mar-6-2008NP08 (@Mito) on Mar-6-2008 5050
Importance of Resolution(2) Importance of Resolution(2)
200MeV
100MeV
perfect
0 deg 90 deg
180 deg 270 deg
• Assuming constant Gaussian resolution independent on energy• Looks resolution is crucial (100MeV at most)
0 5 0 5
0 5 0 5
40 20
40 60
A.Bueno et alA.Bueno et al NP08 (@Mito) on Mar-6-2008NP08 (@Mito) on Mar-6-2008 5151
Importance of Resolution Importance of Resolution
200MeV
100MeV
perfect • 200MeV resolution can still make some results, however, 100MeV is really preferable to see the 2nd oscillation maximum visually. “”robustness of the result”
We will be Prepared NOT MSSING
Rare Opportunity
(Probably Only Once at the νμ→νe Discovery) to Initiate the Discovery Experiment of
Lepton Sector CP Violation and Proton Decay
Continue Discussion to Submit Proposal(Target Year ~ 2012)
53
Next neutrino experiments
Study more in detail by combining all the available information including Mass matrices, CKM and MNS matrices, the coming LHC, and MEG results.
Phased approach.
Use your wisdom and make the best proposal ready by 2012.
Think big and make cheap.
We Will Try
Prof. Totsuka’s Talk @ 1st J-PARC Int. Symp.
Why ~ 350 !! Foreign Peoples Get Together
atJ-PARC Neutrino Facility ?
They Judge J-PARC as a Place where they can Obtain Unprecedented High Intensity Neutrino
Beam for the Experiment in the World
Hope to Set Accelerator Power Improvement Milestone with Accelerator Colleague with Deep
Mutual Understanding between Accelerator Reality and Experimental Requirement
~ 60 Japanese