New cell technology spurs hybrid batteries:

Testing of Lithium Batteries Containing Both Primary and Secondary Cells.

Transportation of Lithium Batteries and/or Equipment Containing Both Lithium Metal

and Lithium Ion Cells and / or Batteries.

Dr. Thomas DittrichConsultant

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New Hybrid Battery

Thomas Dittrich (Tadiran) - New Hybrid Battery Testing and Transportation - March 2015

Battery combines Lithium Metal Cell and Lithium Ion Cell (primary) (rechargeable)

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New Hybrid Battery

Thomas Dittrich (Tadiran) - New Hybrid Battery Testing and Transportation - March 2015

4 A composite electrical battery including • a primary cell and • a fully or partially discharged rechargeable cell.

4 The rechargeable cell is electrically connected in parallel to the primary cell

4 The open circuit voltage of the primary cell is significantly lower than the open circuit voltage of the rechargeable cell when the rechargeable cell is fully charged

4 Standby operation, no cycling, no charging device4 The self-discharge rate of the rechargeable cell is very low4 The composite battery has an improved current delivery

capability for an extended life span (typically 15-20 years) compared to the primary cell by itself

.

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New Hybrid Battery

Thomas Dittrich (Tadiran) - New Hybrid Battery Testing and Transportation - March 2015

4 Battery is NOT RECHARGEABLE4 Contains rechargeable cell(s)4 Intrinsically not overchargeable because

primary cell(s) have lower voltage than rechargeable cell(s).

5Thomas Dittrich (Tadiran) - New Hybrid Battery Testing and Transportation - March 2015

New Hybrid Battery

4 Typical lithium / energy content of the rechargeable cell

4 Size (ddll) [mm] Energy Equivalent content lithium

content• 1520 (3,6 Volts; 0,039 Ah): 0,14 Wh 0,02 g Li

(3,9 Volts; 0,058 Ah): 0,27 Wh 0,04 g Li• 1530 (3,6 Volts; 0,070 Ah): 0,25 Wh 0,04 g Li

(3,9 Volts; 0,105 Ah): 0,41 Wh 0,07 g Li• 1550 (3,6 Volts; 0,155 Ah): 0,56 Wh 0,07 g Li

(3,9 Volts; 0,240 Ah): 0,94 Wh 0,13 g Li

6Thomas Dittrich (Tadiran) - New Hybrid Battery Testing and Transportation - March 2015

New Hybrid Battery

Current understanding:

4 The existing Test Methods and Criteria for Primary Batteries are applicable to the Hybrid Battery

4 Transportation is allowed under class 9, UN 3090/3091

7Thomas Dittrich (Tadiran) - New Hybrid Battery Testing and Transportation - March 2015

Exemption limits

Li per cell Li per battery1)

subject to „other

regulations“

UN Tests required

Li-Metal

1 g 2 g No2) Yes

> 1 g > 2 g Yes Yes

Li-Ion 20 Wh 3) 100 Wh 3) No2) Yes

> 20 Wh 3) > 100 Wh 3) Yes Yes

1) Battery contains at least 2 cells (since ST/SG/AC.10/11/Rev.5/Amend.1, 2011, adopted in ADR since 2013)2) under certain conditions (s. special provision 188)3) Nominal energy: 20 Wh correspond to approx. 1,5 g lithium equivalent content.

8Thomas Dittrich (Tadiran) - New Hybrid Battery Testing and Transportation - March 2015

Consideration of exemption limits with regard to Hybrid Batteries

4 Exemption limits for Lithium Metal Batteries are similar or tighter than those for Lithium Ion Batteries

4 Many Hybrid Batteries on the market exceed the exemption limits and are therefore subject to the Dangerous Goods Regulations

4 It might be useful to revert to the equivalent lithium content concept for lithium ion cells contained in hybrid batteries.

UN-Tests done with Hybrid Batteries and their component cells

Test plans and results

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Test planExample rechargeable component cell: Size 1550

Thomas Dittrich (Tadiran) - New Hybrid Battery Testing and Transportation - March 2015

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Test planExample primary component cell : Size D

Thomas Dittrich (Tadiran) - New Hybrid Battery Testing and Transportation - March 2015

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Test plan - Example Hybrid Battery: D (primary) + 1550 (rechargeable)

Thomas Dittrich (Tadiran) - New Hybrid Battery Testing and Transportation - March 2015

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Test plan - Example Hybrid Battery: D (primary) + 1550 (rechargeable)

Thomas Dittrich (Tadiran) - New Hybrid Battery Testing and Transportation - March 2015

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Proposal T.7 Over charge

4 A Hybrid Battery is a primary battery containing a small amount of rechargeable component cells

4 Therefore it cannot be tested according to Overcharge test T.7

4 However, the equivalent test result can be obtained by the following test procedure: :• Conduction of the Overcharge test T.7 with the rechargeable

component cells.• Assessment of the battery circuit diagram, based on which

overcharge is prevented by intrinsic voltage limitation.

Thomas Dittrich (Tadiran) - New Hybrid Battery Testing and Transportation - March 2015

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Upper limits for Lithium Content of Hybrid Batteries

4 Upper limit for the primary cells in a Hybrid Battery: 12 g Lithium content per primary component cell

4 Upper limit for the rechargeable cells in a Hybrid Battery : 0.2 g Lithium equivalent content per rechargeable

component cell4 Upper limit for the Primary part in a Hybrid Battery:

500 g Lithium content per Battery4 Upper limit for the Secondary part in a Hybrid Battery :

20 g Lithium equivalent content per Battery.

Thomas Dittrich (Tadiran) - New Hybrid Battery Testing and Transportation - March 2015

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Hybrid Batteries Contained in Equipment

4 Equipment containing Hybrid Batteries 4 Equipment containing both

• Lithium Metal Cells/Batteries AND

• Lithium Ion Cells/Batteries

4 Current understanding is that it can be transported under UN 3091

4 IS THERE A NEED FOR DISCUSSION / REGULATION?

Thomas Dittrich (Tadiran) - New Hybrid Battery Testing and Transportation - March 2015