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An Analysis of the Fuel Used for Transport in Sri Lanka
Amal S. KumarageAmal S. KumarageProfessor, Dept. of Transport & Logistics Management,
University of MoratuwaChairman, National Transport Commission
Sri Lanka Energy Managers Association- Annual Session 2008
08.08.08
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2,000
2,500
3,000
3,500
Fuel C
onsum
ption (
llitr
es -
mn)
Fuel Consumption (in millions) [1960 - 2007]
Growth 7% p.a
0
500
1,000
1,500
60 70 80 90 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07
Fuel C
onsum
ption (
llitr
es
YearPetrol Diesel Total
Growth 4% p.a
-
80
100
120
140
160
Per
Capita F
uel C
onsum
ption
Per Capita Fuel Consumption [1960 - 2007]
Fuel Consumption per capita
Growth 5.5% p.a
-
20
40
60
80
60 70 80 90 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07
Per
Capita F
uel C
onsum
ption
YearPetrol Diesel Total
Growth 1.5% p.a
-
Spilt between diesel and petrol
70
80
90
100
Fuel Consumption (Percentage by Fuel Type)
Petrol Diesel
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
58 60 62 64 66 68 70 72 74 76 78 80 82 84 86 88 90 92 94 96 98 00 02 04
Pe
rce
nta
ge
Year
-
Cost of Fuel Used
-
Fuel Use by Function & Mode
railways
1%buses
13%
freight
15%railways
buses
pax vehicles
71%
buses
freight
pax vehicles
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% Fleet
% Vehicle Kms
%Fuel
Consumption
% Passenger
Kms
Buses 1 6 14 59
Dual Purpose Vehicles 19 27 38 19Dual Purpose Vehicles 19 27 38 19
Private Cars 12 14 18 8
Three Wheelers 15 23 9 5
Motor Cycles 45 22 5 8
Goods Vehicle 9 8 15 1
100 100 100 100
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Analysis of Road Vehicle Performance-2007
40
50
60
% Fleet
% Vehicle Kms
% Fleet
% Vehicle Kms
% Fuel Consumption
% Pax. Kms
0
10
20
30
Buses Dual Purpose Vehicles
Private Cars Three Wheelers
Motor Cycles
% Fuel Consumption
% Pax. Kms
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Economic Implications
• Value of Fuel for Transport –US$ 3 billion (10% of GDP)
• Cost of Infrastructure– Highways Rs 75 bn
– Railways Rs 20 bn
• Other Inputs Rs 50 bn
• Total Cost of Transport – Rs 800 bn US$ 7.5 bn
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Fuel Consumption by area
• CMC area – 5%
• Major arteries to Colombo - 10%
• Trunk Road – 40-45%
• Provincial Roads – 15- 20%• Provincial Roads – 15- 20%
• Other Urban - 5%
• Rural - 20%
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Example: Fuel Consumption Reduction Strategy for Urban Areas
• Reduction of Travel Demand (compact cities, flexible hours, work weeks etc)
• Improving Non-fuel & Fuel efficient modes of • Improving Non-fuel & Fuel efficient modes of transport (railway & bus systems)
• Impact of Pricing
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The Problem
Centralized Commercial Development
Residential AreaCongestion at peak hours
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Option 1: Redeveloping Urban Areas � Satellite Cities developed as Compact Cities
Congestion is minimized As minimum need of Transportation
Improved Public Transport
Satellite CityCommercial Core centerSatellite City
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Option 2: Public Transport Strategy for Reducing the Traffic Load on Roads
Centralized Commercial Development
Residential Area
Served by Quality Public Transport
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#1: Premium Coach Service• Objective
– To transfer private vehicle users to HOVs
• Features
– To serve 3 major attraction nodal points in city
– Along 5 major corridors
– Door-to door service – Door-to door service
– As near comfort as cars, Reliability
• Benefit
– For 10% shift – saving p.a. 6 mil litres
• Example
– Singapore
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#2: Park and Ride
• Objectives:
– To transfer LOV users to HOVs including railways
• Features
– Located at multi-modal centres
– Secure reliable car parks– Secure reliable car parks
– With other conviniences
– Frequent services – minimum every 15 minute
• Benefit:
– For 10% modal shift �6 million litres p.a
• Example- Bangalore, India
-
#3: Car/Van Pooling• Objective:
– To reduce number of LOVs
• Features
– Virtual ‘no-cost’ exercise
– Can be web based and easily set up
• Examples
– Almost all medium to large cities in the developed countries have this facility.
– Several cities in India have also started this in the last two years.
• Benefit,
– If 1% use it savings 1 million litres p.a.
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#4: School Transport Service• Objective:
– Reduce large number of private vehicles and vans arriving at specific time to specific locations an cause severe local congestion also.
• Features
– Target low occupancy vehicles
– Can be financially viable
– Requires safety, reliability, comfort, security– Requires safety, reliability, comfort, security
• Benefits
– Estimated reduction of 4000 vehicle trips daily – requires around 100 buses.
– Savings 1 million litres of fuel
• Example
– Bangalore
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• Objective: – To reduce traffic peaks by smoothening demand Survey in
Progress, thereby increase speed and reduce fuel use.
• Features:
– Spreads demand peaks
– Three Types of Interventions
#5: Adjustments to Work Hours.
– Three Types of Interventions• Flex-Hours
• Compressed Work Week
• Staggered Work Hours
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General Pattern of Corridor Flows to CMC
Total Vehicle Flow(Smoothened)
800
1000
1200
1400
Flo
w/3
0 m
init
s
Corridor:Colombo-Negombo Road Location:Peliyagoda Link No: A003-030 Date:09/06/04
A
0
200
400
600
800
7.0
0-7
.30
7.3
0-8
.00
8.0
0-8
.30
8.3
0-9
.00
9.0
0-9
.30
9.3
0-1
0.0
0
10
.00-1
0.3
0
10
.30-1
1.0
0
11
.00-1
1.3
0
11
.30-1
2.0
0
12
.00-1
2.3
0
12
.30-1
3.0
0
13
.00-1
3.3
0
13
.30-1
4.0
0
14
.00-1
4.3
0
14
.30-1
5.0
0
15
.00-1
5.3
0
15
.30-1
6.0
0
16
.00-1
6.3
0
16
.30-1
7.0
0
17
.00-1
7.3
0
17
.30-1
8.0
0
18
.00-1
8.3
0
18
.30-1
9.0
0
Time
Flo
w/3
0 m
init
s
To Colombo
From Colombo
A
B
Average Flow
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Composition of Trips by their Puposes of Traveling
(CMC Boundary,2004)
40
50
60
70
80
% o
f T
rip
Cat
egory
HBW Trips
HBO Trips
NHB Trips
0
10
20
30
7.0
0-7
.30
7.3
0-8
.00
8.0
0-8
.30
8.3
0-9
.00
9.0
0-9
.30
9.3
0-1
0.0
0
10
.00
-10
.30
10
.30
-11
.00
11
.00
-11
.30
11
.30
-12
.00
12
.00
-12
.30
12
.30
-13
.00
13
.00
-13
.30
13
.30
-14
.00
14
.00
-14
.30
14
.30
-15
.00
15
.00
-15
.30
15
.30
-16
.00
16
.00
-16
.30
16
.30
-17
.00
17
.00
-17
.30
17
.30
-18
.00
18
.00
-18
.30
Time
% o
f T
rip
Cat
egory
NHB Trips
-
Time
Interval
Flow
in
MC
C
Probable
HBW
Trips
Divided Flow componentsProbab
le After
1 FH
Reducti
on in
total
Flow
Probab
le Flow
with
1FH7.00-
7.307.30-8.00 8.00-8.30 8.30-9.00 9.00-9.30 9.30-10.00
7.00-7.30 8591 6046 4400 4400 1646 6945
7.30-8.00 8923 4903 1041 2534 4275 1328 7595
8.00-8.30 9072 5991 2368 1800 4448 1823 7249
8.30-9.00 7536 4966 2580 1853 4253 533 7003
9.00-9.30 6067 3826 1440 1253 2313 4206 -1180 7247
9.30-10.00 5501 2801 1553 1513 1325 4391 -1590 7091
10.00-10.30 5170 2641 1325 3966 -1325 6495
10.30-11.00 5561 2439 2439 5561
11.00-11.30 5119 2038 2038 5119
11.30-12.00 5079 2032 2032 507911.30-12.00 5079 2032 2032 5079
12.00-12.30 5327 1619 1619 5327
12.30-13.00 4802 1533 1533 4802
13.00-13.30 4838 1285 1285 4838
13.30-14.00 4677 780 780 4677
14.00-14.30 4036 1058 1058 4036
14.30-15.00 4050 1261 1261 4050
15.00-15.30 4233 1381 1381 4233
15.30-16.00 4477 1506 1506 4477
16.00-16.30 4657 1687 1687 4657
16.30-17.00 4968 1807 1807 4968
17.00-17.30 4590 1923 1923 4590
17.30-18.00 4511 1866 1866 4511
18.00-18.30 3997 1999 1999 3997
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Opening Time Closing Time
Schools – Government 7:30 AM 1:30 PM
Schools – Private 7:20 AM 1:20 PM
Schools - International 7:45AM to 9AM Before 1 PM or 2 PM or after
Staggered Hours
Schools - International 7:45AM to 9AM Before 1 PM or 2 PM or after
Offices - Government 7:45 AM to 9 AM 4:15 PM to 5 PM
Offices – Private 9 AM and after 5 PM and after
Trade 930 Am and after 530 PM and after
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#6: Dedicated Bus Infrastructure• Objective:
– To improve the speed of buses and high occupancy vehicles so that more people will leave cars and switch to buses.
• Features:
– Bus Lanes on one-way systems
– Bus Rapid Transit – Bus Rapid Transit
• Examples:
– Bus Lanes – many cities
– BRT – Delhi, Pune + 6 other Indian cities; 30+ Chinese cities.
• Benefit:
– For Battramulla- Dematagoda BRT estimated fuel savings 1.7 Million litres p.a.
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Bus Lanes and Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) Systems
Newest System – New Delhi
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#7: Improving Rail Transport
• Objective:
– Increase present modal share from 10% to 15% by 2010
• Features:
– Fast, reliable more energy efficient service;
– indirectly reduces vehicles on road, which in turn reduces – indirectly reduces vehicles on road, which in turn reduces congestion and reduces fuel consumption.
– Good inter-modal transfers required.
• Benefits:
– For 50% increase assuming 80% from bus and 20% from private vehicles, savings 1 million litres p.a.
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#8: Introducing Rapid Transit
• Objective;
– To provide fast comfortable urban rail based transit systems
• Features:
– Fast, comfortable, can attract private vehicle uses, but viable when per capita incomes reach US$ 4,000 for small to medium cities. capita incomes reach US$ 4,000 for small to medium cities.
• Benefits
– Can be as much as 100 million litres per corridor p.a.
• Example: DMTC – New Delhi
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Characteristic Busway LRT Metro Suburban Rail
Segregation At-grade At-grade Mostly elevated/u’ gd At-grade
Space Requirement 2-4 lanes from existingroad
2-3 lanes from existingroad
Elevated or u’ gd, little impact on existing
road
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Flexibility Flexible in both imp’n
and op’s, robust
Limited flexibility, risky in
financial terms
Inflexible and risky infinancial terms
Inflexible
and op’s, robust operationally
financial terms
Initial Cost US$ mn / km
1-5 10-30 15-30 at-grade 30-75elevated 60-180 u’ gd
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Practical Capacity Pass/hr/direction
10-20,000 10-12,000 60,000+ 30,000
Operating Speed Kph
17-20 20 30-40 40-50+
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#9: Setting up Internal Container Depots
• Objective: – To transfer port related freight from road to rail transport
• Features: – Customs, warehousing and customs located away from city– Customs, warehousing and customs located away from city
– Direct transport can be done by rail, especially at night
• Benefits:
– If 25% of Inland containers can be moved by rail saving would be around 20 million litres p.a.
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#10: Introduce a Car Free Day
• Objectives: – To get people used to using alternative means of transport
• Features: – To ensure that no private vehicles are allowed to travel within
the city between 6AM and 6 PM. the city between 6AM and 6 PM.
• Example: – Can follow a ‘Car Free Day’ on 22nd September which the UN
has announced as the World Car Free Day. Round the world, Car Free Day is celebrated by more than 1392 cities every year.
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#Finale: Electronic Road Pricing • Objective:
– To ensure that pricing to used to mange demand within the supply of road space available.
• Feature:
– Easy to collect system, low cost, must have alternative modes to transfer to:modes to transfer to:
• Benefits:
– For every 1 km/hr speed increase
– saving will be around 20 mn litres p.a.
• Example:
– Singapore, London and at least 100 cities world wide.
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The Essential Ingredient: Political Will • Enrique Peñalosa's leadership as Mayor from 1998-2000, led to many
changes in Bogota becoming a more ‘livable city’.
• He said "In Bogotá, we chose to build a city for people, not for automobiles,“
• "Cities built for cars' mobility suffer from congestion and unsafe street conditions and leave many residents with poor access to jobs. Instead of
Bogota- Colombia
conditions and leave many residents with poor access to jobs. Instead of these problems, we gave our citizens enjoyable public spaces and unprecedented mobility."
• "Typically, when we judge a city's success we talk about skyscrapers, superhighways and parking spaces. The experience of Bogotá shows one that is centered on the needs and contentment of all the city's residents ‚ not just those that own a private car."
• "God made us walking animals — pedestrians. As a fish needs to swim, a bird to fly, a deer to run, we need to walk, not in order to survive, but to be happy."
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• Latin America's largest network of bicycle ways
• A world-class Bus Rapid Transit systemof dedicated bus lanes called Trans Milenio- carries ½ million people daily
• The world's longest pedestrian-only street,• The world's longest pedestrian-only street,spanning 17 kms and 300 kms of sidewalks, many through the city's poorest neighborhoods for which he was nearly impeached by the car owning lobby.
• The planet's biggest Car-Free Day, Instituted the city's first "Car-Free Day" in 2000. Through a referendum, people adopted a yearly car free day and decided that from the year 2015 onwards, there would be no cars during rush hours.
• Car-Free Sunday,when many streets are closed to motorized traffic to make space for thousands of cyclists and pedestrians.
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Villingilli - Maldives• Presently Promotes a different lifestyle suburb
and shows what life can be without the motor vehicle.
• More friendly towards children and elders
• Needs to have physical control • Needs to have physical control
of vehicles coming in.
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Conclusions• High prices have focussed again the need to conserve limited
energy sources
• Heavy consumption among small group of private vehicle users
• There are many technical interventions where by fuel use can be • There are many technical interventions where by fuel use can be drastically reduces.
• Interventions need Political Leadership and ability to communicate essential economic, environmental and social principles.
• Success requires a Strategic Long-Term Policy