Introduction - SHAHJAHANABAD

• In 1638, the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan laid the foundations of new capital, centered around Lal Qila or Red Fort.

• The site was situated on the western bank of river Yamuna where a natural projection formed a triangle with the land and the river.

Planning of Shahjahanabad• The city was planned according to hind

planning principles of shilpashastra from vastushastra.

• The site was placed on a high land as in the shastra and was kamukha or bow shaped, for this ensured its prosperity.

• The arm of the archer was Chandni Chowk.

• The string was Yamuna river.• The junction of the two main axes is

the most auspicious point in the whole region and was therefore the red fort.

Lutyen’s Delhi or New Delhi-

• After Britishers took over India officially, Sir Edwin Lutyens were assigned the task to architect the new colony of the empire.

• He laid out the central administrative area of the city and also designed the Parliament House and bungalows of several Members of Parliament. Herbert Baker designed the Viceroy's House on Raisina Hill (now Rashtrapati Bhawan) and the India Gate.

• The area was later named after the main architect as Lutyen's Delhi. Today, the entire spread is called New Delhi, located just south-west of Shahjahanabad..

• During the Coronation Durbar in 1911, the formal announcement was made to move the seat of empire from Calcutta to Delhi. It took 20 years for these designers to complete the buildings but since then, this has been the Seat of then British Empire and now the Republic of India.

Rashtrapati Bhavan is the official residence of the President of India

and at present is the largest residence of any Chief of the State

in the world.

Sir Edwin Lutyens(29 March 1869 – 1 January 1944)

Sir Edwin Lutyens:

Sir Edwin Landseer Lutyens was a British architect who is known for imaginatively adapting traditional architectural styles to the requirements of his era. He designed many English country houses.He has been referred to as "the greatest British architect"and is known best for having an instrumental role in designing and building a section of the metropolis of Delhi, known as New Delhi, which would later on serve as the seat of the Government of India.In recognition of his contribution, New Delhi is also known as "Lutyens' Delhi". In collaboration with Herbert Baker, he was also the main architect of several monuments in New Delhi such as the India Gate; he also designed the Viceroy's House.

Sir Herbert Baker (9 June 1862 – 4 February 1946)

Sir Herbert Baker:

Sir Herbert Baker was a British architect.Baker was the dominant force in South African architecture for two decades, 1892–1912.Among the many churches, schools and houses he designed in South Africa are the Union Buildings Pretoria, St John's College, Johannesburg, Wynberg Boys School, Cape Town

In 1912 Baker went to India to work with Lutyens, and went on to design the Secretariat Building, New Delhi and Parliament House in New Delhi and the bungalows of Members of Parliament. Baker designed the two Secretariat buildings flanking the great axis leading to what was then the Viceroy of India's Palace.

Urban Structure

• The New Delhi town plan, like its architecture, was chosen with one single chief consideration: to be a symbol of British power and supremacy. Much of New Delhi, was laid out to be the central administrative area of the city as a testament to Britain's imperial pretensions.

• All other decisions were subordinate to this, and it was this framework that dictated the choice and application of symbology and influences from both Hindu, Buddhist and Muslim architecture.

• New Delhi is structured around two central promenades called the Rajpath and the Janpath.

• The Rajpath, or King's Way, stretches from the Rashtrapati Bhavan to the India Gate which was built in memory of the soldiers who died in World War 1.

• The Janpath (Path of the People), formerly Queen's Way, begins at Connaught Circus and cuts the Rajpath at right angles.

Rajpath

Connaught Place

• 19 foreign embassies are located on the nearby Shantipath (Path of Peace), making it the largest diplomatic enclave in India.

• At the heart of the city is the magnificent Rashtrapati Bhavan (formerly known as Viceroy's House) which sits atop Raisina Hill.

• The Secretariat, which houses various ministries of the Government of India, flanks out of the Rashtrapati Bhavan.

• The Parliament House, designed by Herbert Baker, is located at the Sansad Marg, which runs parallel to the Rajpath.

• The Connaught Place is a large, circular commercial area in New Delhi, modelled after the Royal Crescent in England.

• Twelve separate roads lead out of the outer ring of Connaught Place, one of them being the Janpath.

Shantipath

The Secretariat

The initial design of New Delhi

• Lutyens had initially designed Delhi with all the streets

• crossing at right angles, much like in New York.

• However, Lord Hardinge told him of the dust storms that sweep the landscape in these parts, insisting on roundabouts, hedges and trees to break their force, giving him the plans of Rome, Paris and Washington to study and apply to Delhi.

The layout of Lutyens Delhi was governed by three major visual corridors, linking the government complex with :

• Jama Masjid• Indraprastha• Safdarjungs Tomb

Intentions of the Layout:Lutyens’ Delhi was planned on the most spacious garden city lines with the great avenues decorated with classical buildings with lush landscape.

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Features1. The plan reflects Lutyens’ “transcendent fervour for geometric symmetry,” which is expressed through amazing sequences of triangles and hexagons, through sightlines and axes.

2. Lutyens’ plan is also remarkable for the generous green spaces, lawns, watercourses, flower and fruit-bearing trees, and their integration with the parks developed around monuments.

3. The attempt was to include all natural and historical wonders in

the new city.

The Road Network• Besides the major Pathway,

there were extremely wide avenues. The original design of the road network was capable of accommodating 6000 vehicles, however these avenues, had the potential of increasing their carriageway-the reason why the road layout has survived till today.

• In general the road network consisted of diagonals and radials, at 30 degree/ 60 degree angles to the main axis, forming triangles and hexagons.

Lutyens’ Delhi - ZoningGOVERNMENT COMPLX

BUNGLOW ZONE

COMMERCIAL DISTRICT

GOVERNMENT COMPLEX

1. Lutyens laid out the central administrative area of the city.2. At the heart of the city was the impressive Rashtrapati Bhawan, located on the top

of Raisina Hill. The Rajpath connects India Gate to Rashtrapati Bhawan, while Janpath, which crosses it at a right angle, connects South end with Connaught Place.

3. The Secretariat Building, which houses various ministries of the Government of India including Prime Minister's Office are beside the Rashtrapati Bhawan and were designed by Herbert Baker.

4. Also designed by Baker was the Parliament House, located on the Sansad Marg, running parallel with the Rajpath.

The Government Complex/ Administrative area

Various masterpieces of colonial architecture in Delhi:

Parliament house

India gate

Rashtrapati Bhawan

Supreme court of India

Viceroy’s gardens also known as Mughal gardens

Central secretariat

Lutyen's grandiose Government House (Rashtrapati Bhawan) - located on Raisina Hill, and one of New Delhi's major thoroughfares, Rajpath, connects it to the Purana Qila

Lord Hardinge chose the Raisina Hill for locating the viceroy’s palace because:

The Rashtrapati Bhawan

• It was a well drained.• Constituted of slopes and plains

between the ridge and the river.• Its eastern and southern margins

were studded with monuments of vanished empires. A broad crescent from Shahjahanabad and Kotla Firoz Shah, south to Tughlaqabad and the Qutub with tombs of Safdarjung and Lodhis as well as Jantar Mantar in the foreground could be viewed from the site.

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The Secretariat• The Secretariat Building was designed by

architect Herbert Baker in Indo-Saracenic Revival architecture.

• Much of the building is in classical architectural style, yet it incorporated Mughal and Rajasthani architecture style and motifs in its architecture.

• These are visible in the use of Jali.• Another feature of the building is a dome-like

structure known as the Chatri.

• The style of architecture used in Secretariat Building is unique to Raisina Hill. In front of the main gates on buildings are the four "dominion columns", given by Canada, Australia, New Zealand and South Africa.

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Image Source (Image 3): http://www.postcolonialweb.org/india/art/architecture/colonial/seccomplex/column1.html

The Parliament House• The Parliament Hous was designed by Edwin

Lutyens and Herbert Baker.

• It was built with indigenous materials and by Indian labour and the architecture of the building bears a close imprint of the Indian tradition.

• The layout of fountains both inside and outside the building, the use of Indian symbols, the "Chhajjas” and the varied forms of "Jali" in marble are reminders of the story of the craftsmanship displayed in ancient monuments and memorials.

INDIA GATE

India gate:

The Gate is built as a special memorandum for all the soldiers who belongs to Indian Army and to all those who have given their lives fighting for the protection of their country. It is considered that approximately 90,000 and more soldier’s names have been encrypted over the walls of India gate which is a special thing in itself.

The explicit india gate architecture explains you that there is a huge path which is also known by the name of Rajpath at the end of which is constructed a 42 meters high India Gate that was previously known by the name of All India War Memorial. The designing of India Gate was done by famous architect Sir Edwin Lutyen. Standing behind the gate is an empty canopy made out of sandstone, also designed by Lutyens, and inspired by a sixth-century pavilion from Mahabalipuram.

SUPREME COURT OF INDIA

Supreme Court of INDIA:

The main block of the Supreme Court building was built on a square plot of 22 acres and the building was designed by chief architect Ganesh Bhikaji Deolalikar who was the first Indian to head CPWD and designed the Supreme Court Building in an Indo – British architectural style. He was succeeded by Shridher Krishna Joglekar.

The Court moved into the present building in 1958. The building is shaped to project the image of scales of justice with the Central Wing of the building corresponding to the centre beam of the Scales.

In 1979, two new wings—the East Wing and the West Wing—were added to the complex. In all there are 15 court rooms in the various wings of the building. The Chief Justice's Court is the largest of the courtroom located in the centre of the Central Wing. It has a large dome with a high ceiling.

Viceroy’s Garden, 1911-1931

Viceroy’s gardens:

The Mughal Gardens situated at the back of the Rashtrapati Bhavan, incorporates both Mughal and English landscaping styles and feature a vast variety of flowers. The Rashtrapati Bhavan gardens are open to public in February every year.

Main garden-Two channels running North to South and two running East to West divide this garden into a grid of squares. There are six lotus shaped fountains at the crossings of these channels. Where as the energetic fountains rising up to a height of 12 feet create soothing murmur that enthralls the visitor, the channels are so tranquil in their movement that they seem frozen. In the channels at appropriate times of day can be seen reflections of the imposing building and the proud flowers. There are wooden trays placed on stands in the centre of the channels where grain is put for the birds to feed upon.

JALIS

JALIS

JALIS

COMMON FEATURES

BUDDHIST DOME

BUDDHIST DOME

http://monuments-in-india.blogspot.in/2009/12/rashtrapati-bhavan.html

http://www.hindustantimes.com/The-Budget-s-journey-through-Parliament/Article1-1056413.aspx

http://www.indiansecretsrevealed.com/secratariat-building-trip/

THICK BAND

THICK BAND

THICK BAND

Image Source: http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/newdelhi/of-princes-palaces-and-plush-points/article1-707274.aspx

• Starting from India Gate, at the lowest and eastern end of Rajpath,

nearby land was allocated to numerous princely states, each of which built small palaces, such as the Bikaner House (now the Rajasthan tourism office) and Jaipur House (now the National Gallery of Modern Art). • It might be said that this placement mirrored the British sentiments toward the princes, who lost much of their former power and status during the British Raj. Here, too, are

the state Bhavans (houses), where you can taste the cuisine of each state.

THE PRINCELY STATES

The largest of all palaces in New Delhi — a building that suited the status of the Nizam of Hyderabad. Designed by Edwin Lutyens. The majestic mansion had 36 rooms.Lutyens designed Hyderabad House in the shape of a butterfly — a plan that he had first used for Papillon Hall in Leicestershire in 1903. The main architectural feature of Hyderabad House is a dome with an entrance hall beneath which symmetrical wings radiate at an angle of fifty-five degrees. Its round arches flanked by rectangular openings to the height of the impost was inspired by the Pantheon in Rome, a city where Lutyens stayed in 1909. For the first floor windows of the grand place, Lutyens chose a combination of rectangular and round arches that were inspired by the Uffizi to the Arno in Florence.The majestic building that boasts of courtyards, archways, obelisks, large flower containers, grand stairways, marble fireplaces, fountains, had a pre-dominantly European character with some Mughal motifs.

Image Source: http://www.panoramio.com/photo/5403445

THE HYDRABAD HOUSE

Situated next to Hyderabad House, is another magnificent building designed by Edwin Lutyens. He designed the Baroda House on a train from Bombay in 1921, and it took 15 years to build it. The Gaekwad of Baroda , who was educated in England, wanted his palace in New Delhi to be Anglo-Saxon in style.The grand Baroda House was known for its terraces, grand corridors, cooling arcades, beautiful gardens and well-ventilated salons and richly done up living rooms. Gaekwad led a very westernised lifestyle.

Image Source: http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/newdelhi/of-princes-palaces-and-plush-points/article1-707274.aspx

THE BARODA HOUSE

Image Source: http://www.delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/doit_session/Session+Judge/Home/Delhi+District+Courts/Patiala+House

Patiala House was formerly the palatial residence of the Maharaja of Patiala (in Punjab). part of central vista, this building, built in the 1930s, has a central dome with a butterfly layout, similar to other buildings o the Lutyens zone. Today it houses the district Courts complex for New Delhi District. 'A double Vtoreyed building, the central portion is emphasized with a domed pavilion on the terrace and projection porchover the upper storey, there is a projecting chajja running the entire length of the old building. It has seen interesting occupants ever since the Maharaja vacated it.

THE PATIALAHOUSE

Jaipur House (National Gallery of Modern Art) is located diametrically opposite Hyderabad House. Like other princes’ residences, the building was also designed in the shape of a butterfly with a central dome. But very few people know that it was British architect Charles Blomfield, who designed the building. It was designed in a mix of neo-classical and Art Deco style. The butterfly-shaped building has two symmetrical ‘wings’ radiating from the central court.

Two similar wings radiate towards the back facing the gardens. The façade of this comparatively austere palace is marked by two levels of small, vertical, slit-like windows. A continuous sunshade or ‘chajja’ in redstone caps the entire façade. The building has arched openings framed by Rajput columns.

Image Source: http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/newdelhi/of-princes-palaces-and-plush-points/article1-707274.aspx

THE JAIPURHOUSE

• In this whole process almost no attention was paid to the problems of Old Delhi. Due to the creation of New Delhi, Old Delhi experienced a 28% surge in population from 1916-1926 resulting in the spilling over of the population from inside the walled city to the Paharganj area, whose restructuring was later abandoned by Lutyens due to resource constraints.

• Also, no provision of housing was premeditated for the large no. of skilled and unskilled workers which immigrated in for the construction work of New Delhi.

• This negligence of the planners towards Old Delhi resulted in its transformation to a large slum area through deterioration and dilapidation.

Drawbacks

Image Source: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Map_of_Lutyens'_projected_Imperial_Delhi,_from_the_Encyclopedia_Britannica,_11th_ed.,_1910-12.jpg