new eng assignment
DESCRIPTION
reading and writing skillsTRANSCRIPT
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Topic: Reading and Writing SkillsSubject: EnglishSubmitted to: Miss Mudassar JehanSubmitted by: Safa Murtaza -074 Aiman Murtaza-039 Ayesha Liaqat-042Date: 27-01-2011
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Communication is the art of transmitting information,
ideas and attitudes from one person to another.
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read
ing
Writ
ing
speaking
listening
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Reading is a process of retrieving the meaning of stored information or ideas.
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• To acquire knowledge
• Reading helps in mental development
• Improvement of conversational skills
• Helps readers to decipher new words
• Developing vocabulary, language skills
• If the reader don't know anything about a subject, then it will be
difficult for him to grab the information.
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The way to understand reading:
Two ways:• 1. calling words – ability to recognize word
structures• 2. understand words – ability to understand the
meaning within the context of the words
One does not exist without the
other.
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READING Types
A.Reading according to purpose.
B.According to reading performance.
C.According to Reading Instruction Program.
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Skimming,
Scanning,
literature Reading
Intensive Reading
Reading for GeneralComprehension,
Detailed Reading,
A. Reading according to purpose.
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1. Skimming
• General understanding of the whole text.
• Fastest type of reading based on purpose.
• Also called rapid-survey reading.
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2. Scanning
• Look for specific information in the text.
• It makes you “skip more than you read”.
• Also called search reading.
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Comprehension Skills
The ability to use context and prior knowledge to aid reading and to make sense of what one reads and hears.
Comprehension is based on: Knowledge that reading makes sense Readers' prior knowledge Information presented in the text The use of context to assist recognition of words and meaning.
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3-Five Basic Steps to Reading Comprehension
• 1. Previewing
• 2. Reading and Comprehending
• 3. Skimming
• 4. Scanning
• 5. Following Up
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4. Intensive or functional reading
• Also called word for word type of reading.
• Requires one to read materials related to his/her field of specialization.
• The object of intensive reading demands a great deal of content-area reading.
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5. Extensive
• Also called light-type of reading.
• Reading for leisure.
• You love what you read.
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6. Literature reading
• Not mainly for pleasure.
• Intends to familiarize readers with different genres of literature pieces:
• Novels, short stories, biography, etc.
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B. ACCORDING TO READING PERFORMANCE / RATE OF UNDERSTANDING
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1. Speed reading
• Information tends to stay superficially in one’s mind.
• Not a good method if your objective is to gain a deeper understanding of the text.
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2. Sub-vocalized reading
• One recognizes the form of the word and internally sounds it in the mind the way one pronounced it as a spoke word.
• Focuses primarily on the form, stress, intonation, phrasing of the language.
• This prevents one from quick reading and comprehension of the text.
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3. Proofreading
• To see typographical errors
• Proofreading vs. editing
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4. SPE (structure proposition evaluation)
Three stages1.Recognizing language structures2.Making inferences3.Evaluation ideas, reasons, or
conclusions
Judgment is withheld until the text is fully understood.
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C. ACCORDING TO READING-INSTRUCTION PROGRAM
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1. Read aloud
• Mostly teachers use this in instruction.
• Students will learn good expressions, proper pacing, and correct pronunciation.
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2. Shared reading
• It is also called as group reading.
• Enhance IQ level.
• It is necessary for students
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3. Guided reading
• Reader is left alone to do silent reading.
• But the reader is motivated by the teacher by various strategies.
• Reader is not totally left alone.
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4. Fluency reading• Main objective:
To gain mastery of the
Pronunciation,
Phrasing,
Pausing,
Intonation,
Stress of the text.
• Progress: measured by the number of words one can read aloud and comprehensions Qs answered correctly.
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Fluency Reading
Text is read several times
e.g. comprehension reading.
Importance:Taped reading, Timed reading.
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6. Developmental reading
Aims to refine one’s reading:
1.Reading readiness in the nursery.
2.Beginning reading.
3.Rapid growth.
4.Refining and widening reading.
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7. Selective or key-word reading
• Characterized by skimming and scanning
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8. Remedial reading
• One submits himself/herself to a reading program that will give him/her special reading sessions under the guidance of a reading specialist.
• This requires one to reflect on thoughts.
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Memory and Concentration
To really learn well, there are two things you need:
1. The ability to
and minimize distractions while you are studying.
2. techniques to help you remember what you have learned.
32
concentrate
Memory
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Writing SkillsWriting Skills
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DefinitionDefinition
• Writing skills are specific abilities which help writers put their thoughts into words in a meaningful form and to mentally interact with the message.
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What is Writing?Writing may be: Persuasive writing.
Author hopes to convince and
audience on his/her opinion. Objective writing.
Presents facts and information
organized in an accessible way.
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Objective of Writing• To acquire generally useful techniques
for effective writing.
• To utilized easy exercise that can help to improve your reading.
• To become familiar with common working mistakes.
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Rules of Effective Writing• Basic Rules
1. Getting to the pointa. Being Concise
b. Paragraphing
c. Framing Effective Questions
2. Use of Nondiscriminatory Language
3. Punctuation.
4. Grammar
5. Spelling
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Types of Writing
Formal writingInformal writing
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Formal Writing.
It may be:
Letter writingParagraph writingEssay writingStory writingDialogue writing
…etc.
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TYPES OF LETTER WRITING
1. Formal Letters: Tone is formal such as Business Letters.
2. Semi-Formal Letters: Tone and style is formal and meant for relatives. Invitation Letters.
3. Informal Letters: Tone and style is relaxed. It is written to relatives, friends, etc.
4. Form Letters: Preprinted, Administration form, Application Form, etc.
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What is Paragraph?
A paragraph usually contains a general idea in one sentence, and 4 - 5 supporting sentences which expand this idea by giving explanation.
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The Parts of a Paragraph
1. Topic Sentence:
To introduce the main idea of the paragraph
2. Details:
Main body of the paragraph.
3. Concluding Sentence:
To wrap-up your ideas.
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Types of Paragraphs
• For our purposes, here are the basic types of paragraphs:– Narrative– Exposition– Descriptive– Persuasive
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Narrative
• Tells a story
• Uses specific details
• Is not a mere listing of events. It has characters, setting, conflict, and resolution.– Time and place are usually established
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Exposition
• Informative/explanatory
• Can be included incidentally with narrative or descriptive, but can also stand alone.
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Description
• Series of detailed observations
• Usually not used by itself, but rather as a part of a whole
• The challenge is to make it interesting– Imagery– Sensory details; five senses– Similes, metaphors
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Persuasive
• Uses direct approach– “Believe me and do it!”
• Calls reader to action or to take a stand on an important issue
• More than just opinion is needed; information, analysis, and context must be given to the reader to let him/her make a decision
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Writing a Story
Helpful hints for story writing.
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Dilemma
Opening
Build-upResolution
Ending
Story Mountain
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Humour
Making the audience laugh as part of telling a story
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Crime
Regular cop and robber story (often made into films)
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Real-life fiction
Stories in a present day reality
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Historical fiction
Ancient traditional stories, myths and legendsEg: Lord of the Rings
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Mystery
Thrilling tales of the unknown phenomenonEg: Alien stories, X-Files
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Science fiction
Use a setting involving science and technologyEg: Star Wars, The Matrix
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Adventure
Action-packed stories with dangerous obstacles to overcome.
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Fantasy
Stories with magic and fairytale characters
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What is Dialogue?
•When people speak in a piece of writing whether real or imaginary
•The direct speech is set off by quotation marks
•Example: “Hi!”
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Why Use Dialogue?
•Makes writing more interesting.
•Reveals more information about the characters and situation.
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Some common problems while writing...
• Repetition– repeating words or ideas
• Vagueness and verbosity– using over-long sentences– using imprecise terms
• Lack of analysis– too much description– no clear plan
• Lack of clarity– assumption of knowledge
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• Objective: evidence driven.• Accurate : style, referencing, data.• Concise: not wordy, balanced, within word
limit.• Clear: point evident.• Consistent: expression, spelling, grammar.• Convincing: argument and language.• Reader friendly.
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