The The KremlinKremlin

►““Fortress”Fortress”

Red SquareRed Square

Lenin’s TombLenin’s Tomb

New Economic PolicyNew Economic Policy(1921-1928)(1921-1928)

““One step backwards…”One step backwards…”

War CommunismWar Communism► Russian Civil War (1918-1921)Russian Civil War (1918-1921)► All factories nationalized (with more than 10 workers)All factories nationalized (with more than 10 workers)► Collectivization of agricultureCollectivization of agriculture► No private tradingNo private trading► Strict rationing of foodStrict rationing of food► SuccessesSuccesses

Kept the Red Army supplied with food and weaponsKept the Red Army supplied with food and weapons The Red Army won the war and the Bolsheviks The Red Army won the war and the Bolsheviks

survivedsurvived► FailuresFailures

By 1921, industrial output was 1/5 of 1913By 1921, industrial output was 1/5 of 1913 In 1919, the peasants started to sow less grain and In 1919, the peasants started to sow less grain and

breed fewer animalsbreed fewer animals 1920 Food Shortage1920 Food Shortage 1921 Famine1921 Famine

►7 million deaths7 million deaths 1918-1921 Disease, starvation, and war = 20 million 1918-1921 Disease, starvation, and war = 20 million

deathsdeaths

The Kronstadt RebellionThe Kronstadt Rebellion►March 1921 Revolt of 10,000 March 1921 Revolt of 10,000

sailors at Kronstadt, a naval sailors at Kronstadt, a naval base near Petrogradbase near Petrograd

►Prepared to attack PetrogradPrepared to attack Petrograd►Trotsky and 60,000 Red Army Trotsky and 60,000 Red Army

troops put down the rebelliontroops put down the rebellion►The sailors that survived were The sailors that survived were

later shot by the Chekalater shot by the Cheka►Nikolai Bukharin: “Now the Nikolai Bukharin: “Now the

Republic hangs by a hair.” Republic hangs by a hair.” (March 1921)(March 1921)

New Economic Policy (NEP)New Economic Policy (NEP)

► March 1921 Lenin introduces his March 1921 Lenin introduces his NEPNEP

► Peasants can sell surplus food for Peasants can sell surplus food for profitprofit

► Peasants who increased food Peasants who increased food production would pay less taxproduction would pay less tax

► De-nationalization of factories with De-nationalization of factories with less than 20 workersless than 20 workers State, for example, retains State, for example, retains

nationalization of…nationalization of…► Heavy industryHeavy industry► BankingBanking► TrasportationTrasportation

► 75% of retail trade to private 75% of retail trade to private handshands

Results of the NEPResults of the NEP

► By 1925, the NEP By 1925, the NEP had begun to had begun to workwork

► Food and Food and industrial industrial production had production had increased increased dramaticallydramatically

► KulaksKulaks

19119133

19219222

19219255

Grain harvest (millions Grain harvest (millions of tonnes)of tonnes)

80.180.1 50.350.3 72.572.5

Cattle (millions)Cattle (millions) 58.958.9 45.845.8 62.162.1

Pigs (millions)Pigs (millions) 20.320.3 1212 21.821.8

Coal (millions of Coal (millions of tonnes)tonnes)

2929 9.59.5 18.118.1

Iron (millions of Iron (millions of tonnes)tonnes)

4.24.2 0.10.1 1.51.5

The 1923 ConstitutionThe 1923 Constitution► Russia was a “Union of Soviet Socialist Republics”Russia was a “Union of Soviet Socialist Republics”

RussiaRussia ByelorussiaByelorussia The UkraineThe Ukraine The CaucususThe Caucusus

► Georgia, Armenia, AzerbaijanGeorgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan► National government in MoscowNational government in Moscow

Armed forcesArmed forces IndustryIndustry CommunicationsCommunications Secret Police (Cheka)Secret Police (Cheka)

► The RepublicsThe Republics Public healthPublic health WelfareWelfare EducationEducation

1923: This flag lasted 4 months

1923-1980

1980-1991