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 Eight Parts Of Speech EIGHT PARTS OF SPEECH Eight Parts of Speech 1. Noun (n) (erf) 2. Pr onoun (pron) (erfpm;) 3. Ad je ct iv e (a dj ) ( er0daooe) 4. Verb (V) (Bud,m) 5. Adverb (a dv) (Bud,m0daooe) 6. Pr eposition ( perp) (0dbwf) 7. Conj unct ion ( conj ) (pum;quf) 8. Interjec ti on (!) (tmar!dwf) 1. Noun (n) - emrf A noun is a naming word. The names of person, animals, things and places are called noun. For example: man, girl, boy, Swe Swe, Hla Hla, cat, dog, etc. 2. Pronoun (pro n) - emrfpm; A pronoun is a word used in place of noun. For example: I, we, you, they, he, she, it, etc. 3. Adje ct iv e ( ad j) - emr0daooe An adjective is a word that adds something to the meaning of a noun. For example: clever, stupid, old, young, small, big, tall, short, happy, sad, noise, silent, etc. 4. Verb (v) - Bud,m A verb is a doing word or saying word. It tells us what a person or thing is, does or suffers. For example: Swe Swe is writing a letter. 5. Ad ver b (a dv ) - Bud,m0daooe An adverb is a word that adds something to the meaning of a verb, an adjectiv e or another adverb. For example: He walks quickly. 6. Prepos it ion (prep) – 0dbwf A preposition is a word placed before a noun or pronoun to show the relation of the noun or pronoun to other nouns or pronouns. For example: to, in, at, from, with, near, etc. 7. Conj unction (c onj) – pum;quf A conjunction is a joining word. It joins one word to another word or one sentence to another sentence. For example: and, or, because, if, after, etc. 8. Inte rj ec ti on (! ) - tmar!dwf An interjection is a word sound which we make to express some sudden feeling. 1. 0rf;om&if Fine! Well-done! Hurray! Hurrah! 2. 0rf;enf;&if Ah! Alah! Oh God! Woe is me! 3. qGJaqmifcsif&if Look! Listen! Be quiet! Be silent! 17

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 Eight Parts Of Speech

EIGHT PARTS OF SPEECH

Eight Parts of Speech

1. Noun (n) (erf)2. Pronoun (pron) (erfpm;)

3. Adjective (adj) ( er0daooe)4. Verb (V) (Bud,m)5. Adverb (adv) (Bud,m0daooe)6. Preposition (perp) (0dbwf)7. Conjunction (conj) (pum;quf)8. Interjection (!) (tmar!dwf)

1. Noun (n) - emrf 

A noun is a naming word. The names of person, animals, things and places arecalled noun. For example: man, girl, boy, Swe Swe, Hla Hla, cat, dog, etc.

2. Pronoun (pron) - emrfpm;A pronoun is a word used in place of noun. For example: I, we, you, they, he, she,

it, etc.

3. Adjective (adj) - emr0daooeAn adjective is a word that adds something to the meaning of a noun. For example:

clever, stupid, old, young, small, big, tall, short, happy, sad, noise, silent, etc.

4. Verb (v) - Bud,mA verb is a doing word or saying word. It tells us what a person or thing is, does or suffers.

For example: Swe Swe is writing a letter.

5. Adverb (adv) - Bud,m0daooeAn adverb is a word that adds something to the meaning of a verb, an adjective or another 

adverb. For example: He walks quickly.

6. Preposition (prep) – 0dbwf 

A preposition is a word placed before a noun or pronoun to show the relation of the nounor pronoun to other nouns or pronouns. For example: to, in, at, from, with, near, etc.

7. Conjunction (conj) – pum;quf A conjunction is a joining word. It joins one word to another word or one sentence to

another sentence. For example: and, or, because, if, after, etc.

8. Interjection (!) - tmar!dwf An interjection is a word sound which we make to express some sudden feeling.

1. 0rf;om&if  Fine! Well-done! Hurray! Hurrah!

2. 0rf;enf;&if  Ah! Alah! Oh God! Woe is me!

3. qGJaqmifcsif&if  Look! Listen! Be quiet! Be silent!

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4. tHhtm;oifh&if  How nice! How wonderful! Good gracious!

What a pity! What a good day!

1. NOUN1. NOUN Nouns are simply “naming words”-the words we use to refer to objects. Nouns are simply “naming words”-the words we use to refer to objects.

Kinds of NounsKinds of Nouns

 Nouns may be broadly classified as follows: Nouns may be broadly classified as follows:

1. Proper Nouns

Proper nouns refer to particular persons, places, or things. They are always capitalized.For example: Nilar, Soe Soe, Thura, Singapore, Myanmar, Mandalay, March, Thingyan,Ayerwady, etc.

2. Common Nouns

Common nouns refer to any of a class or group of persons, places, or things. All nounsthat are not Proper are Common.For example: girl, boy, man, woman, husband, wife, village, city, district, division, town, book,

 pencil, pen, ruler, shoe, shirt, etc.

(a) Concrete nouns

Concrete nouns refer to objects and substances that exist in a physical sense; that isanything that can be seen, heard, tasted, smelled, or felt by the body.For example: bird, house, apple, child, rose, wheat, orange, airplane, umbrella, shirt, etc.

(b) Collective nouns

Collective nouns refer to a number or a set of persons, things, animals, regarded as a single

group of the same kind.For example: team, crowd, class, committee, group, family, etc.

(c) Mass nouns

Mass nouns usually refer to substances (liquid, solid), which are not normally divisible.For example: milk, butter, sugar, oil, water, iron, glass, sand, ink, etc.

(d) Abstract nouns

Abstract nouns refer to the names of special qualities, actions, emotions, or conditions,including fields of study and sports.For example: poverty, honesty, love, courage, patience, freedom, progress, agriculture, science,

etc.

(e) Compound nouns

Compound nouns consist of two or more words put together to form a name.

NOUNS

(1) Proper Nouns (2) Common Nouns

(e) Compound Nouns(d) Abstract Nouns

(c) Mass Nouns

(b) Collective Nouns

(a) Concrete Nouns

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For example: post office, living room, doorknob, brother-in-law, mother-in-law, check in, name plate, etc.

Functions Examples Position1.As a subject of verb Su Su dances. Before the verb2.As an object of verb

(a) direct object Su Su saw Mg Mg. After the verb(b) indirect object Su Su gave Mg Mg a book. After the verb

3.As object of preposition Su Su gave a book to Mg Mg. After the prepositionin a prepositional phrase

4.As a complement(a) subject complement Su Su is the secretary. After the verb(b) object complement Su Su considers him a baby. After the object

5.As noun adjunct She waited at the bus-stop. Before a noun6.As appositive Su Su, a doctor, is my sister. After a noun7.As possessive My brother is Su Su’s husband After the possessive8.As direct address Mg Mg, where are you going? At the beginning of the sentence

Where are you going, Mg Mg? At the end of the sentence

2. PRONOUNS2. PRONOUNSPronouns are words that are used in place of a noun or noun phrase.

For example: I, we, everybody, anybody, nobody, who, where, that, this, these, some, etc.

(a) Personal pronouns

Personal pronouns are classified into three groups. They are Personal pronouns, Possessive pronouns and Reflexive pronouns.

Person

Personal Pronouns Possessive Pronouns

ReflexivePronounsSubjective caseObjective

casePossessive

DeterminersPossessive pronouns

First person

I me my mine myself  

We us our ours ourselves

Second person

You (singular) you your yours yourself  

You (plural) you your yours yourselves

Third person

He him his his himself  

She her her hers herself  

It it its its itself  

They them their theirs themselves

Personal pronouns

The subjective form is used in subject position:I am a doctor.He ate a banana.

The objective form is used in all other position:Their mother is taking them to the theatre. (Direct object)Su Su gave me a book today. (Indirect object)

 No one came on time except me. (Object of preposition)Possessive pronouns

The possessive determiners are used before a noun:That is my book.Give me your name plate.

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The possessive pronouns are used as pronouns in all main position where a noun phrase is possible:

1 As subject Let’s go in my car. Mine is faster.

2 As subject complement Is this book hers?

3 As object He didn’t bring a pen, so I lent him mine.

4 As prepositional complement He put his books on the desk behind mine.

5 In comparison after as, than Our car is older than theirs.Their car is not as old as ours.

Reflexive pronouns

As reflexive pronouns points back the subject. It is used:1. As the direct object You mustn’t blame yourself for that.

2. As the indirect object I bought myself a beautiful gold chain.

3. As a prepositional object She’s very angry with herself.

4. To emphasize a subject We ourselves will lead the discussion.

5. To emphasize a object I saw the manager himself.

(b) Demonstrative pronouns

The demonstrative words in English are this, that, these, those. As pronouns theynormally have non-personal reference except when they are used in subject position.As subject This is my book. These are my books.

That is your sister. Those are your sisters.

As non-personal reference I want to buy this dress.

I found these plates in the kitchen.

(c) Quantifier pronouns

As pronouns quantifier pronouns may take an of-phrase.

Countable nouns Uncountable nouns

Singular Plural Singular  

all (of) all (of) all (of)

each (of) both (of) -

half (of) half (of) half (of)

some (of) some (of) some (of)

any (of) any (of) any (of)

either (of) - -

many (of) much (of)more (of) more (of)

most (of) most (of)

enough (of) enough (of)

(a) few (of) (a) little (of)

fewer/less (of) less (of)

fewest (of) least (of)

several (of) least (of)

one (of) - -

none (of) none (of) none (of)

neither (of) - -For example:

It rained all (of) week.All of the people enjoyed it.

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All of the food has gone bad.Each of the students has been given their own e-mail address.Both of them are my brothers.

(d) Other quantifier pronouns

Other quantifier pronouns include singular pronouns which have either personal or non-personal reference.

Personal Non-personal

everybody, everyone everything

somebody, anyone something

anybody, anyone anything

nobody, no one nothing

Everyone/Everybody in the office is pleased with everything the new manager does.Somebody/Someone is coming up the driveway.If you want everything, you will get nothing.

(e) Reciprocal pronouns

Each other and one another are reciprocal pronouns.The twins always borrow clothes from each other /one another.The twins always borrow each other’s/one another’s clothes.

3. VERBA verb is a doing word or saying word. It tells us what a person or thing is, does, or 

suffers. There are two types of verbs in English: Main verbs and Auxiliary verbs.(a) Main Verbs

Main verbs have five forms:

1 The mother form(V0)-unchanged form go, be, have, play

2 The present form(V1)-singular-s/es // plural goes, is/am/are, has/have, plays/play3 The past form (V2) went, was/were, had, played

4 The past participle form (V3) gone, been, had, played

5 The present participle form (V4) going, being, having, playing

1. The mother from(V0) is used:(a) after modal auxiliary verbs:

He will go to school tomorrow.She may win the champion.

(b) after verb-do of primary auxiliary:He does not go to Yangon.They do not come today, do they?

(c) after “to”He wants to become a doctor.She wants me to be a champion of tennis.

2. The present forms (V1) are used in the present tense(a) The singular form is used after singular subject:

She goes to London every year.Mg Mg plays football with his friends every evening.

(b) The plural form is used after the plural subject.They go to London every year.Mg Mg and his friends play football every evening.

3. The past form (V2) is used in the past tense:She went to Yangon yesterday.They went to London last week.

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4. The past participle form (V3) is used in perfect tense and passive voice:(a) with verb-have in perfect tense

She has finished her work.They have had breakfast.

(b) with verb-be in passive voiceHla Hla is elected a manager.Bo Gyoke Aung San was killed on July 19, 1947.

5. The present participle form (V4) is used in continuous tense with verb-be:She is writing a letter to her friend.They were running to the river.I am singing Yang Aung’s song.

(b) Auxiliary Verbs

Auxiliary verbs are commonly called “HELPING VERBS” because they arealways followed by a main verb in a verb phrase.

There are two types of auxiliaries: Primary Auxiliary and Modal Auxiliary verbs.

Auxiliary verbsMain verbs

Primary ModalDo will, would, shall, should, can, could,

may, might, must, used to, ought to,need, dare

run, jump, hate, love, write,look, draw, eat, hear, go, lead,

follow, see, watchHave

Be

Primary Auxiliary verbs are used:

Singular subject does

V0

She does not eat a banana.

Plural subject do They do come here.

All subjects did Did he come to me?

Singular subject has

V3

She had eaten rice.

Plural subject have We have ever been to Bagan.All subjects had He had gone when you came here.

Singular subject isV4

She is swimming in the pool.

Plural subject are They are the farmers. They are working.

I am/was

V3

I am reading. I was reading a book this time yesterday.

Singular subject was He was studying the lessons when the light went out.

Plural subject were They were punished for that.

Modal Auxiliary verbs are used:

All subjects Modal V0

He will go there next week.

They would go there next week.( in the past)

Auxiliary verbs as main verb

(1) Verb-do functions as a main verb with the meaning of “perform”:I do my homework.She does the exercises.

(2) Verb-have functions as a main verb meaning “possess”:I have a new cupboard.She has a car.

Or “receive, take, experience”:

I have coffee for breakfast.I have free time on the week-ends.(3)Verb-be functions as a main verb meaning “equal to”:

I am a girl.

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He is an author.Or “situate”:

She is in the car.They are in the room.

(4) ADVERBAn adverb is a word that adds more information about place, time, manner, cause, or 

degree to a verb, an adjective, a phrase or another adverb.They played the music beautifully. (modify verb)It is rather old. (modify adjective)She arrived very quickly. (modify adverb)The situation was getting completely out of hand.(modify phrase)

Types of Adverbs

(a) Adverbs of Time

These answer the question “When?”now, soon, already, today, before, ago, them, immediately, lately, yesterday, since, every day,

weekly, sometimes, at 8 o’clock, in the morning, in the evening, at night, etcI’ll see you again soon.He set off yesterday.I study English every day.

(b) Adverbs of Place and Direction

These answer the question “Where?”here, there, everywhere, in, out, above, down, behind, below, outside, left, straight, west,downstairs, on the roof, over there, etc

Hey! Climb down.She walked downstairs.A bird is on the roof.

(c) Adverbs of Manner, Means and InstrumentThese answer the question “How?”, “In what way/manner?”

surely, better, easily, well, quietly, loudly, politely, badly, gladly, separately, with a big gun,quickly, slowly, with friends, etc

She closed the door quietly.He speaks politely.The results were published separately.

(d) Adverbs of Frequency

These answer the question “How often?”often, usually, sometimes, never, twice a week, rarely, yearly, always, etc

The rubbish was collected twice a week.

I ought never to have encouraged him.

(5) ADJECTIVEAn adjective is a word that modifies, or changes the meaning of a noun or pronoun. It may

 point out or describe or limit the meaning of the noun or pronoun.Kinds of Adjectives

(a) Attributive or descriptive:

He is an intelligent child.We are a happy family.

(b) Predicative:

All the children are intelligent.We are happy.

(c) Participle adjectives:

There are the two cooking pots in the kitchen.

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One of them is the broken pot.His ideas on religious are astonishing.She seemed satisfied with my explanation.

(d) Adjectives as Heads

Some adjectives can function as heads of noun phrase:The rich can afford to eat meat every day.The educated have many experiences.

Adjective Patterns

(a) Adjective + prepositional phrase

You must be more accurate in your work.Doctors say that milk is good for you.You are interested in English, aren’t you?

(b) Adjective + that clause

Are you sure that he’s honest?She’s surprised that you’re going abroad.It’s sad that he is so ill.

It’s fortunate that he only took her radio.(c) Adjective + to-V0

The house was difficult to find.It was difficult to find the job.It is easy to say but difficult to do.

Comparison of Adjectives

(a) The positive degree, used when no comparison is made;Subject +V-be + AdjectiveHe is tall.They are beautiful.

(b) The comparative degree, used when two things are compared;Subject +V-be + Adjective2 +than+ ObjectHe is taller than Mg Mg.She is more beautiful than they are beautiful (them).

(c) The superlative degree, used when more two things are compared;Subject +V-be +the+Adjective3 +Noun +in/among+ NounHe is the tallest boy in our class.She is the most beautiful girl among us.

(6) PREPOSITIONA preposition is a word or group of words such as in, from, to, out, of, and on

 behalf of used before a noun or pronoun to show place, position, time or method.

Positions of Preposition

(a) Preposition + Noun

in the morning, by bus, out of the roomHe always gets up early in the morning.She goes to work by bus.

(b) Noun + Prepositionkey to, respect to, influence on, relationship withI have the spare key to the front door.I have the greatest respect to your brother.

(c) Verb + Preposition

consist of, divide into, look for, look at

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It can be divided into two parts.A baby is looking at the moon.

(d) Adjective + Preposition

afraid of , busy with, different from, good atHe is good at English.They are interested in football.

(7) CONJUNCTIONThe work of a conjunction is to join words, phrases, clauses, or sentences.

Types of Conjunctions

(a) Coordinate conjunctions

These join together words, phrases and clauses of equal rank.Mya Mya and Hla Hla are the teachers. (word)I looked for the dictionary on the shelf and in the cupboard. (phrase)The thunder rolled and the lighting flashed. (clause)

(b) Subordinate conjunctions

These join clauses of unequal rank, i.e. they join sub clauses to main clauses.My mother has got thinner since I last saw her.Wherever the cat goes, her kittens follow.He is nearly as tall as his father.

(8)INTERJECTIONAn interjection is a word of exclamation whose only function is to express emotion or 

feeling.

Surprise : Oh, what a lovely present!Satisfaction : Ah, that’s a much neater essay!

Great satisfaction : Aha, those are the books I’ve been looking for.Great surprise : Wow, did you see that?Excitement/delight : Yippee, grandfather is coming to visit us!Pain : Ouch, you’re treading on my foot!

: Ow, I’ve hurt myself.Disgust : Ugh, what a filthy road.Pleasure, pain : Ooh, the water’s lovely and cool.

: Ooh, my back aches terribly.Exhaustion : Phew, I’m hot!

A simple sentence A simple sentence is a sentence that is formed by one clause.

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32 SIMPLE SENTENCE PATTERNS

0gus½kd; (32) rsdK;1. S+Vbe+N She is a doctor.

2. S+Vbe+Adj She is beautiful.

3. S+Vbe+Adj+Prep+N She is afraid of dog.4. S+Vbe+Adj+To-V0 She is afraid to go home.

5. S+Vbe+Adj+V4 She is busy doing homework.

6. S+Vbe+V3 She was killed on January 19, 2000.

7. S+Vbe+V4 She is swimming.

8. S+Vbe+Prep+N She is from Yangon.

9. S+Vbe+To-V0 Her hobby is to read many books.

10

.

V1 Come in please. Please do me a favor.

11.

S+Vi She dances on the stage.

12.

S+Vt+O She eats rice.

13.

S+Vt+IO+DO She gives the teacher the flowers.

14.

S+Vt+DO+Prep+IO She gives the flowers to the teacher.

15

.

S+Vt+O+Adj She made me happy.

16.

S+Vt+O+N She considered me a baby.

17.

S+Vt+O+To-V0 She wants me to become a doctor.

18.

S+Vt+O+V1 She made me cry.

19.

S+Vt+O+V3 She had her hair cut.

20.

S+Vt+O+V4 She saw the children playing football.

21.

S+Vt+To-V0 She hoped to get a good job.

22.

S+Vt+V4 She likes reading a novel.

23.

S+Vt+Prep+N She always looks after me.

24.

S+LV+N She will make a good wife.

25.

S+LV+Adj She looks very young.

26

.

It+Vbe+N It is a hot day.

27.

It+Vbe+Adj+(for N)+To-V0 It is difficult (for everyone) to master English.

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28.

It+Vbe+Adj+of+N+To-V0 It is kind of you to help us.

29.

It+Vbe+N/Adj+V4 It is worth reading this book.

30.

It+takes+N+time phrase+To-V0 It takes me five minutes to go to school.

31.

There+Vbe+N+Prep+N There are three persons in my family.

32.

There+Vi+N+Prep+N There developed goodwill between the two countries.

A compound sentence A compound sentence is a sentence consisting of two or more main

(independent) clauses linked by a coordinating conjunction.Simple sentence Coordinating conjunction Simple sentence

Independent ClausePrinciple Clause

Super ordinate ClauseMain Clause

and, but, or, so, else,either, nor, neither, for,

however, also, as well as,both and, therefore, etc

Independent ClausePrinciple Clause

Super ordinate ClauseMain Clause

t"du0gus *kPf&nfwljzpf  pum;quf 

t"du0gus

COMPOUND SENTENCES JOINED BY 42 CONJUNCTIONS

pum;quf (42) rsdK; ESihf qufxm;aom 0gusaESmrsm;1. and (ESifh?í?NyD;vQif?aemufNyD;?¤if;tjyif)

We stayed at home and (we) watched TV.

uRefawmfwdkYonf tdrfrSmaeNyD;½kyfjrifoHMum;MunfhcJhMuonf/2. but (odkYr[kwf?odkY&mwGif?'gayr,fh)

I brought a newspaper but (I) didn't read it.

uRefrowif;pmwpfapmif0,fcJhonf/ odkY&mwGif uRefrrzwfcJhyg/3. or ('grSr[kwf?odkYr[kwf)

Do as the teacher told, or you'll be punished.

q&majymxm;wJhtwdkif;vkyfyg/ 'grSr[kwf&if 

rif;tjypfay;cH&vdrfhrnf/4. nor (vn;f.....r[kwf)

I can't swim, nor can you.

ig a&rul;wwfbl;/ rif;vnf; a&rul;wwfbl;/5. either (vnf;yJ)

They are not happy, I'm not either.

olwdkYraysmfygbl;/ igvnf;raysmfygbl;/6. neither (vnf;.....r[kwf)

The man is not honest, neither is his son.

xdkvlBuD; r½kd;om;yg/ olUom;vnf; r½dk;om;yg/7. else ('grSr[kwf&if)

Walk quickly, else you won't overtake him.

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 jrefjrefavQmufyg/ 'grSr[kwf&if rif;olUudkausmfwufEdkifrSmr[kwfbl;/8. however (rnfodkYyifjzpfap?odkYaomfvnf;)

Yangon has a warm weather; however Putao has a cold one.

&efukefwGif aEG;axG;aom &moDOwk½Sdygonf/odkUaomfvnf;

ylwmtdkwGif at;aom &moDOwk½Sdygonf/9.therefore (xdkYaMumifh?'ghaMumifh)Soe Pay didn't study; therefore he failed in the exam.

qdk;aypmrusufcJhyg/ xdkUaMumifh pmar;yGJ uscJh\/10. so (xdkYaMumifh?'ghaMumifh)

It is very hot, so I opened the window.

tvGefyljyif;vS\/ xdkUaMumifh uRefawmf jywif;ayguf zGifhcJh\/11. for (taMumif;uawmh?twGufaMumifh)

It was late, for I have long been here.

tcsdefaESmif;oGm;ygNyD/ taMumifhuawmh uRefawmf 'DrSma&mufaewm MumygNyDyJ/12. also (vnf;yJ)

I am quite happy; he is also.

uRefawmfodyfaysmfwmyJ/ olvnf;aysmfwmygyJ/13. otherwise ('grSr[kwf&if)

Do as you are told, otherwise you'll be punished.

rif;udkajymxm;wJhtwdkif; vkyfyg/ 'grSr[kwf&if rif;tjypfay;cH&vdrfhr,f/14. yet (odkY&mwGif?odkYaomfvnf;)

He didn't study, yet he passed his exam.

olpmrusufcJhbl;/ odkUaomfvnf; olpmar;yGJatmifcJhygw,f/15. then ('gqdk&if?,if;odkYqdkvQif)

You are tired, then you must take a rest.

rif; yifyefaew,f/ 'gqdk&if rif; tem;,l&r,f/16. too (¤if;tjyif?vnf;yJ?tvm;wl)

My husband likes riding bicycle; I do too.

uRefra,musfm;u pufbD;pD;wmudk BudKufw,f/ uRefrvnf;olUtwdkif;ygyJ/17. nevertheless(aomfjim;vnf;/ 'gayr,fhvnf;)

I'm not quite well; nevertheless I'll go along with you.

uRefawmfodyfawmhaeraumif;ygbl;/ 'gayr,fhvnf;cifrsm;eJUvdkufr,f/18. nonetheless(aomfjim;vnf;/ 'gayr,fhvnf;)

The book is too long; nonetheless it is education and entertaining.

pmtkyfuawmh½SnfvGef;ygw,f/ 'gayr,fhvnf; ynmay;NyD;azsmfajzrI½Sdygw,f/19. or else ('grSr[kwf&if)

Do as I tell you; or else you will regret it.

igajymwJhtwdkif;vkyfyg/ 'grSr[kwf&if rif; aemifw&vdrfhr,f/28

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20. only (that) (odkUaomf/ 'gayr,fh/ rSvGJí)I really want to go, only that I am now busy.

uRefawmf wu,fhudk oGm;csifygw,f/ 'gayr,fhtcktvkyf½Iyfaeygw,f/21. as well as (xdkUtjyif/ vnf;yJ)

We will travel in days as well as at nights.

uRefawmfwdkU aeUtjyif nyg c&DoGm;Mur,f/22. no less than (xufravsmhyJ)

Father loves me no less than mother does.

taz[m uRefawmhfudk tarxufravsmUyJ cspfygw,f/23. rather………than (rnfhtpm;/ xuf)

She'd rather die than tell a lie.

olr vdrfajym&wmxuf ao&wm ydkaumif;vdrfhr,fvdkUxifygw,f/24. both….and……

(ESpfckpvHk;/ a&myg)Both Ngapli and Kanthayar are pleasant beaches.

iyvDa&m? urf;om,myg om,mvSywJh yifv,furf;ajcrsm; jzpfygw,f/25. either………or…….(wpfckr[kwf…....wpfck? ...….jzpfap…....jzpfap)

Either Ko Win or Ko Thin is in the room.

udk0if;jzpfap? udkoif;jzpfap tcef;xJrSm ½Sdygw,f/26. neither……….nor………….

(wpfckckrSr[kwf?.......a&m.....yg..r[kwf) Neither Thuzar nor Marlar goes to work. olZma&mrmvmyg tvkyfroGm;Muyg/

27. and……….also (....ESifh....vnf;yJ)They know him and I know him also.

olwkdUu olUudkodovdk uRefawmfuvnf; olUudk odygw,f/

28.and …………too(....ESifh....vnf;yJ)He likes tea and I do too.

olvufzuf&nfBudKufovdk uRefrvnf;yJ BudKufygw,f/29. and………either (...vnf;yJ)

He can't go and I can't go either.

ol roGm;Edkifbl;/ ig vnf;yJ roGm;Edkifbl;/30. and ………neither (.....vnf;...r[kwf)

I am not happy and neither do they.

uRefawmfraysmfygbl;/ olwdkUvnf;yJ raysmfygbl;/31. and then (tJ'Daemufawmh)

He took a bath and then had dinner.

ol a&csdK;cJhw,f/ tJ'Daemufawmh npmpm;cJhw,f/32. and nor (vnf;.....r[kwf)

He won't visit Pepple's Park and nor will she.

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ol jynfolUO,smOfudk oGm;vnfrSmr[kwfbl;/ olrvnf;oGm;vnfrSmr[kwfbl;/33. and yet (odkUaomfjim;vnf;/ 'gayr,fhvnf;)

I want to leave, and yet I feel obliged to stay.

uRefawmfxGufoGm;csifygNyD/ 'gayr,fhvnf;

aezdkU0w¬&m;½Sdw,fvdkU cHpm;&w,f/34. and thus(xkdUaMumifh/ xkdodkUjzifh)

They like movies and thus they often go to the movies.

olwdkU½kyf½SifBudKufMuonf/ xdkUaMumifh rMumcP½kyf½SifoGm;Muonf/35. and hence (xdkUaMumifh/ þtaMumif;aMumifh)

I have no relatives, and hence I will have to stay here.

uRefawmhfrSmaqGrsdK;r½Sdygbl;/ 'gaMumifh'DrSwnf;cdk&ygvdrfhr,f/

36. but nor ('gayr,fh....r[kwf)She doesn't like them but nor do we.

olru olwdkUudk rBudKufygbl;/ 'gayr,fh uRefawmfwdkUvnf;rBudKufyg/37. but neither ('gayr,fh....r[kwf)

He is not a very outstanding person but neither is he a good-for-nothing guy.

ol[m xl;cRefolr[kwfyg/ 'gayr,fhvnf; tvum;aumifawmhr[kwfygbl;/38. but…still ('gayr,fh...wkef;yJ/qJyJ/ odkUaomfjim;vnf;)

We searched everywhere but we still couldn't find it.uRefawmfwdkU ae&mwdkif;udk ½SmcJhygw,f/ 'gayr,fh½SmvdkUr&wkef;ygyJ/39. not…..but (....r[kwf....odkUaomf/ 'gayr,hf/ omvQif)

The easy chairs are not polished but painted.

yufvufukvm;xdkifrsm;udk ay:vpfwdkwfrxm;yg/ odkUaomf aq;okwfxm;ygonf/40. not……nor (r[kwf....vnf;yJ)

You are not married, nor am I.

rif; tdrfaxmifr½Sdbl;/ igvnf; r½Sdbl;/41. not only….but also (.....omru......vnf;yJ)I am learning not only English but also Japanese.

uRefawmft*Fvdyfbmomudkomru *syefbmompum;udkvnf;oif,laeygw,f/42. not just….but also (.....omru......vnf;yJ)My parents not just take care of me but also lead me also.

uRefawmhf&JUrdbawGu uRefawmhfudkapmifha½Smuf½kHomru OD;vnf;OD;aqmifygw,f/

A complex sentence

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 A complex sentence is a sentence with only one independent (super ordinate/ principle/ main) clause and one or more dependent (subordinate/ sub-)clauses.

(a) Usual position – ykHrSeftxm;todk 

Main clause Sub-ordinate conjunction Sub-clause

t"du0gus

vufatmufcHpum;quf 

vufatmufcH0gus

(b) Unusual position – xl;jcm;txm;todk 

Sub-ordinate conjunction Sub-clause , Main clause

vufatmufcHpum;quf 

vufatmufcH0gus

, t"du0gus

Model sentences:As, Because, Since = aomaMumifh

1. The man was sent to prison as he had committed a crime.2.  Because the test is on Friday, you should be reading your books.3. He failed in the exam since he didn't work hard.

Seeing that =aMumifh4. Seeing that he's been off sick all week he's unlikely to come.

In case = jzpfEdkifaomaMumifh5. You'd better take the keys in case I'm out.

For =

taMumif;uawmh6. I believed her  for surely she would not lie to me.

After = NyD;aemuf 7.  After I've spoken to them, I'll come to you.

If, Provided that, Providing that = vQif 8.  If it rains, we will not go outside.9.  Provided that you have the money in your account, you can withdraw up to $100 a day.10. We'll buy everything you produce, providing that of course the price is right.

As long as, So long as, Only if = rSomvQif 11. We'll go as long as the weather is good.

12. Only if a teacher has given permission is a student allowed to leave the room.As if, As though = ouJhodkU ̂ ovdk 

13. He behaved as if/as though nothing had happened.

Unless = r.....vQif 14. Unless you'd prefer a cold drink, have a cup of tea.

When, Once, By the time = aomtcg15. When I was at school, I loved English.16. Once you go out, take the umbrella with you.17. There was no one in the room by the time I arrived there.

Whenever = tcsdefwdkif;rSm18. Whenever you need it, you can ask for help.

Whence = ae&mrS19. They returned whence they had come.

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Where = ae&mrSm20. She found her purse where she had left it in the bus.

Wherever = ae&mwdkif;rSm21. Wherever you go, I follow you.

Whither = ae&m22. They did not know whither they should go.

As …..as =avmuf 23. Nilar is as beautiful as her mother.

Than = . xuf 24. Su Su is taller than Mya Mya.

So that, In order that = ap&ef 25. We took a taxi to the stadium so that we wouldn't be late for the game.26. A note was sent to all the classrooms in order that every boy would know to wear a tie on

Mondays.

So as to, In order to = ap&ef 27. We went early so as to get good seats.28. She arrived early in order to get a good seat.

That = vkdU29. I think that he is honest.

Although, Even though, Though, Whereas,

Despite the fact that, In spite of the fact that, Much as = aomfvnf;yJ30. Although she is poor, she is generous.31. We lost the game although/even though/though everyone played well.32. Some of the studies show positive results, whereas others do not.33. She was good at Physics despite the fact that she found it boring.

34. English became the official language for business in spite of the fact that  the populationwas largely Chinese.

35. Much as I would like to stay, I really must go home.

Before, Ere = r.....wdkifcif 36. Look before you leap.37. Ere they came back home, I returned.

Until, Till = wkdifatmif 38. Let's wait until the rain stops.39. We waited till he came here.

Supposing that = qdkMuygpdkU40. Supposing that you are wrong, what will you do then?

While = pOfwGif 41. Her parents died while she was still at school.

As far as = oavmufawmh42. That's the truth, as far as I know it.

No sooner ……than =NyD;aemufrMumrD43. No sooner had the match started than they scored the first goal.

Whether…..or……..= ...vm;.......vm;44. He seemed undecided whether to go or stay.

Whether……or….not =...vm;.......rvkyfzl;vm;45. Whether or not we're successful, we can be sure that we did our best.

Whichever = b,f.......yJjzpfjzpf 

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46. It takes three hours, whichever route you take.

Lest =pdk;vkdU47. He gripped his brother's arm lest he be trampled by the mob.

Except that = rSwyg;48. I didn't tell him anything except that I needed the money.

As soon as, Immediately =...vQif.......csif;49. As soon as the train had gone, they reached the station.50. Immediately she'd gone, I remembered her name.

Elliptical sentences(1) Omitting of VerbMg Mg can play the piano and Mya Mya, the guitar. (ellipsis)Mg Mg can play the piano and Mya Mya can play the guitar. (full sentence)

(2) Omitting of verb, object, and complement

Mg Mg can play the piano and Mya Mya too. (ellipsis)Mg Mg can play the piano and Mya Mya can play the piano too. (full sentence)

Mg Mg can play the piano and Mya Mya can too. (ellipsis)Mg Mg can play the piano and Mya Mya can play the piano too. (full sentence)

She wanted to go there and did. (ellipsis)She wanted to go there and she went there. (full sentence)

I will clean the room today if you will tomorrow. (ellipsis)I will clean the room today if you will clean the room tomorrow. (full sentence)

She wants me to be a doctor, but I don’t want. (I don’t want to be a doctor.)

(3) Leaving out when answering to the questions(၃) ေမးခနး   ားက  ေမမျဖရာတင   န ပျငးA: Who will come to the party tomorrow?B: Mr. Brown. (Mr. Brown will come to the party tomorrow.)When does theparty start?A: 5 pm. (The party starts at 5 pm.)Do you come? (Do you come to theparty?)B: No, I don’t. (I don’t come to the party.)

(၄) က  ုကေးခနးေမးမျငး၊  တသယ၀ုကေးခနးေမးမျငး   ားတင wh- စကားလမ းလ  ၿပး က  နေသာစကားလ မ း   ားက    န ပျငးA: I will go to Yangon.B: When? (When will you go to Yangon?)---Mr. Brown will come to the party, but I don’t know when. (when he will cometo the party)She neglects me, but I don’t know why. (why she neglects me)ျားညးလးA: Would you like to drink more? ထပေသာက    မ းလားB. Why not? (Why wouldn’t I like to drink more?) ဘာ ေမၾကာင  ေသာကာလ  ။ (ေမသာက  ာေမပါ)--A: She loves Mg Mg. သက ေမာငေမာငက    စ  ာ။

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B: Why Mg Mg? ဘာ ေမၾကာင  ေမာငောငကလ  ။

(၅) ာမ   ားက    န ပ  ား  မျငးI have two books, but she has many. (many books)I like her book, but she likes mine. (my book) There are five questions, but I don’t know the first and the third. (the firstquestion and the third question)(၆) မႈမိမငးယဥ  မ  က၀ါက     ားာ မျပျငး (than မျဖငႈမိမငးယဥ   ျငး)She ordered more beer than we could drink. (we could drink beer)She is older than I am. (I am old) စကားေမမျပာာ She is older than me.လ႔သမ းၾကယ)More people arrived than we expected would arrive. (we expected peoplewould arrive)အ   ားသ မ းေကာ More people arrived than we expected.

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