nevadans for antibiotic awareness
DESCRIPTION
NEVADANS FOR ANTIBIOTIC AWARENESS. 2004 Partner Conference April 9, 2004 Bill Berliner, MD. THE ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE CRISIS. THE ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE CRISIS. HISTORY OF BACTERIA HISTORY OF ANTIBIOTICS RESISTANCE THE PROBLEM NOW NEVADANS FOR ANTIBIOTIC AWARENESS. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
NEVADANS FOR ANTIBIOTIC AWARENESS
2004 Partner ConferenceApril 9, 2004
Bill Berliner, MD
THE ANTIBIOTIC
RESISTANCE CRISIS
THE ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE CRISIS
• HISTORY OF BACTERIA
• HISTORY OF ANTIBIOTICS
• RESISTANCE
• THE PROBLEM NOW
• NEVADANS FOR ANTIBIOTIC
AWARENESS
HISTORY OF BACTERIA
BACTERIA HAVE BEEN AROUND
LONGER THAN ANY LIVING THING ON
EARTH.
FOSSIL EVIDENCE DATES BACK 3.5
BILLION YEARS.
HISTORY OF BACTERIA
EARTH AS A DAY:
5:00 AM - BACTERIA APPEAR
10:00 PM - DINOSAURS APPEAR
11:59 PM - HUMANS APPEAR
HISTORY OF ANTIBIOTICS
1928 – DR. FLEMING DISCOVERS PENICILLIN FROM BREAD MOLD
1944 – U.S. MILITARY TAKES PENICILLIN TO THE BATTLEFIELD
1945 – BACTERIA WITH RESISTANCE TO PENICILLIN ISOLATED
HISTORY OF ANTIBIOTICS
1960’s: METHICILLIN INTRODUCED
1991: 29% OF STAPH AUREUS
RESISTANT
2001: 62% OF STAPH AUREUS
RESISTANT
RESISTANCE
THE PROBLEM
PSEUDOMAS AEROGINOSA
13 1416
18.516
2326
28
CEFTAZIDIME IMIPENEM
% R
ES
IST
AN
CE
1991 1999 2000 2001 1991 1999 2000 2001
THE PROBLEM
STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIA
32
42
22
29
PENICILLIN CEFOTAXIME
% R
ES
IST
AN
CE
2000 2001 2000 2001
THE PROBLEM
> 50% OF HOSPITAL ACQUIRED BLOODSTREAM INFECTIONS ARE CAUSED BY METHICILLIN-RESISTANT STAPH AUREUS (MRSA)
> 70% OF NURSING HOME STAPH INFECTIONS ARE CAUSED BY MRSA
THE PROBLEM
“THERE ARE PATIENTS TODAY IN HOSPITALS FOR WHOM THERE ARE NO EFFECTIVE THERAPIES.”
Gary DoernDirector of Clinical Microbiology
University of Iowa
NEVADANS FOR ANTIBIOTIC AWARENESS
WHO WE ARE
A STATEWIDE TASK FORCE THAT HAS BEEN IN EXISTENCE SINCE FEBRUARY 2001
3 SUBCOMMITTEES• PUBLIC AWARENESS• PROVIDER EDUCATION• INFECTION CONTROL & SURVEILLANCE
Pharmacist-directed pneumococcal vaccine
protocol increases number of patients receiving
immunization by 1200%
MountainView Hospital - Las Vegas, Nevada
Warren Wood, Pharm.D.
• Criteria checked by admitting nurse
– Over 65
– Hx of COPD,CHF,CAP,Splenectomy, No previous vaccine
• If criteria is met, chart is stamped with an optional order for the physician to check off
• Once ordered, the patient was to receive the vaccine after consent was signed
• Started June 1999
Program Revised in 1999Program Revised in 1999
MountainView HospitalMountainView Hospital
Pneumococcal Vaccine Results after 3 Years# Patients Receiving During Hospitalization
0
5
10
15
20
25
Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Total doses administered for all of
2002 = 91
Federal Register Oct 2002CMS modified guidelines, Standing Orders
• Removed requirement for specific physician order• Allowed Medical Staff Approved protocols, in place of specific orders• Approved for Nursing Homes, Clinics, and Hospitals
Pneumococcal Vaccine CriteriaCDC/MMWR 1997
• All immunocompromised persons aged >2yr
• All persons over 5yr
• Persons age 2-64 with:
–Cardiovascular or pulmonary disease
–Diabetes mellitus
–Kidney disease
–Alcoholism, chronic liver disease
–Cerebrospinal fluid leaks
–Functional or anatomic asplenia
–Living in special environments or social settings
Pneumococcal VaccineProcess Revision
• Proposed Protocol:
• Nurse assessment as before, list sent to pharmacy
• Move to a Pharmacist-Directed approach:
– Past success with IVtoPO conversion
– Change in Medicare Regulations
• Pharmacist will write order to administer Vaccine next day
• Physician and/or Patient has over-ride ability
Report of admits from last 24h prints in Pharmacy after midnight. Data
includes: vaccine status, age, diag,
reason for admission
Floor Nurse does usual assessment
which includes vaccine query
Patient is Admitted
Pharmacist reviews data and makes further inquiries if needed, then writes order, and sends sheet
to floor to be placed on chart
Next Day at 2PM, Nurse confirms with patient that they want vaccine, then
administers doseAdministration is recorded in
patient’s chart and nurse gives patient vaccination
pocket card
Pneumococcal Vaccine Process Flowchart
4th Qtr 2003
MountainView =
88%
Pneumococcal Vaccine Results#Patients Receiving During Hospitalization
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
1200% Increase over 2002
Medicare National Voluntary Hospital Reporting Initiative
4th Qtr MountainView was at 88%
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
>90 80-90 70-80 60-70 50-60 40-50 30-40 20-30 10-20 <10
Top 2%
Urgent Care Antibiotic Use
Eugene Somphone MD
Urgent Care Department Chief
Southwest Medical Associates
Introduction
• Reduction of antibiotic use
• Initial assessment of antibiotic use
• Provider and patient education
• Incentives to reduce inappropriate use
• Follow-up studies
• Future reduction
Urgent Care History
• SMA Urgent Cares 100,000 visits a year
• High volume of respiratory infections
• High rate of antibiotic prescriptions
Inappropriate Uses
• Over one-half of all antibiotics written annually are for respiratory infections
• More than 50 million unnecessary prescriptions are written annually
• 17 million prescriptions for antibiotics are written for the common cold
• Antibiotics are given to 75% of patients with sore throat
Initial Study
• Random charts pulled for upper respiratory complaints
• Symptoms of cough, sore throat, runny nose, congestion, sinus pain
• Percentage of patients prescribed an antibiotic
Results of Initial Study
• Overall prescription rate 66.7%
• Fulltime providers 53.5%
• Per diem providers 78.8%
• Range 14-100%
• 3 providers prescribed antibiotics 100% of the time!
Methods to Reduce Inappropriate Use
• Patient education– Handouts– Posters– Discussion
• Provider education• Financial incentives to reduce
inappropriate use
Provider Education• URIs are self-limiting
• Colored secretions are not predictors of bacterial infection
• Bronchitis is viral in nature
• Differentiate sinus symptoms from sinus infection
• Otitis media is oftentimes self-limiting
• Criteria for Strep throat
Financial Incentives
• SMA Bonus
• Antibiotic use as quality measure
• Goal set at less than 45%
Results
• After 3 months rate decreased to 34.2%
• After 6 months rate decreased to 30.5%
Patient Satisfaction
• Overall patient satisfaction rate remains high
• Some disgruntled patients
• Less resistance from patients
Rocephin
• In 2001 Rancho Urgent Care used $70,000
• Provider education and guidelines
• In 2002 all 3 SMA Urgent Cares used $40,000
Choice of Antibiotics
• Generic vs. Branded
• Narrow-spectrum vs. Broad-spectrum
Provider A
• Branded antibiotics prescribed in a 6-month period:
– Augmentin 2
– Cipro 1
– Floxin 1
– Levaquin 1
– Omnicef 1
– Tequin 29
– Z-pak 9
Provider A
• Generic antibiotics prescribed in a 6-month period:
– Amoxicillin 185
– Cefaclor 11
– Cephalexin 87
– Doxycycline 34
– Erythromycin 36
– Penicillin 14
– Tetracycline 3
Provider B
• Branded antibiotics prescribed in a 6-month period:
– Augmentin 6
– Ceftin 2
– Cipro 7
– Levaquin 6
– Tequin 4
– Z-pak 5
Provider B
• Generic antibiotics prescribed in a 6-month period:
– Amoxicillin 75
– Cephalexin 57
– Doxycycline 19
– Erythromycin 20
– Penicillin 38
Future Reductions
• Rapid Strep Testing
• AOM: recent recommendations
Stop Antibiotic Resistance In Washoe
County!
How Can Childcare Providers Help?
Joyce Minter, RN, PHN
www.co.washoe.nv.us/health/cchs
About one-third of Nevada’s children under the age five are in some
form of licensed childcare because their parents
work1
Source: Washoe County Child Care Health Consulting; Trust Fund for Public Health, RFA
2002-2003
Approximately 10,000 children under age six
attend 327 licensed childcare homes and
centers in Washoe County1
Source: Washoe County Child Care Health Consulting; Trust Fund for Public Health, RFA
2002-2003
Childcare providers play a key role in disseminating
information and health education to children and
families
Antimicrobial Resistance (AR) outreach was put into the Child Care Health Consulting (CCHC) grant, a Trust Fund for Public Health (TFPH) grant, to do education and evaluation of efforts
The CCHC is part of Health Child Care Nevada, which is part of the Health Care America campaign
Plan
• Send a survey to all (1250) child care providers
• Educate staff at 3 centers and 9 homes
• Then do a follow-up survey on those selected providers to see if they learned anything
Childcare Consultants Grant
• Printing and postage paid through grant
• PHN time was “in kind” contribution
AR Objective of Grant
• Targeted child care providers will achieve scores at least 10% higher than the entire population of providers in Washoe County on a survey measuring knowledge of antibiotic resistance after an educational session is completed
Child Care Providers• Obtained list of childcare providers
from Social Services-approx. 1250 questionnaires sent out1---------2325---------3910--------3420--------1630--------5
Questionnaire Development
• Made a list of 20 most important messages we wanted to convey
• Put into questionnaire form and data base created (special “Thanks” to Lei Chen)
• Questionnaires coded with identifying information so we could compare pre-test with post test
Survey Packet
• Letter explaining program and instructions to return questionnaire:
If a childcare center - to fax completed questionnairesIf individual childcare provider -
envelope with return postage guaranteed• Questionnaire• Business card • 2 NAA AR bookmarks for each provider as a
“Thank you”
Ideas for Incentives• Totes – NAA• Continuing education credit• Mugs• Water bottles• Purell hand sanitizer• Magnets-able to use some
immunization funding• A drawing/raffle
Activities• Mailed survey to all licensed child
care providers to assess baseline knowledge of antibiotic resistance and entered data for analysis
• Provided educational materials about antibiotic resistance to targeted centers
• Provided survey to targeted centers post intervention to measure change in attitudes
Initial Questionnaire Results
• 346 of 1250 returned = 28% response rate
• Average score was 75.1, standard deviation 13.8. Range of score was 25-100. Full score is 100.
Stop Antibiotic Resistance In Washoe
County!
for more information
www.co.washoe.nv.us/health/cchs
A special thanks to Jane Harper, MS, at Minnesota Department of Health for providing most of the
information in this presentation
Learning Objectives
• List two types of germs that cause common childhood respiratory illnesses
• State what antibiotics cannot do if you are sick with a viral infection
• List comfort measures that can help children with viral infections feel better (hint: an antibiotic is not one of them!)
Learning Objectives
• Name one myth and one fact about antibiotic use
• List 3 steps childcare providers can take to help keep antibiotics working
• Name one bacterial illness which can be prevented by proper immunization
• State the most effective way to prevent the spread of all infections in childcare
Take Home Messages
• Viruses cause most common childhood respiratory illnesses
• Viral illnesses need time to heal - antibiotics cannot help
Take Home Messages• Taking antibiotics for viral illnesses
will not:
– cure the infection
– keep others from getting the illness
– make you feel better
And may lead to antibiotic-resistant bacteria
Take Home Messages
• Comfort measures ease symptoms of viral illnesses (extra fluids, rest, a vaporizer, a smoke-free environment)
• Sick children should stay home until fever-free and able to participate in routine activities without more care than usual from childcare staff
• Always wash your hands - and help children wash theirs!
• Keep immunizations up to date
Bottom Line
• Antibiotics are powerful medicines, but they're not always the answer!
• Misusing antibiotics now means they may not work when needed later to fight a bacterial infection
• Help keep antibiotics working!
Education & Post-Test
• The three centers have completed the education and post-testing
• The nine individual providers will be completed by May
Post-Test Survey Results
• 57 post-tests completed• Average score: 89.5, standard deviation 12.9.
Range of score is 42-100. Full score 100. (pre-test average: 75.1)• Paired comparison result: Fifteen participated
in pre and post test. The average score was improved by 13 before and after the education (statistically significant---P=0.005 by pairing sample T-test).
• 56/57 (98%) participants indicated on their post-tests that the presentation was very useful
THE RURAL EXPERIENCE
LYNN EVANS, LPN
ANTHEM BLUE CROSS & BLUE SHIELD
MY ASSOCIATION WITH THE NAA
• SUB-COMMITTEES• PHYSICIAN OFFICE SITE REVIEWS
ROADBLOCKS ALONG THE WAY
• TRAVELING LITE• WEATHER• WHO IS THE NAA?
WHAT I HAVE ACCOMPLISHED
• GETTING THE INFORMATION OUT• INCREASED AWARENESS
ELKO, WINNEMUCCA, CARLIN, FALLON, YERRINGTON, WELLINGTON, DAYTON,
SILVER SPRINGS, GERLACH, CARSON CITY, GARDNERVILLE, MINDEN, FERNLEY,
STATE LINE, LAKE TAHOE,HAWTHORNE, LAUGHLIN, MESQUITE,
PAHRUMP
MY MOST MEMORABLE RURAL
VISIT
• MOST “FAR OUT” PLACE
FUTURE PLANS
• THE “RURAL SWEEP”
• FROM TONOPAH TO RENO
Measuring the Appropriate Use of Antibiotics
Mary Hothem, R.N.Anthem Blue Cross Blue Shield
April 9, 2004
HEDIS--Who, What & How
• Administered by NCQA
• Used by most HMO’s across the country to measure plan performance
• Standardized methodology and comprehensive audit checks to ensure comparability
• In Nevada, Aetna, Health Plan of Nevada, IHC Health Plans, and Pacificare, already publicly report results
• HMO Nevada does not currently publicly report results due to size, although does collect the data
New to HEDIS 2004
• Appropriate Treatment of Children With Upper Respiratory Infection– Children age 3 months to 18 years– Outpatient visit with diagnosis of URI
(460 or 465) ONLY (no secondary diagnosis
– % with no prescription for antibiotic 30 days before visit date or 3 days after visit date
New to HEDIS 2004
• Appropriate Testing for Children With Pharyngitis– Children age 2 to 18 years– Outpatient visit with diagnosis of
pharyngitis (462, 463, 034.0), ONLY– Received a prescription for antibiotic 3 days
before visit date to 3 days after visit date– % that also had a group A streptococcus test
Considerations for NAA
• This may be a way to measure the effectiveness of FUTURE interventions
• Would allow for benchmarking current Nevada practice patterns with other states / regions
• Would allow for benchmarking across health plans and identify best practices
Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance Project
Linda Verchick, MSClark County Health District – Office of
EpidemiologyNevadans for Antibiotic Awareness Surveillance
Committee
Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance Project - 2000
through 2003Initial Surveillance
• Surveillance of six organisms• Data collected from three county facilities
– Major laboratory– Two major hospitals
• Data reported quarterly• Provided some community information
Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance Project - 2000
through 2003
Initial Surveillance Drawbacks
• Limited number of organisms and antibiotics surveyed
• No elimination of duplicate reports• Limited patient information• Data entry time consuming
Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance Project - 2000
through 2003Surveillance Organisms
• Streptococcus pneumoniae• Staphylococcus aureus (coag +)• Pseudomonas aeruginosa• Acinetobacter calcoaceticus• Enterococcus faecium• Enterococcus faecalis
Streptococcus pneumoniae Percent Susceptibility to Penicillin - Clark County, NV 2000-2003
0
20
40
60
80
100
2000 2001 2002 2003
Year
Susc
eptib
ility
(%)
Streptococcus pneumoniae Percent Susceptibility to Cefotaxime - Clark County, NV 2000-2003
0
20
40
60
80
100
2000 2001 2002 2003
Year
Susc
eptib
ility (
%)
Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance Project - 2004
New Surveillance Advantages
• Data electronically received• Elimination of duplicates• Antibiotic susceptibility from all positive
bacterial cultures from all sources• Antibiotic susceptibility reported in
minimum inhibitory concentrations (mics)
Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance Project - 2004
New Surveillance Advantages
• More patient information available – Inpatient/outpatient– Gender and age
• Ten local hospitals/laboratories have agreed to participate
Nevadans for Antibiotic Awareness Surveillance
Project - 2004New Surveillance Disadvantages
• Computer program design is time consuming
• Technical difficulties obtaining data • HIPAA misinterpretation
Nevadans for Antibiotic Awareness Surveillance Project
2004Goals
• Provide an antibiogram specific to each participating facility
• Provide clinicians with a county wide antibiogram
• Provide rapid reporting on a quarterly basis• Identify emerging resistant organisms
Goals• Follow resistance development within a
sensitivity category (S, I, R)• Identify the development of resistance
within a patient• Provide a better understanding of antibiotic
resistance in both community acquired and nosocomial illness
Nevadans for Antibiotic Awareness Surveillance Project
2004
Nevadans for Antibiotic Awareness
Christine Petersen, MD, MBA
2004 Partner Conference
April 9, 2004
Nevada Antibiotic Usage Trends
• Data collected from 4 health plans• Represents 382,252 members throughout
the state• Includes oral outpatient antibiotic scripts• Excludes antifungals, topical and
antituberculosis medications• Baseline year 2000 and the first 2 quarters
of 2001
Outpatient Antibiotic Scripts
per Member per Month
368,252 Health Plan Members
2000 –2003
0.045
0.050
0.055
0.060
0.065
0.070
0.075
0.080
0.085
Quarter 1 Quarter 2 Quarter 3 Quarter 4
2000200120022003