new and old worlds meet - jimlewislibertas.weebly.com

NEW AND OLD WORLDS MEET Chapter 1

FIRST QUARTER PRESENTATION/PROJECT

Present 7-10 minutes (strictly timed!) project/ presentation/ speech on one of the topics listed in the table

Presentation dates are: Oct. 6th & 8th We will draw numbers for presentation

dates If you know you will be out of town on one

of these dates, please let me know ASAP

FOUR PARTS

1. Visual aid 2. Oral presentation 3. Handout for the class 4. Note cards that include a bibliography of 4

resources: 2 may be web resources and 2 must be print resources (usually a book)

Must include significant information about your topic (person, place, thing, idea) and answer as many of who, what, when, where, why, and how questions as possible. Include pictures to illustrate your points.

VISUAL AID

Your choice of a tri-fold board poster, 3-D model, PowerPoint slides, Prezi presentation, song, poem, music, picture, movie, etc. Feel free to be creative!

Include: Maps, pictures Interesting facts Famous people, places, objects Correct grammar, spelling, and punctuation

Extras: costumes videos

NOTE CARDS & CLASS HANDOUT

Note Cards help you organize your thoughts Create at least 10 note cards that list key points One of the 10 cards must hold your bibliography Turn in note cards after your

project/presentation. Handout for the class-Email the handout to

Mr. Lewis the day before your scheduled presentation and he will make copies for you

Handout can be a word search, a coloring sheet, alphabet, crossword puzzle, sayings, etc.

ORAL PRESENTATION

Practice-do not just read from your note cards or visual aid

Eye contact and voice projection are important

Include introduction and summary

Leave at least 30 seconds for a question and answer session at the end

Presentation length (7-10 minutes) Strictly timed by Mr. Lewis with a timer

ORAL PRESENTATION

Coverage of topic Did you address all the main points? Did you add some interesting facts? Did you refer to your visual aid(s) and use it

effectively?

Clarity of voice projection Could we hear you? Did you pace yourself and talk clearly? Did you make eye contact with the audience?

Marco Polo MercantilisM christoPher coluMbus

Protestant reforMation indian culture grouPs sir Walter raleigh

JaMestoWn caPtain John sMith PilgriMs

WilliaM Penn edWard teach housing, diet, education in

colonial tiMes

religious denoMinations great aWakening french in the neW World

english in the neW World sPanish in the neW World french and indian War

george Washington benJaMin franklin king george iii

caPitalisM chief Pontiac the creation of the

aMerican

taxes and tensions With great britain Patrick henry saMuel adaMs

John dickinson crisPus attucks John adaMs

the boston tea Party coercive acts

intolerable acts lexington, concord, and

bunker hill

thoMas Paine thoMas Jefferson declaration of indePendence

War for indePendence Paul revere benedict arnold

1st Quarter ProJect subJects

Deductive Reasoning

New and Old Worlds Meet China, Innovations, and Mercantilism

The Orient offered Europeans a chance to experience remarkable growth

The first peoples to take advantage of China were the Muslims, who for decades

held a virtual monopoly on all trade in the region

Several innovations made it possible for the Europeans to compete with the Muslims and eventually to discover the New World

One was the development of the compass, which enabled sailors to

know in which direction they were heading

Another invention was the astrolabe, which enabled them to determine their ship s latitude on the ocean

Another important innovation was a Portuguese ship called a caravel

New and Old Worlds Meet Perhaps as important as such innovations was a shift in economic thinking that

occurred in Europe about the time explorations began

Monarchs in Europe were gradually shifting from the feudal, or manorial, economic thinking prevalent during the Middle Ages to a nationalistic economic system of thought known as mercantilism

Mercantilism was an economic system that was designed to enhance the wealth and power of a nation

It operated on two basic assumptions: Mercantilists believed that a nation’s wealth consisted of precious metals,

especially gold. The value of a product, they thought, was determined by how much gold

(or other precious metal) people were willing to give in exchange for it

Mercantilists were nationalists who believed that a country could increase its wealth by increasing its surplus of gold

New and Old Worlds Meet Mercantilism also led to national desires to build colonial empires that would

serve as both sources of riches and raw materials from which to manufacture goods and markets for those goods once they were made in the mother country

An understanding of mercantilism is necessary for understanding both the intense competition among the major European powers and the conflict that eventually arose between the British Crown and its New World colonies

Marco Polo’s account of China fired the imaginations of Europe’s merchants and adventurers

But the overland route to China was costly and dangerous

Muslim merchants, who controlled the eastern silk and spice trade, choked the highways, prompting Western Europeans to bypass the Muslim monopoly by finding a waterway to China

New and Old Worlds Meet

Explorers

The Portuguese led the way in 1488 when Bartolomeu Dias (DEE ahz) sailed southward along the west coast of Africa and rounded its southern cape

Vasco da Gama (dah GAH mah) followed up Dias’s discovery by sailing to India. Da Gama returned to Portugal with a cargo of spices worth sixty times the cost of his expedition

Such fantastic profits signaled the end of the Muslim monopoly and the beginning of the European scramble for the spice trade

Christopher Columbus believed that the world was round. Columbus reasoned that the shortest route to the East was west. He figured that by sailing three thousand miles west, he could reach Cipango and its fabled riches.

On October 12, 1492, Columbus had stumbled not onto an island of Cipango but onto a sliver of sand in the Bahamas

New and Old Worlds Meet Explorers

He would make three more voyages to the region in a vain search for China and

Japan and would go to his grave believing he had reached the outskirts of Asia

Other men, however, came to realize what Columbus did not, that there was a new world across the ocean

Amerigo Vespucci (vehs POO chee) made at least two voyages to the Caribbean and South America

In 1497, Italian explorer Giovanni Caboto, known to the English for whom he sailed as John Cabot reached Newfoundland in his search for a passage to China

Ferdinand Magellan (muh JEHL uhn) determined that he could reach the Spice Islands of the East by sailing south around the Americas

Magellan left Spain in 1519 with five ships, three years later the Victoria reached Seville with only eighteen of the original crew of three hundred on board. Their daring feat shook the Old World, they had sailed around the world


The Age of Discovery

New and Old Worlds Meet Religious Change

A German monk named Martin Luther (1483-1546) was gaining the attention of all Europe, by Luther s time the Roman Church s corruption was apparent to all

Luther came to realize that the root of these problems was a false view of how people could be saved from their sins

Luther and others like him formed their own churches, these churches emphasized that the Christian: Was free from the authority of Roman Catholicism

Should not depend on others for their spiritual health and well being

Should learn to read the Scriptures for themselves and should know how to

apply God’s Word to their lives

Luther’s influence led to great changes in the culture of Europe

New and Old Worlds Meet Religious Change

The movement that pressed for these changes was the Protestant Reformation

England, Switzerland, and parts of Germany were the places most influenced by this movement, France and Spain were the most opposed to it

Some of the rivalry between English explorers and French and Spanish explorers was motivated by a rivalry between Protestantism and Roman Catholicism

As the Reformation continued, Geneva became one of its leading centers

John Calvin (1509-1564) was Geneva s most influential teacher

Believing that a solid education was the best way to produce effective leaders for church and society, Calvin and many other reformers reorganized their educational systems

They emphasized universal literacy as well as advanced education for the clergy

New and Old Worlds Meet Contacts in the New World

While Europeans were discovering and exploring new oceans and lands non-Europeans were living in their own developed civilizations in South, Central, and North America

In South America lived the Incas, in Central America, the Mayas and the Aztecs developed civilizations and across North America were numerous thriving groups of American Indians Picture here

Where had they come from? Some historians think that sometime after the Flood the American Indians crossed the narrow Bering Sea in small boats or on foot over a bridge of ice

Eventually, their descendants settled the entire hemisphere down to the tip of South America


Historians of American Indians usually group them into tribes (several families sharing common customs) and culture areas (several tribes living near each other and sharing similar customs, means of livelihood, and level of civilization)

Similarities between Indians and Europeans;

Indians and Europeans shared great interest in religion, although they had very different beliefs and approaches to it

Many of the Indian tribes farmed, lived in villages, conducted trade with other peoples, had social organization, and fought wars among themselves

Many whites chose to live among the Indians, some whites who were captured by the Indians chose to remain with them as well

Some Indians lived with Europeans, especially if they had converted to Christianity


Similarities among Indian Groups: The most readily recognized characteristics that the various American

Indian groups shared were physical, the Indians had darker skin, hair, and eyes

None of the Indian groups had an alphabet, so they had no written language. They passed their history and customs to the next generations by word of mouth, so storytelling skills were important to them

They also possessed deep faith in the supernatural and shared several common beliefs about religion and life in general. All natural objects from animals to rocks and trees had their own spirits. Yet, the Indians believed in one “Great Spirit”

They also had shamans, or medicine men, who they believed had supernatural powers over sickness, enemies, and harvests


Similarities among Indian Groups: They also shared a belief in an afterlife; death was not an end but only one

step in a long journey

One shared belief led directly to much conflict with the white men. American Indians believed that the land and everything it produced belonged to everyone

No person had the right to own land as personal property; therefore, no one could prevent others from using land

A tribe or village might claim certain lands as their common territory for farming or hunting, but it was held and used in community with everyone in the tribe or village

The Europeans concept of ownership was quite different, and it often led to bloody conflicts between the two groups


Differences between Indians and Europeans: The obvious ethnic differences between American Indians and Europeans

Europeans considered the Indians culture primitive, Indians had minimal

technology and did not use iron

Europeans had a well-developed spoken and written language, the Indians had no written language

Architectural styles and building materials used also differed between the two groups

Indians in North America tended to be less united than the Europeans


Differences among Indian Groups: American Indian groups spoke different languages

Historians estimate that as many as 2,200 different languages were being

spoken by American Indians at the time whites first encountered them

Communication between neighboring groups was usually accomplished by a common sign language

Indian groups lived in different types of houses, depending on their geographic environment

Although for some of the tribes warfare was a way of life, many tribes were peaceful, fighting only to defend themselves or their territory or to avenge attacks by enemies, the most peaceful Indians were the Hopis. More warlike tribes included the Iroquois, the Apache, and the Comanche

Wood frame and bark

Longhouse

Cliff Dwellings

Adobe Hogan

Tepees

Wood frame & animal skins

New and Old Worlds Meet Basic Groups of American Indians The Pueblos (Southwest) –

lived in small villages made up of two or three family groups or clans

Pueblo Indians were farmers, growing the Sacred Triad maize (corn),

squash, and beans

The Mound Builders (Woodlands) – Two successive cultures developed in what is now called the Midwest the

Adena culture (1000 BC to AD 200) and the Hopewell culture (AD 500 to 1600)

These peoples lived in fixed agricultural settlements where they grew squash, gourds, and sunflowers

They were noted for the hundreds of large burial mounds they built; hence, they were called the Mound Builders

New and Old Worlds Meet Basic Groups of American Indians Mound Builders

The most famous mound visible today is the Great Serpent Mound in

southern Ohio, about fifty miles northeast of Cincinnati

The Mound Builders developed an extensive, almost continent- wide trading network. They obtained copper from Indians in the Great Lakes area, seashells and shark teeth from Indians along the Atlantic and Gulf coasts, quartz and grizzly bear teeth from the Rocky Mountains, and freshwater pearls from surrounding rivers

Eastern Woodlands Indians – The civilization s development began around AD 700 between the areas of

Memphis and St. Louis and spread quickly throughout the Southeast, especially after 1200. They tended to settle along the rich bottomlands of the Mississippi, Ohio, and Tennessee rivers and developed tight- knit agricultural communities

New and Old Worlds Meet Basic Groups of American Indians Eastern Woodlands Indians –

The women grew corn, beans, squash, and sunflowers while the men were

hunters and, when necessary, warriors

These Indians had a matriarchal society, meaning that the women held an unusual degree of power in the social structure and political decision making

They were a politically skillful people, not unorganized and uncivilized

In the Southeast the Cherokees, Chickasaws, Choctaws, Creeks, and Seminoles were known as the Five Civilized Tribes

Several northern tribes of Eastern Woodlands Indians (the Mohawks, Oneidas, Senecas, Cayugas, Onondagas, and Tuscaroras) formed the League of Six Nations around 1570 when they realized, after a lot of infighting, that they would be better off cooperating rather than competing

New and Old Worlds Meet Basic Groups of American Indians Eastern Woodlands Indians –

At various times in early American history, these tribes were either friends

or enemies of the European explorers and colonists. Sometimes they helped the early settlers; other times they warred against them

The Spanish Century

Throughout the sixteenth century, Spain dominated the exploration and exploitation of the New World

In Mexico and Central and South America, the conquistadores discovered advanced civilizations, vast cities, and incredible treasure

Hernando Corte’s was the first great conquistador, in 1519, he and his small fleet reached Mexico with strict orders from the governor of Cuba to explore the mainland coast and proceed no farther

New and Old Worlds Meet Spain

The Spanish Century

The great Aztec king Montezuma, hearing of the Spanish arrival, sent emissaries offering gifts

These gifts of turquois and gold made Corte s decide he would rather try his hand at conquest than run errands for the governor of Cuba

Proceeding inland to the Aztec capital with about four hundred soldiers, he picked up support along the way from subjugated Indian tribes who welcomed the Spaniards as deliverers from the Aztecs

Corte’s marched to the Aztec capital of Tenochtitla n (tay nahch tee TLAHN; modern Mexico City), where he captured Montezuma and eventually crushed the Aztec resistance

Cortes’s experiences in Mexico were indicative of the clash of cultures that would lead to European dominance in that hemisphere


The Spanish Century

Far more devastating to the native populations than firearms were the white man’s diseases, to which the Indians had little immunity. Smallpox, measles, typhus, and other contagions devastated their numbers

The Indian population dropped by an estimated 90 percent between the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries

Francisco de Coronado, for example, commanded an expedition that left Mexico in 1540 to explore what would later be the southwestern United States

Coronado explored Arizona, New Mexico, Texas, and Kansas

In 1513, Juan Ponce de Leo n sailed northwest from Puerto Rico in search of more rumored wealth and a legendary fountain of youth. He sailed up the east coast of the Florida peninsula and landed near present-day St. Augustine, claiming the area for Spain and naming it la Florida ( the flowered land )


The Spanish Century

in 1565, a fleet of Spanish ships commanded by Don Pedro Menendez sailed into the bay where the modern city of St. Augustine is

The intention was to establish settlements in the area and drive out French Huguenots who had established a colony named Fort Caroline

Menendez named the settlement St. Augustine after the Saint’s Day (August 28), on which he had sighted land

Menendez marched his troops overland, surprised the small defending force, captured the fort

In 1539, Hernando de Soto, a veteran of the Spanish conquest of the Inca Indians in Peru, landed at Tampa Bay


The Spanish Century

De Soto s journey took him as far north as modern Charlotte, North Carolina. Then, traveling through the Deep South, he eventually discovered the Mississippi River

The Spanish built settlements and outposts along the coast of Florida, Georgia, South Carolina, Virginia’s Chesapeake Bay, and as far west as Tennessee’s Great Smoky Mountains, however disease, hunger, and hostile Indians prevented Spain from becoming firmly established in North America

Spanish rule was not beneficial to the new land; the Spanish preferred exploiting the land to developing it

The government that Spain brought to the New World was harsh and tyrannical, the Spanish and Portuguese also introduced to the New World something that would create problems that would not be resolved until the American Civil War slavery

New and Old Worlds Meet Great Britain

International Competition

The shiploads of gold and silver bullion that Spain was siphoning out of the New World heightened French, English, and Dutch envy of Spain and their interest in America

Spain s Catholic king Philip II (ruled 1556 - 98) was bent on crushing the Protestant menace in western Europe

Bitterness over Catholic Spain’s military threat made Spanish New World outposts a tempting target for Protestant sea captains, such as France’s Jean Ribault (a Huguenot) and England’s Sir Francis Drake

Drake and his cousin Sir John Hawkins were the most famous pair in a class of mariners under Queen Elizabeth I, they called themselves Sea Dogs



In 1493, to settle a dispute over who could explore and claim new lands in the Western Hemisphere, Pope Alexander VI had divided the world in half, giving Portugal rights to lands east of the line of demarcation and giving Spain the lands west of the line

Protestant England scorned the pope’s presumption that the world was his to divide

In 1586, Philip II began amassing a huge fleet to conquer Protestant England, (the Spanish Armada) in the balance lay not only the fate of the island kingdom but also the determination of who would colonize most of North America Catholic Spain or Protestant England

In 1588, the Spanish Armada, 130 ships and 30,000 men, entered the English Channel, Drake used “fireships” to break up the Spanish formation and sent a number of galleons to the bottom



The Spanish admiral’s attempt to outrun the English guns by sailing around Ireland ended when a fierce storm, which the relieved English later called the Protestant Wind, destroyed much of Spain’s fleet

The defeat of the Spanish Armada was both dramatic in its scope and decisive in its results, it secured the future for Protestants in England. Clearly, God was providentially preserving His witness in that country

It spelled the end of the Spanish century and the beginning of English dominance on the seas and eventually in North America


The English Foothold

Richard Hakluyt (HAK loot), collaborating with Sir Walter Raleigh, compiled for Queen Elizabeth a list of arguments favoring the colonization of North America

Titled A Discourse of Western Planting, the document presented a number of advantages to settling the New World: Including expanding Protestantism

Boosting trade and national influence

Reducing unemployment

And establishing military outposts to thwart Spanish dominance



Evidently the queen liked what she read, she gave Raleigh permission to plant a colony in the land Raleigh called Virginia in honor of the virgin queen

Raleigh sponsored an expedition of colonists to settle on Roanoke Island, located in the sound of North Carolina s Outer Banks

The colony was short-lived, the English abandoned the lonely outpost in the summer of 1586

Raleigh financed a second group to Roanoke Island in 1587 under the command of John White

White to return to England for supplies, the war with Spain delayed his return until 1590



When Governor White returned, the little town of Raleigh was empty

All he found was a single word carved on a tree where the village had once stood, Croatan

The fate of the Lost Colony has never been determined, but it is likely that the colonists were killed or captured and carried off by Indians

When Elizabeth I died in 1603, no trace of her colonizing efforts remained in the hostile wilderness that bore her name


New France

The British colonies were quite different from the Spanish and French settlements in the New World

Spanish America was a rigidly structured plantation society controlled directly and completely by the crown, run for its profit and the benefit of the Catholic Church

Similarly, the sparse French settlements in Canada, or New France, were largely dependent on the mother country for their success

The French king determined colonial policies and exercised complete control over his colonial subjects

The long Canadian winters reduced most farming to a subsistence level

French fur trade was more suited for the frontiersman than the farmer and merchant


The Dutch

The area of the North Atlantic coast of North America that is now New York was discovered and claimed for the Dutch by Henry Hudson

The area was named New Netherland, and its main town was named New Amsterdam

The most famous governor of New Netherland was one-legged firebrand Peter Stuyvesant (STY vih sent)

Stuyvesant was intolerant of all religions other than Protestantism, especially Quakerism

In 1664, the English seized the colony, promising the citizens freedom of life, liberty, and property in return for their surrender


New Sweden

New Sweden was the name given to a small colony along the Delaware River in parts of what today is Delaware, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania

Christina, now the city of Wilmington, Delaware. The Swedes wanted to bypass the French and British merchants and started the New Sweden Company with Swedish, Dutch, and German stockholders

In 1655 the Dutch under Peter Stuyvesant forced the surrender of Fort Christina, the Swedes came under the authority of the Dutch

The English conquered the New Netherland colony in 1664


English Dominance in North America

The English came in greater numbers than their rivals to the south and north, and by the 1620s were coming as families

They brought their English heritage with them, their books were printed in London, their houses were styled after English architecture, and their schools were patterned after Oxford and Cambridge

They also brought their political institutions. Significantly, in Elizabeth s original charter authorizing an American settlement, colonists and their succeeding generations were granted the full rights of English citizenship in the words of the charter, “as if they were borne and personally residuante within our sed Realme of England”

Living in relative isolation from the mother country, generations of colonists gained practical experience in self-government under a local political system that for them held more relevance than the royal government on the other side of the ocean

new and old worlds meet - jimlewislibertas.weebly.com

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