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Geology and Ground Water of the Luke Area Maricopa County, ArizonaBy R. S. STULIK and F. R. TWENTER
CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE HYDROLOGY OF THE UNITED STATES
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY WATER-SUPPLY PAPEF 1779-P
Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and the U.S. Air Force
UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON : 1964
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
BRUCE BABBITT, Secretary
U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
Robert M. Hirsch, Acting Director
Any use of trade, product, or firm names in this publication is fordescriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by th?
U.S. Government
First printing 1964 Second printing 1993
For sale by U.S. Geological Survey, Map DistributionBox 25286, MS 306, Federal Center
Denver, CO 80225
CONTENTS
PageAbstract________________________________________________________ PIIntroduction _-___-_-__-_--__-___-__-____-_____--__----_-__________ 2
Location and extent of area____________________________________ 2Well-numbering system________________________________________ 2Purpose of investigation..______________________________________ 4Previous investigations..______-___.____--__-___.__.__________.. 5Methods of investigation.______________________________________ 6Personnel and acknowledgments..... ____________________________ 7
Geology of valley fill... ____________________________________________ 7General features.______________________________________________ 7Extent of valley fill___________.________________________________ 8Lithology_ _ __--_-_---___-_-----_____----_-_______-___._-___-__ 8Earth cracks.-_--___-__-______-__-___-_-_-____________--_-___- 11
Ground water.__--__--_--___--_--________-_--_-__-__--_--__--_-___ 11History and use_______________________________________________ 11The water table_____-.________________________________________ 12Aquifer characteristics._____-_-___--_--_______-_______-___-_-__ 19Movement. _ __________________________________________________ 21Chemical character____________________________________________ 21
Luke Air Force Base test wells. _____________________________________ 27First test well_______________________-__________________.______ 27Second test well_-___-______________----______________---_-__._ 28
Conclusions._ _____________________________________________________ 29References cited_._________________________________________________ 30
ILLUSTEATIONS
[Plates are in pocket]
PLATE 1. Map showing location of wells.2. 700-foot altitude percentage-distribution map.3. Total depth percentage-distribution map.4. Map showing specific capacity and areas of fine-grained materials.5. Contour map of the water table with areas of fine-grained materials
shown.6. Isopleth map.
Page FIGURE 1. Index map_____----_-_-__-----_--------_----_-------_-_- P3
2. Well-numbering system in Arizona.__________-____-_----_- 4
IV CONTENTS
TABLES
Page TABLE 1. Driller's log and estimated percentage of fine-grained materials
from well (B-l-l)Sbaa________._____.___._. P102. Records of selected wells___._.______.__..____......____.. 133. Specific capacities of selected wells_______________________ 204. Chemical analyses of ground water from selected wells in the
valley fill.___________________________________________ 235. Quality of water and well-casing data from selected wells..... 26
CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE HYDROLOGY OF THE UNITED STATES
GEOLOGY AND GROUND WATER OF THE LUFE AREA, MARICOPA COUNTY, ARIZONA
By R. S. STULIK and F. R. TWENTER
ABSTRACT
Luke Air Force Base, in the Salt River Valley in central Arizona, is within an interrnontane basin the Phoenix basin in the Basin and Range lowlands province. The Luke area, the subject of this study, extends beyond the limits of the base.
Ground-water resources of the Luke area were studied to determine the possi bility of developing a water supply of optimum quantity and quality to supple ment the base supply. Several wells drilled for this purpose, prior to the study, either produced an inadequate supply of water or produced wate" that had a high dissolved-solids content.
The Phoenix basin is filled with unconsolidated to semiconsolidpted Tertiary and Quaternary sedimentary rocks that are referred to as valley fill. Although its total thickness is unknown, 2,784 feet of valley fill primarily consisting of clay, silt, sand, and gravel has been penetrated.
Percentage-distribution maps of fine-grained materials indicate a gross-facies pattern and a selective depositional area of the valley-fill materials. The maps also indicate that the areal distribution of fine-grained materials increases with depth. In general, the better producing wells, regardless of depth, are in areas where the valley fill is composed of less than 60 percent fine-grain Q d materials.
The water table in the area is declining because large quantities of water are withdrawn and recharge is negligible. The decline near Luke Air Force Base during the period 1941-61 was about 150 feet.
Ground water was moving generally southwest in the spring of 19^1. Locally, changes in the direction of movement indicate diversion toward two major depressions.
The dissolved-solids content of the ground water ranged from about 190 to 6,300 ppm. The highest concentration of dissolved solids is in water from the southern part of the area and seems to come from relatively shallow depths; wells in the northern part generally yield water of good quality.
After a reconnaissance of the area, the U.S. Geological Survey located and supervised the drilling of two test wells wells (B-2-1) 9bcb and (B-2-1) 5abc on Luke Air Force Base. The quantity of water produced by the wells was adequate. The dissolved-solids content of water from the wells was low, and the overall quality of water from well (B-2-1)5abc was good. When well (B-2-1)9bcb was perforated between 907 and 977 feet, the water had a fluoride concentration of 4.4 ppm; however, the fluoride concentration decreased to 2.8 ppm when new perforations were cut at a shallower depth, and it was decided that dilution with other base water supplies probably would alleviate any possible fluoride problem.
PI
P2 CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE HYDROLOGY OF THE UNITED STATES
INTRODUCTION
LOCATION AND EXTENT OF AREA
Luke Air Force Base occupies an area of about 3 square miles in the western half of the Salt River Valley (fig. 1), a valley that comprises all the valley lands near Phoenix, Ariz. The west boundary of the Salt River Valley is west of the area shown in figure 1.
The limits of the Luke area (pi. 1) were chosen arbitrarily to encompass the El Mirage, Waddell, Perryville, and Tollesor quad rangles. The area is bounded on the west by the White Tank Mountains and on the south by the Sierra Estrella and is drained by the Gila, Salt, Agua Fria, and New Rivers. Included within the area are the towns of El Mirage, Litchfield Park, Tolleson, and Avondale. The area includes 238 square miles, most of which is used for agriculture. The major agricultural enterprise in the area is Goodyear Farms, which covers 13,000 acres, mostly in T. 2 N., R. 1 W.
The Luke area is in the arid region of the southwestern United States. The climate is characterized by long, hot summers and short, mild winters. The average annual precipitation at the Litchfield Park station of the U.S. Weather Bureau is 7.79 inches.
WELL-NUMBERING SYSTEM
The well numbers used by the Ground Water Branch of the Geological Survey in Arizona are based on the Bureau of Land Management's system of land subdivision. The land survey in Arizona is based on the Gila and Salt River meridian and brse line, which divide the State into four quadrants (fig. 2). These quadrants are designated counterclockwise by the capital letters A, B, C, and D. All land northeast of the intersection of the base line and meridian is in A quadrant, that northwest is in B quadrant, that southwest is in C quadrant, and that southeast is in D quadrant. The first digit of a well number indicates the township, the second the range, and the third the section in which the well is situated. The lowercase letters a, b, c, and d after the section number indicate the well location within the section. The first letter denotes a particular 160-acre tract (fig. 2), the second the 40-acre tract, and the third the 10-acre tract. The letters are also assigned in a counterclockwise direction, beginning in the northeast quarter. If the location is known within a 10-acre tract, three lowercase letters are shown in the well number. In the example shown, well number (B-2-l)2baa designates the well as being in the NE%NE%NW% sec. 2, T. 2 N., R. 1 W. Where there is more than one well within a 10-acre tract, consecutive numbers beginning with 1 are added as suffixes.
IND
EX
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O
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PL
AN
AT
ION
Pho
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Bas
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ed
Luk
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ea
Bou
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iver
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alle
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FIG
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E 1
. In
dex
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e ar
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Ari
zona
.
CO
P4 CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE HYDROLOGY OF THE UNITED STATES
R.6W. 5 4 3
*=
2
I 2
7
R.IW. I6N
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4
3
R. 1 W.
ft-4 :
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GILA AND SALT R IVER BASE LINE T
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6
7
18
19
30
31
5
8
17
20
29
32
4
9
16
21
28
33
3
10
15
22
27
34
O x2
11
14
23
26
35
1
12
13
24
25
36
I I I --c-4-d-4-c -4-d
FIGURE 2. Well-numbering system in Arizona.
PURPOSE OF INVESTIGATION
The primary objective of the study was to develop a water supply of optimum quantity and quality to supplement that of Luke Air Force Base. Prior to the study, the water supply for the base was
GEOLOGY, GROUND WATER, LUKE AREA, ARIZONA P5
obtained principally from two deep wells. Future development of the base will require more water than these two wells can produce.
Well (B-2-l)3cbb was drilled to a depth of 1,200 feet under the supervision of the Corps of Engineers in January 1959. The yield of the well proved adequate, but the water contained more than 1,300 ppm (parts per million) dissolved solids and was considered unsuitable for domestic use. Backfilling the well to different depths did not improve the water quality, and the well finally was destroyed.
Later in 1959, a second well well (B-2-l)3ddai was drilled to a depth of 600 feet. The water was of suitable quality but the yield was inadequate. To increase the yield, the well was deepened to 1,060 feet; however, the dissolved-solids content increased, and an analysis of the water from 1,060 feet showed that the chloride content was more than 9,000 ppm. The well was then backfilled to 593 feet, and its yield was later added to that of another 600-foot veil subse quently drilled nearby. The two wells produced about 900,000 gpd (gallons per day).
In August 1959, after completion of these wells, the Corps of Engineers formally requested the Geological Survey to make a study of the ground-water resources of the Luke area and to provMe (1) the location and specifications for one well by October 1, 1959; (2) an in terim report by November 1, 1960, on the ground-water resources of the area; (3) technical assistance in drilling and testing the well; (4) a second well location based on the results obtained from the first well; and (5) a final report on the ground-water resources of the area incorporating the results obtained from the two wells.
PREVIOUS INVESTIGATIONS
W. T. Lee, one of the first to study ground-water conditions in the Salt River Valley, stated that the purpose of his paper (1905, p. 11) was "to bring together the facts, so far as known, regarding the under ground waters of the Salt River Valley, with a view to ascertaining their available quantity, the areas where they occur sufficiently near the surface for economic pumping, and their adaptability for irriga tion." Although the primary subject of that report is ground water, it also contains chapters on geology and physiography.
Meinzer and Ellis (1915) made a study of the ground-v^ater con ditions in Paradise Valley (fig. 1). Other subjects discussed in their report are physiography, geology, soil and vegetation, climate, and irrigation.
C. P. Ross presented information on the Salt River Valley in his report (1923, p. 1), which was "designed, first, to give specific infor mation in regard to watering places and routes of travel within the
T19-I74 64 2
P6 CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE HYDROLOGY OF THE UNITED STATES
region covered, and second, to give general information in regard to the geography, geology, and hydrology of the region."
The geology and ground-water resources of the Salt River Valley area were described in a report by McDonald and others (1947). Some of the topics discussed in the section on geology are lar dforms, geologic history, structure, pediments, and rock formations. Topics discussed in the section on ground water include occurrence and move ment, recharge, discharge, fluctuations of the water table, and quality of water.
METHODS OF INVESTIGATION
Well inventory. The inventory of wells in the Luke area consisted of collecting information regarding depths of wells; casing data, including perforated zones; depths to water; pumping levels; use of the wells; type of pumps; and, yields of the wells. Drillers' logs and drill cuttings also were collected and analyzed. Most of this information appears in table 2. Depth-to-water measurements were made in about 30 wells during January 1961. The water-table contours (pi. 5) were based on these measurements and reported measurements by Goodyear Farms.
Specific conductance. The chemical quality of the water from the wells previously drilled for the base supply made it obvious that water quality was a major problem in the Luke area. Quality is best determined by chemical analysis of the water; however, where chemical analyses were not readily available, specific-conductance measure ments were made, and, from the data obtained, the dissolved-solids content was approximated. The approximation was determined from the relation between specific conductance and dissolved solids. This relation is expressed as:
Specific conductance (micromhos at 25°C) A= Dissolved solids (parts per million)
Hem (1959, p. 40) noted that usually "* * * A has a value between 0.55 and 0.75 unless the water has an unusual composition." A comparison of the chemical analyses with specific-conductance measurements of water in the Luke area indicated that the factor A generally has a value of about 0.6, and this value was used to estimate the dissolved solids, which are underlined on plate 6.
Water samples. About 30 water samples were collected from wells in the Luke area for this study. The analyses of these samples are shown in table 4. Also shown are analyses of samples collected in conjunction with the basic-data collection program in the Salt River Valley and reported data from samples collected and analyzed by Goodyear Farms.
Test drilling Two test wells [(B-2-l)9bcb and (B-2-l)5abc] were drilled for the Luke Air Force Base under the supervision of the U.S.
GEOLOGY, GROUND WATER, LUKE AREA, ARIZONA P7
Geological Survey and are now used as a part of the base water-supply system. During the drilling of the two wells samples of materials penetrated were collected, specific-conductance measurements of water were made, bailer and pumping tests were conducted, and water samples were obtained at selected horizons. The accuracy of the data thus obtained was increased by several steps taken during con struction of the well. The well was drilled with a cable-tool rig and cased with blank casing, which was kept as tight as possible against the sides of the hole and was kept close to the bottom of the hole during drilling. This procedure permitted the recovery of truer samples of the materials penetrated because it prevented contamina tion from overlying beds.
When field analysis of the rock samples indicated a potentially productive zone, the casing was driven to the top of the zone, and a bailer test was made. After the well was bailed for a long enough time to insure that most of the water in the well was from the selected zone, a water sample was collected for analysis.
PERSONNEL AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Personnel of the Ground Water Branch of the U.S. Geological Survey who participated in the study for this report include: J. M. Cahill, original project chief and author of an interim report; Ann C. Hill, who compiled a considerable part of the data; and D. G. Metzger and William Kam, geologists successively in charge of the Phoenix area office.
The authors wish to thank the many persons outside of the Geologi cal Survey who have contributed information and assistance during the field investigation and preparation of this report. In particular, thanks are expressed to Carroll Parkman, water engineer of Goodyear Farms, who supplied information and data from Goodye?n' Farms' records, and to the personnel of Weber Drilling Co. and Roscoe Moss Drilling Co. who were especially helpful during the test drlling.
Irrigation districts, government agencies, and companies who pro vided information and assistance include Goodyear Farms, Maricopa County Municipal Water Conservation District No. 1, Roosevelt Irrigation District, U.S. Air Force, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, and the U.S. Weather Bureau.
GEOLOGY OF VALLEY FILL
GENERAL FEATURES
The Luke area is in the Basin and Range lowlands province and is a part of an intermontane basin which, in this report, is called the Phoenix basin (fig. 1). The rocks that form the mountains sur rounding the basin are chiefly Precambrian granite, gneiss, and
P8 CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE HYDROLOGY OF THE UNITED STATES
schist, which locally are overlain by Tertiary volcanic and sedi mentary rocks. The White Tank and Sierra Estrella Mountains, which are along the west and south boundaries of the report area, are composed of Precambrian rocks. The basin contains an unknown thickness of Tertiary and Quaternary sedimentary rocks.
EXTENT OF VALLEY FILL
The term "valley fill," as used in this report, includes all sediments and sedimentary rocks penetrated by wells in the Luke area (pi. 1), and also the surficial deposits, including those in the stream channels and flood plains of the Salt, Gila, Agua Fria, and New Rivers. The valley fill is the surface formation in more than 95 percent of the area described in this report.
Although there are more than 500 wells in the area, the geologic interpretations described herein are from about 150 wells (pi. 1), which were selected on the basis of well depth and completeness of data. Wells that are less than 250 feet deep and wells for which the lithologic data are meager are not included. The total thickness of the valley fill is unknown, but well (B-2-l)19baa the deepest well in the area penetrated 2,784 feet of sedimentary rock without reach ing basement rock.
LITHOLOGY
The valley fill is composed primarily of unconsolidated to semi- consolidated clay, silt, sand, and gravel, which locally contair caliche and evaporites.
Lithologic and stratigraphic studies of the valley-fill material indicated that, in general, the material is in lenticular layers or beds that apparently are not widely distributed horizontally. Only in the southeastern part of the area, where a 100- to 300-foot thickness of sand and gravel overlies a 600-foot thickness of clay and silt, is there some indication of horizontal continuity of the material.
Because of the lack of extensive horizontally correlative beds in most of the valley fill, another approach to the study of the geo- hydrologic and geochemical features of the Luke area was necessary. A study of the lithologic data for the selected wells indicated a gross- facies pattern of the valley-fill materials. Therefore, percentage- distribution maps (pis. 2 and 3) were constructed that show the percentage of fine-grained materials (silt, clay, and evaporites) and which, in turn, delineate the areas of coarse-grained materials (sand and gravel). The maps were drawn primarily on the basis of data from drillers' logs. The drillers' terminology was interpreted and generalized into uniform terms that could be applied to percentage groups of fine-grained materials. These percentages were estimated as follows:
GEOLOGY, GROUND WATER, LUKE AREA, ARIZONA P9
Fluent of finr-grained
Lithology mtterials
Clay and (or) silt___._____..._.__._._..______ 100Clay, sandy _______-_______________________. 100Caliche -------.---------------------------------- 100Clay and silt, some gravel._______----_____-__--___-_--_ 80Clay, some gravel-_-_---_______-_---_ _____-______--_- 808and, silt, and clay__-----_--_-_---------__------_-_-_- 65Clay and gravel___..___-_________---___-____--_-_-___- 50Gravel, sand, and silt ___-_-_______-_-_-_-_-_-_______-__ 35Gravel, some clay_.___---__-_-__-_--_-_____---_-_____- 20Sand and (or) gravel._-__-_______-_-__-_-_-------_____- 0
The entire procedure for computing the percentage of fine-grained materials in a well is shown in table 1, where it is applied to the driller's log for well (B-l-l)3baa. The computed quantity of fine-grained materials in this well is 380 feet, which is 53 percent of the total depth of 714 feet.
Plate 2 shows the distribution of coarse- and fine-grainec1 materials by plotting and contouring the percentage of fine-grained materials from land surface to a datum plane 700 feet above mean sea level; the map is referred to as the 700-foot altitude percentage-distribution map. Plate 3 shows the distribution of coarse- and fine-grained materials by plotting and contouring the percentage of fine-grained materials from land surface to the bottom of the wells (only wells more than 500 feet deep were used); the map is referred to as the total depth percentage-distribution map. To obtain a complete geologic picture of the area it would be necessary to construct percentage- distribution maps at closely spaced vertical intervals for the entire Phoenix basin. However, the two maps included in this report provide a generalized picture of geologic conditions in the Luke area, and they may serve as a framework for future more detailed geo- hydrologic studies.
A comparison of plates 2 and 3 shows that the percentage of fine grained materials increases with depth; therefore, the percentage of coarse-grained materials decreases. At depths of 800 feet to about 1,200 feet, few coarse-grained materials are present in the valley fill. The trend of the areal pattern formed by the coarse-grainec1 materials is very similar on both maps, indicating a selective depositional area for the materials during part of Tertiary and Quaternary time.
In most of Tertiary and Quaternary time, the Phoenix basin was subsiding. The lithologic characteristics of most materials indicate a typical intermontane basin, fed entirely by fresh-water streams flowing from the north and east. For the most part, the coarse grained sediments were deposited in stream channels crossing the
P10 CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE HYDROLOGY OF THE UNITED STATES
TABLE 1. Driller's log and estimated percentage of fine-grained materials fromwell (B-l-l)Sbaa
Depth(ft)
n 1 s
112-114
117-127
149-158158-162162-175
200-21001 n 91 Q01 Q 99n220-228228-237 03 7-250250-260
9fiK_9fi9
989 9Q1^91 2959QC 9QQ
999-314314-328328-384IQA QQ/l
^Q4._4O4.
428-435435-448
450^57457-459
462-510
524-537537-542542-560
610-620620-638638-639
660-672672-673
702-703
Driller 'slog
Materials penetrated
Sandstone...-- ---
Sancl.__ _ __._ .Sand and gravel..
Clay with sand and gravel.
Clay.
Clay
Sand.. Clay
Sand.
Clay..
Sand . -----Sandstone... -- Clay
Clay
Clay Fine sand....-- ...--Clay with sand.. ...-.
Clay
Clay Sand . -..Clay....-- -------
Clay
Clay...---- ------
Clay
Depth(ft)
105
1 162
} 200
210
i ocn
| 2821
I 314
rtnA
[ 435
AAQ
\ 462
510
CQ7
} 560
602
650
714
Interpreted log
Materials penetrated
Clay
Clav and gravel
Clay, some sand and gravel
Clay
Clay... -- - -
Clay..
Clav some gravel* &
Clay
Clay
Thick ness (ft)
S7
22
13
22
3810
Or)
32
g
oq
561010IS
1Q
1 Q
141 3
2342
10
CA
Estimated percentage
of fine grained
materials
100
15
50
0
050
75
0
so
0RA
100100
Ofl
fin
9O
innfin
1008080
100
Of)
100
Computed quantityof fine grained
materials (ft)
3
6
0
24
0
is
0OQ
101Q
4.fi
1 3
1C
31
48
54
subsiding basin. Along the margin of the White Tank Mountains, some coarse-grained materials were spread out from the mountains basinward by smaller streams. In areas outside of the channels, where circulation was restricted, the fine-grained sediments, in cluding shallow-water lacustrine deposits, were laid down. Locally, evaporites are interbedded with the fine-grained sediments.
Most evaporites, especially in the upper 1,500 feet of the valley fill, are gypsum. However, the material at depth in well (B-2-1)-
GEOLOGY, GROUND WATER, LUKE AREA, ARIZONA Pll
19baa is largely halite; material from 2,350 feet was more than 97 percent halite.
Thick and thin zones of evaporites in the valley fill thf.t occur at different altitudes are shown below.
Well
(A-l-l)6cbb._ ......(B-l-2)9ada__ ......
16bbb-..___(B-2-l)2bbbj. ......
3cbb______3ddai_ __._._Sdbai. ......
Thickness of zone
containing evaporites
(ft)
195219
( 21I 10
26025010550
Altitude at top of zone (ft;
datum is mean sea level)
-40959939843
28799134483
Well
(B-2-l)12cad.......14abd_---.-14cbb_._____
23dcc. _ .-(B-2-2)25abb._-._._
Thickness of zone
containing evaporites
(ft)
13740
751, 502+
1918
460
Altitude at top of zone (ft;
datum is mean sea level)
630193470
833227335
EARTH CRACKS
In recent years several earth cracks have appeared in the Phoenix basin. At least two conspicuous cracks (pi. 1) are within the Luke area (Robinson and Peterson, 1962, p. 4). The movements that pro duced the earth cracks also caused local damage, including collapse of the casings in nearby wells. The cracks probably are due to the dewatering of the valley fill, which has caused compaction and sub sidence of the materials therein; however, they may be the surface expression of deep-seated structural movement.
GROUND WATER
HISTORY AND USE
In 1960 more than 2,000,000 acre-feet of ground water was used to irrigate lands within the Salt River Valley. Ground water is also the chief source of water for homes, industries, and military installations throughout the valley. The quantity of ground water withdrawn from the Luke area is not known; however, Goodyear Farms used about 51,000 acre-feet in 1960.
Irrigation in the Salt River Valley, of which the Luke area is a part, dates back to the time of prehistoric Indian tribes. Ancient hand- dug irrigation canals are evidence that the Indians made u^e of crude dams to divert water from perennial streams. Later, white settlers also used dams and canals to bring water from the Salt River to adjacent farmlands. By 1892, there were at least 10 such canals and more than 100,000 acres of land under cultivation. In 1901, the first deep irrigation well was put into use near Mesa, Ariz. The success of this well resulted in the construction of other wells, and today ground water is the major source of irrigation water.
P12 CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE HYDROLOGY OF THE UNITED STATES
THE WATER TABLE
The most important source of ground water in the Luke area is the valley fill; the water in the pore spaces of the sediments constitutes a ground-water storage reservoir. The upper surface of the saturated part of the valley fill is referred to as the water table; the position of this surface can be approximated by measuring the depth to v^ater in wells penetrating the valley fill. A change in the water level in a well generally indicates a change in storage in the ground-water reservoir that the well penetrates. When recharge exceeds discharge, water levels in wells rise, and when discharge exceeds recharge, water levels decline.
Table 2 is a compilation of well data collected from about 235 wells in the Luke area. These data and data that were collected prior to the study were used to determine the position and declines of the water levels. The depth and perforation data contained in table 2 were essential to the study of quality of water in the area.
The water table in the Luke area is declining because larg?, qijan- tities of water are withdrawn and recharge is negligible. During 1941-61 the water levels in the immediate vicinity of Luke Air Force Base declined about 150 feet. The annual rate of decline during the past few years has been about 13 feet.
Water-level anomalies were observed in two wells. In December 1960 the water level in well (B-2-l)14cbb was 80 feet above the main water table. The well was drilled in 1960 and was abandoned because the water had a high dissolved-solids content. The driller's log pro vided no information on possible artesian conditions during drilling, but such an anomalous water level might be due to artesian pressure. However, data from well (B-2-l)21abb, which was started in Sep tember 1961, virtually eliminated artesian pressure as the cause of the anomaly. This well reached water at a depth of 100 feet a level which was about 130 feet above the main water table and as drilling progressed the water remained at about this same level. Data are insufficient to explain conclusively the anomalous water-level phe nomena, but several possibilities are indicated. Interpretation of drillers' logs shows that clay and silt lenses of low permeability occur throughout the area. The anomalous water levels might be the result of water from rainfall, irrigated fields, and the Agua Fria River, piling up on the surface of these relatively impermeable lenses. The anomalous water levels also may be produced by residual water that has been trapped temporarily as the water table declines.
TA
BL
E 2
. R
ecor
ds o
f se
lect
ed w
ells
Wel
l num
ber:
For
exp
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see
sec
tion
"W
ell-
num
beri
ng s
yste
m."
Ow
ner:
R.I
.D.,
Roo
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lt I
rrig
atio
n D
istr
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S.
R.
V.
W.
U.
A..
Sal
t R
iver
Val
ley
Wat
ers
Use
rs'
Ass
ocia
tion
; B
. I.
C.,
Buc
keye
Irr
igat
ion
Co.
: M
. C
. M
. W
. C
. D
.N
o. 1
, M
aric
opa
Co
unty
Mun
icip
al W
ater
Con
serv
atio
n D
istr
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No.
1.
Dep
th o
f wel
l: G
iven
in
feet
bel
ow l
and
surf
ace:
all
dea
ths
are
reoo
rted
.
Dep
th t
o w
ater
: G
iven
in f
eet b
elow
lan
d su
rfac
e; M
, mea
sure
men
ts m
ade
by M
aric
opa
Cou
nty
Mun
icip
al W
ater
Con
serv
atio
n D
istr
ict
No.
1;
G,
mea
sure
men
ts m
ade
by
Goo
dyea
r F
arm
s; R
, m
easu
rem
ents
mad
e by
Roo
seve
lt I
rrig
atio
n D
istr
ict.
Typ
e of
pum
p: T
, tu
rbin
e; N
, no
ne.
Typ
e of
pow
er:
E,
elec
tric
; N
G,
natu
ral
gas;
N,
none
; D
, di
esel
.U
se o
f w
ell:
I, i
rrig
atio
n; N
, no
t us
ed;
Dom
, do
mes
tic;
T,
test
wel
l; D
, de
stro
yed;
PS
, pu
blic
sup
ply.
Rem
arks
: C
a, s
ampl
e co
llec
ted
for
chem
ical
ana
lysi
s.
Wel
l
(A-l
-l)
3b
bb
_
6cbb .
16aa
a...
19dc
d__.
(A-2
-1) 4
bb
a.
4ddd
._..
9cb
b..-
17ba
a-._
18aa
a.._
28bd
d._.
32dab
...
33cd
d.._
(A-3
-l)2
1ad
a._.
31bbb_
(B-l
-1)
Ibbc--
2bbb
_-..
3baa..
-
6abb
6bba.
._.
8bba
__
9a
ab. _
12baa
...
Ow
ner
R.
I. D
. ..................
M.
A.
Tre
gubo
fl _
__
_
1.S.
R.V
.W.U
.A... .
.....
A.
L.
Lev
i. ...
....
....
....
R.I
. D
. ..................
.....d
o. .
..............
......d
o.....................
....
.do
......... .
...........
..d
o ..................
Sta
nley
Fru
it C
o.__
. ......
R.
I. D
. ..................
R.I
. D
_. .
....
....
...
.....d
o..
.. ..
...............
..... d
o ..
....
....
....
...
.d
o___
__ ........... ..
.....d
o.....................
S. R
.V.W
.U.A
....
....
.
Fre
d B
oyd
. __
....
R.I
. D
. ..................
T.
C,
Rho
des.
_ ..
. .....
R.I
. D
-.--
_
R.I
. D
-...
...
....
....
....
..-.
do. _
_....... .
....
....
..T
have
r C
oll
ier.
...........
Yea
r co
m
plet
ed
1952
19
40
1951
19
52
1943
19
51
1951
19
39
1951
19
51
1951
19
43
1951
19
51
1960
1948
10
48
1951
19
50
1920
19
25
1956
19
34
Alt
itud
e of
lan
d su
rfac
e (f
t) 1,02
5 1,
012
995
1,00
2 96
5 1,
084
1,07
7 1,
052
1,06
0 1,
049
1,04
1 1,
027
1,03
7 1,
023
1,01
4 1,
024
1,02
8 1,
023
1,13
4 1,
083
988
994
993
991
1,01
2 1,
013
993
987
990
980
983
983
980
Dep
th
of
wel
l (f
t) 850
1,23
0 93
7 10
0 80
0 80
0 1,
000
800
800
470
696
640
800
800
775
1,00
0 80
0 78
5 61
5 40
6 80
0 71
4 70
2 57
2 80
2 99
0 65
0 12
0 21
8 21
0 90
0 60
0
Dia
me
te
r of
ca
sing
(i
n)
20 20
20
16
20
20
16
20
20
20
24
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
10
16
20
20
20
16
20
20
20
26
26
20
20
20
Rep
orte
d zo
ne o
f per
fo
rate
d ca
sing
(ft
)
200-
834
225-
1, 2
15
160-
700
140-
780
145-
784
60-9
88
150-
780
160-
780
90-4
56
100-
680
150-
626
112-
780
126-
780
140-
750
65-9
86
140-
786
180-
750
310-
600-
20
4-38
4 15
0-65
0 13
5-69
6 14
0-fi8
4 13
8-56
3 24
0-78
6 20
0-97
0 20
0-63
6 40
-98
53-1
7570
-200
140-
400
Dep
th t
o w
ater
(f
t)
130.
7
52.5
158.
3
163.
5
118.
5G
11
6. O
O
156.
2 15
9. O
G
96. O
G
106.
5 87
.0
Dat
e of
w
ater
- le
vel
mea
sure
m
ent
2- 3
-60
2-27
-61
1- 8
-59
2-15
-61
1- 1
-61
1- 1
-fil
2- 9
-60
1- 1
-61
1- 1
-til
2-16
-60
1-16
-56
Pum
p
Typ
e
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T T
T T
T
T
T
T
T
N
T
N
T
T
Pow
er
E E
E
NG
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
N
E N
E
E
Use
of
wel
l
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I D I I I I I I I I N
I N
I I
Rem
arks
Ca.
C
a.
Ca.
Ca.
oo
TAB
LE 2
. R
ecor
ds o
f se
lect
ed w
ells
Conti
nued
Wel
l
(B-l
-1)
16db
b.._
17
bcb
...
30db
b~.
(B-l
-2)
lbaa
.-_
Ibbb. .
.
5cb
b _
8cbb
..._
llb
aa..
.13
adc-
_.
13dc
d___
16bb
b__
25bb
c ...
27cb
b.__
28cb
c.._
2bbb .
2bbc
_...
2bbd...
3cbb
.._.
Ow
ner
U.S
. N
avy.-
----. -
R.
I. D
. ...................
R.
R. W
oo
d..
....
....
....
.
B.I
. O
.......... ._
. .
....
do
.-
-do . _
.._
.W
. J.
Wil
liam
s.... .
....
....
_ .d
o _
_- --
R.
I. D
_. .
-___
__-_
__ _
R.
I. D
.. _
.__.
.___
_
..._
R.
I. D
. .............. ....
--.d
o.
-
II.
T.
Kie
fer.
. ........... .
B.
I. C
. ...
.....d
o..
....
. --
--- .......
.
. ...
do
....
....
. .-
.._
.. ..
...... .do..... .. -
. .d
o..... .. . .... ...
..d
o
-
Ell
ings
on.
J W
E
llin
gson
U.S
. A
ir F
orc
e. -
. .
Yea
rco
m
plet
ed
1952
1937
1958
1958
1959
1959
1953
1920
1958
1937
1953
1951
1951
1940
1948
1951
1960
1937
1955
1948
1950
1957
1936
1928
1959
1959
Alt
itud
e of
land
surf
ace
(ft) 96
7
939
908
909
1,01
71,
004
1,02
81,
022
1,03
41,
065
1,02
71,
024
1 00
01,
011
995
960
956
951
976
987
914
908
893
890
891
1,06
9
1,07
31,
080
1,08
71,
087
1,08
61,
094
1,09
61,
089
Dep
th
of wel
l(f
t)
1,80
022
141
730
432
542
147
564
875
631
5
1,52
01,
141
330
800
310
260
350
1,00
415
547
01,
176
873
1,00
829
020
028
824
6
180
660
840
720
866
772
294
272
396
1,19
0
Dia
me
te
r of
casi
ng
(in) 30
-16 20 20 16 20 20 30 20 20 26 16 20 20 16 16 20 12 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 8 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 10
Rep
orte
d zo
ne o
f per
fo
rate
d ca
sing
(ft
)
45-2
1817
2-34
219
8-21
419
0-30
255
-416
70-3
0015
5-63
024
5-73
011
0-29
018
0-62
2
190-
328
150-
761
55-2
56
220-
1,00
040
-130
160-
367
150-
1, 1
2320
4-87
370
0-99
815
0-20
0
136-
228
110-
210
35-1
6436
0-58
8
262-
730
190-
704
235-
840
295-
744
120-
240
290-
382
Dep
th to
wat
er
(ft)
97.6
159.
OG
179.
OG
131.
OG
215.
4
145.
713
4.9
79.1
131.
3
91.6
69.0
36.4
235.
5G
257.
OG
256.
OG
253.
OG
Dat
e of
w
ater
-le
vel
mea
sure
m
ent
3-16
-61
1- 1
-61
1- 1
-61
2-16
-61
3-16
-61
3-16
-61
1-21
-59
1- 1
61
1- 1
-61
1- 1
-61
1- 1
-61
1- 1
-61
Pu
Typ
e
T N T T T T T T T T N T T T N T N N T T T T T T T T T T T T T T N T T T T T T
mp Pow
er
D N E E E E E E E N E E E N N E E E E E E E E E E E E E E N E E E E E E E
Use
of
wel
l
PS N I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I N I I I I I D
Rem
arks
Pa
Ca.
Ca.
Ca.
Ca.
Ca.
Ca.
Ca.
W
H
0 »
o f
3dda
2 _3ddd...
4dadi
5abC
--__
5bbb..
_6
abb
....
6b
cb
6c
bb.._
_6d
bb2
7ab
b
7bbb
a...
7bbc
7cad
_
7cbb
8bbb
-_-
8dba
!.__
8dba
j_._
9bcb .
lObba
12bdb
12
bd
d
12ca
d...
13cca
14ab
d -
14
ct)B
,2
14cbb
14
db
b
17bb
c_-
18abb
18bb
b2-
.18
cbb2
--19aa
b...
IQab
a...
. d
o .-
--
.--.d
o .-
- ---
----
-
d
o _ _
-
.. d
o.....-
.. ........
Hat
ch.-
- _
_ .-
---.
-__--
_
._-_
_do _
_ _ _
---
----
----
- .d
o
-. -
_ .d
o. --
----
----
-----do -- -.-
_
--.d
o . .
.... .d
o.. ...
....
. .......
-d
o. -----------
_
.do .- ---
----
-
- do -. .. ..
.U
.S.
Air
For
ce ...........
.d
o . -
_
do
- ---------
. .d
o
E.
Jarn
igan
. ...
---
----
---
.
.--d
o -----------
d
o
_
.do -
-- --
- d
o -_
._ -
1959
1958
1959
1960
1945
1937
1949
1950
1946
1946
1959
1954
1945
1951
1952
1960
1948
1953
1960
1956
1957
IflfiO
1948
1954
1955
1951
1960
1920
1957
1,08
4
1,084
1,084
1,085
1,08
51,108
1,120
1,12
81,131
1,12
31,117
1,10
51,112
1,10
61,089
1,10
01,097
1,07
81,
078
1,08
0
1,08
31,045
1,04
6
1,04
1
1,02
71,043
1,06
01,0.57
1,04
41,073
1,085
1,073
1,08
91,
078
1,057
1,05
7
593
600
600
501
502
1,00
0
514
746
602
898
1,010
700
746
565
540
422
486
900
578
1,20
0
506
992
1,00
2
1,14
0
250
753
520
7Q§
720
586
252
714
1,12
073
7280
722
16 8 m m 16
20 ?o w 20
20
20
20
1? 20
20
20 R 20
12 20
20
20 710
710
20
1?,
12 20
?,0 710
20
20
16 ?:f
i
20
285-
580
380-
600
362-
392
407-
412
442-
452
477-
482
492-
497
582-
597
607-
612
617-
622
150-
514
230-
857
342-
990
200-
684
255-
728
250-
528
130-
399
202-
470
498-
538
535-
561
564-
572
907-
924
969-
977
140-
492
170-
670
352-
419
518-
976
190-
625
639-
1,08
4
300-
748
145-
690
160-
704
280-
574
322-
662
400-
1,09
3 32
6-72
0
32IH
566
251.
1
281.
2
310.
7 30
6. O
G31
3. O
G31
8. O
G
305.
5G
29
3. 5
G
291.
7
296.
5G
30
2. O
G
244.
OG
23
5.4
249.
5 18
5. O
G
187.
OG
162.
825
0. 5
G
225.
011
1.2
254.
OG
252.
427
4. 5
G
299.
OG
28
9. 5
G
267.
OG
267.
OG
12-2
9-60
9- 9
-60
12-3
0-60
1-
1-6
11-
1-6
11-
1-6
1 1-
1-6
1 1-
1-6
1 2-
9-6
0
1- 1
-61
1- 1
-61
1- 1
-61
2-22
-60
12-2
9-60
1-
1-6
1 1-
1-6
1
12-3
0-60
1- 1
-61
12-2
9-60
12-2
0 80
1- 1
-61
3-25
-59
1- 1
-61
1- 1
-61
1- 1
-61
1- 1
-61
1- 1
-61
T T N T T T T T N T T T T T T T T N T T T T T T T T N N T T N T T T T T
E E N E E E E E N E E E E E E E E N E E E E E E E E N N E E N E E E E E
PS
PS N PS
PS
PS I I N I I I I
Dom I I I D PS
PS I I I I I I N N I I N I I I I I
Ca; an
ft
.C
a.In
teC
a;]
Ca;
l su
lo
g
Ca.
Ca.
Ca.
Ca.
Ca.
Tes
tC
a.C
a;l
su log
Ca.
Ca.
Dri
l pl of
Ca; hi
s
Ca.
Ca.
Ca.
Ca.
Ca.
Ca;
w
ell
dril
led
to
1,06
0 ft
an
d th
en b
ackf
ille
d to
593
ft
. a.
Inte
nded
for
dom
esti
c us
e.C
a; b
ase-
supp
ly w
ell.
Do.
Ca;
bas
e-su
pply
wel
l; dr
illi
ng
supe
rvis
ed
by
U.S
. G
eo
logi
cal
Sur
vey
pers
onne
l.O
f
O
O
Ca;
bas
e-su
pply
wel
l; dr
illi
ng
supe
rvis
ed
by
U.S
. G
eo
logi
cal S
urve
y pe
rson
nel.
to
1,60
5 ft
an
d pl
ugge
d at
753
ft
beca
use
of h
igh
salt
con
tent
.
aban
done
d be
caus
e of
hi
gh s
alt
cont
ent.
TAB
LE 2
. R
ecor
ds o
f se
lect
ed w
ells
Conti
nued
Wel
l
(B-2
-1)
19baa
19bb
b2~
19cb
ba- -
19
db
b
20
bb
a...
21ab
b_-
21dd
a...
24
bb
c
26ac
a .
26bca
...
26cb
C2
2
7ab
d..
.
27cb
c _27
dec
...
28dcb
29bab
SO
aba
31ab
ba--
31bb
aa_.
31
db
a
33bbb
33bc
c_
33
bd
d
34aa
d...
34dda
(B-2
-2)l
ab
a
Ibbb -
3bbb -
lObaa
lOdcc
...
Ow
ner
..-.d
o ..................
d
o
..-.d
o ..... .
... .........
d
o -.
....
.do .
.. ..
. . ........ ...
....
.do
._ do ..
do
R.
I. D
.
. ...
. ..
....
--.d
o .. ..
-.-.
do. .......
__ d
o- .-_
..d
o .
....... ... ..
d
o -
. .d
o .... ..
.....
do do --
..-.d
o .
...... ..
_
do .
.. ...
....
...
....
.... ..d
o
....
.do
....
.do
..... ..
. ..
......d
o.
- ..
..... -
do .. . ...
...
do
.....d
o -
... .
.do
-..
~
d
o
.do--. ..
. ... ...
. ..
.
M.C
.M.W
.C.D
. N
o. I
.....
do
M.C
.M.W
.C.D
. N
o. 1
.
d
o
Yea
r co
m
plet
ed
1949
19
58
1949
19
61
1957
19
41
1941
1948
19
46
1917
19
52
1952
19
17
1950
19
41
1941
19
51
1952
19
46
1954
19
44
1917
19
17
1940
19
51
1954
19
53
1951
19
46
1951
----
----
Alt
itud
e of
land
su
rfac
e(f
t) 1,05
8
1,06
5 1,
057
1,04
8 1,
053
1,06
7 1,
036
1,03
6 1,
029
1,02
2 1,
013
1,02
2 1,
016
1,01
9 1,
014
1,00
8 1,
007
1,00
9 1,
028
1,03
7 1,
033
1.02
7 1,
031
1,01
8 1,
014
1,00
9 1,
002
999
1,00
3 99
8 99
6 99
1 1,
143
1,13
8 1,
157
1,19
6 1,
220
1,26
0 1,
170
1,14
5
Dep
th
of
wel
l(f
t)
2,78
4
842
966
627
752
740
463
502
1,20
0
800
702
402
214
902
930
274
800
442
564
766
914
470
930
318
224
926
386
1,01
4 92
6 65
0 1,
058
710
1,01
0 49
5 55
1 74
7 99
5
1,00
0
Dia
me
te
r of
ca
sing
(i
n)
20 20
20
20
20 20 20 20
20
12
26
20
20
26
20 20
20
20 20
26
26
20
20
20
20
20
20 20
20
12
20 20
Rep
orte
d zo
ne o
f per
fo
rate
d ca
sing
(ft
)
264-
1,21
8
290-
814
180-
948
274-
597
150-
730
256-
600
182-
448
90-4
87
150-
910
150-
600
175-
686
220-
365
92-1
74
180-
876
160-
900
103-
260
197-
647
120-
427
105-
550
180-
748
220-
884
150-
452
200-
904
110-
278
100-
186
194-
912
146-
362
150-
992
186-
900
142-
635
380-
1,04
5 21
5-68
6 25
0-98
6 17
0-48
5 19
4-54
0 32
0-74
0 17
0-48
5 50
0-98
0 15
4-1,
000
Dep
th to
w
ater
(ft)
267.
OG
273.
7 28
6. 5
G
257.
OG
25
9. O
G
184.
5G
17
6. O
G
179.
OG
16
2.6
157.
5R
173.
5G
138.
OG
15
1. O
G
142.
OG
20
3. 5
G
227.
5G
21
6. O
G
198.
OG
21
9. 5
G
184.
5G
17
9. O
G
146.
8 13
3. O
G
129.
OG
13
8. 5
G
132.
OG
12
8. 5
G
348.
5 G
34
6. O
G
394M
39
7M
385M
Dat
e of
w
ater
- le
vel
mea
sure
m
ent
1- 1
-61
3- 1
-61
1- 1
-61
1- 1
-61
1- 1
-61
1- 1
-61
1- 1
-61
1- 1
-61
12-3
0-60
1- 1
-61
1- 1
-61
1- 1
-61
1- 1
-61
1- 1
-61
1- 1
-61
1- 1
-61
1- 1
-61
1- 1
-61
1- 1
-61
1- 1
-61
3- 1
-61
1- 1
-61
1- 1
-61
1- 1
-61
1- 1
-61
1- 1
-61
1- 1
-61
1- 1
-61
1961
19
61
1961
Pu
mp
Typ
e
T T T T T
T
T
T
T
N
T
T
T
T
T T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
N T
T
Pow
er
E E
E E E
E
E
E
E
N
E
E
E
E
E E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
N E
E
Use
of
wel
l
I I I I I I I I I I I D I
Dom
D
om
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I N
D I I
Rem
arks
Ca;
pl
ugge
d at
1,
282
ft
be
caus
e of
hig
h sa
lt c
onte
nt.
Ca.
C
a.
Ca.
C
a.
Ca.
C
a.
Ca.
C
a.
Ca.
Ca.
C
a.
Ca.
C
a.
Ca.
C
a.
Ca.
C
a.
Ca.
C
a.
Ca.
C
a.
Ca.
C
a.
Sur
ging
.
O5
H o
t*
o
o
llb
aa..
.ll
bbb--
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abb.
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b-.
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abb..
.
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b...
22bb
b__
24ba
a___
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4b
bb
24ebb
24db
b2
25ab
b_
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b2
25cb
b2
25da
a___
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dbb
2 27
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_. _
27ba
a_...
27cc
c_.-
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aaa.
_28abb
33abb
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a. ..
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dell
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d
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_ d
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o ------------
Am
eric
an C
hris
tian
Ins
ti
tute
.
M.
B.
M. F
arm
s .
Rub
inst
ine
Con
stru
ctio
n C
o.
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arm
s ____
Me
Dan
iels
.
Ran
cho
San
ta M
aria
___
J. C
. W
att- -
. -
And
erso
n C
layt
on a
nd C
o.
1948
1951
1951
1051
1958
1919
1949
1956
1941
1949
1949
1949
1948
1951
1946
1949
1951
1946
1959
1953
1950
1959
1957
1,15
0 1,
1(10
1, 1
221.
09S
1,11
81,
131
1,14
9 1,
112
1,11
91,
132
1,07
4 1.
0S5
1,07
7 1,
060
1,04
8 1,
057
1,0(
17
1,05
51,
039
1,04
5
1,09
6 1,
084
1, 1
12
1,13
3 1,
102
1,06
81,
057
1,03
5 1,
044
1,02
8 1,
022
1,24
4
1,21
7 1,
174
1,15
1
1,11
71,
152
1,21
41,
222
1,21
91,
194
1,18
11,
112
1, 1
261,
118
1,10
71,
118
1.10
8
1,00
0 8S
O05
675
2 98
050
0 50
4 49
2 1,
31(1
1,19
492
2 58
2 78
8 95
li 76
2 92
8 56
4 1,
720
712
578
500
502
502
524
920
954
900
902
510
1,03
2
1,02
5
1,20
0 81
0
1,00
0
500
810
1,4'
VS
800
1, 4
90 530
575
550
505
638
500
1.00
0
20
20 20
20 20
20
20
20 20 20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20 20
20 20
20
20
20
20 20 20
20
20 20 20
20 20 20 .;.|
I'D 20 20 20 20 20 20 20
22
265-
980
340-
«t 18
194-
1 ;32
225-
734
355-
9U5
144-
484
178-
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125-
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22
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1023
2-91
0 12
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19
4-93
8 17
5-74
2 3
14-8
73
100-
550
160-
696
175-
55S
180-
488
13H
-488
14
()-4
Sti
165-
508
200-
500
192-
954
2SO
-880
195-
887
170-
460
210-
1,01
1
ISO
-1,0
25
200-
1, 1
90
100-
810
365-
935
210-
486
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225-
1. 4
6831
0-78
6
200-
518
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290-
538
165-
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260-
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200-
475
450-
850
304
M
326.
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316.
OG
355
A L
397
M
343M
202.
5. i
30
9.11
*}
309.
OG
2S
6. 5
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2,10
. 5G
27
9. O
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317.
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28
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9. O
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265.
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34
2 M
35
7. M
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2. O
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225.
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19
8. 5
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310.
4
355.
1
272.
8
19C1
1- 1
-61
1- 1
-61
1961
19
61
19-1
1
1- 1
-61
1- 1
-M
1- 1
-61
1- 1
-61
1- 1
-til
1-
1-6
1 1-
1-0
1 1-
1-6
11-
1-6
1 1-
1-
til
1961
19
61
1901
19
61
1- 1
-61
1- l
-'ll
1-
1-6
1 1-
1-
1)1
1-23
-58
2- 9
-60
12-3
0-00
T
T T T
T T
T
T
T T T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T T T
T T
T
T T
T T T T
T T
T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T
T
E 1C K E K E K
E
E E E
K
E
E
E
E
E
1C E
E
E K
E
E
1C
E K K E
E
E E E E E E 1C E E r E E E E 1C K E E
E
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 1 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 1 I
Cn Ca.
C
a.
Ca.
Ca
Ca.
C
a.C
a.
Ca
Ca
TA
BL
E 2
. R
ecor
ds o
f se
lect
ed w
ells
Conti
nued
Wel
l
(B-3
-l)2
7ab
b...
27cb
b2_ .
28
bbb-
_ 29
bbb.
__29
ccb
31
bb
b
32ba
b_-_
32cb
b....
33ab
b.__
34db
b.__
35aa
b...
12aa
a-__
13baa
...
14bc
b.._
14bdd
21abb
22ab
b_-_
23aa
a.__
23baa
24ab
b___
25dbb
27ab
b-__
34ab
b.-_
34
bbb_
._
35aa
a...
35bb
b_._
38baa
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ner
Col
. D
. B
um
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d. _
_
do
M.
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M.
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O.D
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. 1-
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M.C
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.W.
C.D
.No. 1-
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do._
._. ..
-
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M.
C. M
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C.D
.No. 1-
- d
o .--
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----
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C.
M.W
. C
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o.
1-
M.
C.
M.
W.
C.
D.
No.
1-
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o.....-
- -
. d
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----
----
----
-
Val
ley
Nat
iona
l B
ank __ .
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Yea
r co
m
plet
ed
1951
19
51
1961
1958
19
51
1951
1951
1951
1952
19
52
Alt
itud
e of
land
su
rfac
e (f
t) 1,12
4 1,
123
1,15
2 1,
161
1,14
8 1,
161
1,13
7 1,
132
1,12
6 1,
100
1,10
2 1,
292
1,25
1 1,
235
1,26
6 1,
275
1,25
8 1,
287
1,33
2 1,
284
1,23
2 1,
248
1,21
5 1,
198
1,18
7 1,
226
1,24
9 1,
269
1,24
0 1,
253
1,19
2
1,22
0 1,
177
Dep
th
of
wel
l(f
t) 752
800
445
1,14
0 1,
093
600
1,03
2 70
0 1,
012
350
550
1,40
0 73
6 1,
000
547
1,40
0 51
2 1,
007
534
1,10
0 53
1 50
0 90
0 1,
002
588
1,00
0
530
550
1,32
0 1,
202
1,05
0
501
-510
Dia
me
te
r of
ca
sing
(i
n)
20
20
20
20
16
20
20
20
16
20
20
20
20
20 20
20
20
20 20
20
20
20
20
20 20
20 20
20
20
16-2
0 20
20
Rep
orte
d zo
ne o
f per
fo
rate
d ca
sing
(ft
)
300-
735
300-
788
320-
430
163-
1,00
5 30
0-1,
085
300-
586
400-
1, 0
13
300-
680
440-
1,00
0 18
0-34
0 20
0-53
5 60
0-1,
249
20
4-71
4 18
4-48
4 50
0-98
0 19
0-53
1 30
0-1,
110
250-
498
216-
566
585-
993
280-
412
450-
1,08
8 21
0-51
5 19
9-48
4 38
0-88
0 17
1-48
6 50
0-99
0 26
0-57
5 21
0-48
8 50
0-98
8 25
0-51
8 22
4-53
4 11
5-1,
320
169-
534
560-
1, 0
40
171-
486
lfiO
-496
Dep
th to
wat
er
(ft)
284.
2
322.
7 33
0.0
316.
0 28
3.4
287.
1 23
7.3
237.
9
414M
39
9 M
424M
42
3.3
414M
43
7M
392.
8
413M
41
7M
396M
380.
7 42
1 M
437M
42
4M
413M
37
1 M
Dat
e of
wat
er-
leve
l m
easu
re
men
t
1- 6
-61
12-3
0-60
2-
9-6
0
1- 6
-61
1-21
-58
1- 6
-61
1-25
-57
12-3
0-60
1961
19
61
1961
1
19-5
919
61
1961
3-
1-61
1961
19
61
1961
12-3
0-60
19
61
1961
19
61
1961
19
61
Pum
p
Type
T T
T
T T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T T
T
T
T N
T
T
T
T
T T T T
T T N
T T
T
Pow
er
E
E
E
E E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E E
E
E
E N
E
E
E
E
E E
E E
E
E N
E E
E
Use
of
wel
l
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I N
I I I I I I I I I I D
I I I
Rem
arks
Ca.
Ca.
C
a.
Tes
t w
ell.
00
GEOLOGY, GROUND WATER, LUKE AREA, ARIZONA P19
AQUIFER CHARACTERISTICS
Although many cubic feet of valley fill in the Luke area has been dewatered, a great thickness of the material is still saturated. The thickness of the saturated valley fill is not known; however, several wells were still in saturated materials at depths of 1,200 feet, and one well was in saturated materials at a depth of 2,700 feet. The maxi mum depth to water in the area is now about 400 feet; thus, a con siderable amount of water remains in the reservoir.
One of the most important aquifer characteristics of the valley fill is its permeability a measure of the aquifers' ability to transmit water. Well-sorted coarse-grained materials have large intercon nected interstices and release water readily; therefore, these materials can transmit large volumes of water. Fine-grained materials, such as silt and clay, and poorly sorted materials, which have small inter stices, do not readily release water; therefore, these materials can transmit only small quantities of water. The percentage-distribution maps (pis. 2 and 3) show the distribution of fine-grained materials in the Luke area and, in effect, show the relative differences in per meability throughout the area.
Permeability, in turn, affects the specific capacity (yield in gallons per minute per foot of drawdown) of a well. Well depth, construc tion, type and number of perforations, and thoroughress of well development also affect the specific capacity. However, when the construction of wells is similar, differences in specific capacities may be attributed mainly to differences in the permeability of the material penetrated. Thus, other factors being equal, a well in an area where the penetrated materials are predominantly coarse grained will have a greater specific capacity than a well in an area where the materials are predominantly fine grained. Specific capacities of about 60 wells were computed from data reported by Goodyear Farms (table 3) and were plotted on the total depth percentage-distribution map (pi. 4). The specific capacities ranged from about 3 to 55 gpm per foot of drawdown. In most places, regardless of depth, wells that had specific capacities of 20 or greater are in areas where the valley fill is composed of less than 60 percent fine-grained materials. A notable exception is in the southwest corner of T. 2 N., R. 1 W. and the southeast corner of T. 2 N., R. 2 W., where several wells have specific capacities lower than expected from the indicated lithology. The reasons for this occurrence may be related to differences in well construction or to the limited control inherent in the method used to determine the geology. In general, however, specific-capacity data corriborate the interpretation of the geologic data that were used to drpw the per centage-distribution maps.
P20 CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE HYDROLOGY OF THE UNITED STATES
TABLE 3. Specific capacities of selected wells [Depths to water given on table 2]
Well number: For explanation see section on "Well-numbering system." Pumping lift; Discharge: All figures reported except those indicated by M. Specific capacity: All figures rounded.
Well
(B-l-l)Sbaa ...4aab ...Obba _
(B-l-2)lbaa ...lbbb.,_
(B-2-l)2aci,2baa ...2bbb...2bbc ...2bbd...
5abc. ...
Pabb... .6cbb.._.fidbb 2 --7abb..__Tebb... .8dl:ai.__
9bcb_...
12bdb._12bdd._14abd 14dbb_.181 >bbj18cbbo__19baa-__19cbbj._IMbb..20bba...
Pumpinglift(ft)
1P32083152S33593113643?63443G2
334M
3fi8371353345350356
302M
3SB352400398330321329322348445
Discharge(gpm)
1, 9351,9531,5451,1401,1401,0461,6972,0921,3441,181
1, 230M
1,634I,3fi91,7331,6391, 3221,098
945M
1,1581,8181,3161,315
9561,8362,0381,9841,500
870
Specific capacity(gpmper ft
of drawdown)
262110
96
1414301511
23
262637322510
14
61199
3159335516
5
Date ofpump-ing-lift
and discharge
measurements
1961Aug. 18Aug. 3Aug. 25Aug. 8July 19Sept. 11July 17July 3
Do.Do.
1960Sept. 9
1961Sept. 7Aug. 7Aug. 9Aug. 4
Do.Aug. 31
1960Feb. 23
1961July 18July 6July 1Aug. 29July 3Aug. 30Aug. 15Aug. 22July 28July 11
Well
(B-2-l)21ccb2 ._21dda 23dcc_._26cbC2. _28dcb_._29bab_-^30aba.._30caa...31ahba_.31bbaa_.31caa...31dlia...33bbb._33brtd._34aad___34caa2-~34dda---
(B-2-2)laba ...lacb.-..12abb...13abb_._24baa~.24bbb_.24cbb...24dbb2 --25aaa2. .25abb_..25bbbj._25cbb2-.25daa-._25dbb2_.36abb___36bbb2._36cbb2_.36dbb2 _.
Pumpinglift(ft)
292309239254188279281332298370302305184199206194201393392393363370334365331312383375375331374363380474341
Discharge(gpm)
669341
1,3111,7871,2171,4461,5361,2711,3471, 280
9291,1361,4951,9261,5581,7292,0611,4551,8411, 7^61,4281,9171,2391,2841,7601,3961,1311,4911,8001,0871,2891,0731,4681,2531,293
Specific capacity(gpmper ft
of drawdown)
63
22222719291114989
322823282832402730255023392711261913128
1259
Date ofpump-ing-lift
and discharge
measurements
1961Aug. 10June 1July 3July 18July 2Aug. 17July 13May 5July 25July 1July 17Aug. 11July 28July 7May 28Apr. 5July 25Aug. 7
Do.Sept. 6Aug. 11July 12Aug. 30July 31June 7July 5Aug. 16Apr. 24June 6July 5Aug. 10July 18July 1Apr. 17Aug. 2
The specific-capacity data also suggest that the permeabil : ty of the coarse-grained materials decreases with depth. Examination of well data showed that deepening a shallow well or replacing a shallow well with a deeper well generally did not increase the specific capacity. One new deep replacement well, which was not perforated above 300 feet, had a specific capacity that was less than the specific capacity of the shallow well it replaced. At present a more detailed investi gation in the area is designed to study this situation.
The percentage-distribution maps show that much of the Luke area is underlain by predominantly fine-grained materials, which do not yield water readily, and that their areal distribution increases with depth. The permeability of the predominantly coarse-grained materials also decreases with depth. Therefore, specific capacities of wells will decrease at an increasing rate as the water table declines,
GEOLOGY, GROUND WATER, LUKE AREA, ARIZONA P21
and the annual rate of water-table decline will increase as the volume of saturated coarse-grained materials decreases with depth.
MOVEMENT
Ground-water movement through an aquifer is controlled by the permeability of the material and the gradient of the water table. The direction and the rate of the movement also is influenced by pumping. A contour map of the water table depicting the general configuration of the water table by contour lines drawn through points of equal water-table altitude may be used to show direction of ground-water movement. Ground water moves from high to low altitudes in a direction perpendicular to the contour line. The contour map of the water table in the Luke area (pi. 5) shows that in the spring of 1961 the ground water in the Luke area was moving generally southwest.
In spring 1961 ground water in the area was moving toward two conspicuous depressions one in T. 2 N., R. 1 W., and one in T. 2 N., R. 2 W. The depression in T. 2 N., R. 1 W., apparently is the result of the pumping of wells (B-2-l)14dbb and (B-2-l)14abd. The wells are about a quarter of a mile apart and are between 700 ard 750 feet deep. During the summer of 1960, well (B-2-l)14dbb was producing about 1,300 gpm and well (B-2-l)14abd was producing about 1,600 gpm. Both wells were pumping from about 400 feet below the land surface. Plate 5 shows that the wells are in a peripheral area of pre dominantly fine-grained materials. The flatness of the water table west of the cone and the steepness of the cone suggest that the fine grained materials retard the movement of water to the cone of de pression. Most water moves to the cone from the east and the south. The axis of the limb of the troughlike depression in T. 2 N., R. 2 W., is primarily in an area of fine-grained materials and heavy pumping. This depression is the combined result of low permeability p.nd pump ing. The area of fine-grained materials becomes more extensive with depth, and the present cones of depression probably will expand at an accelerated rate each succeeding year.
CHEMICAL CHARACTER
The high dissolved-solids content of ground-water samples taken from several wells drilled for Luke Air Force Base prior to this study indicated that the vertical and areal distribution of poor-quality ground water on the base and in the Luke area should be determined.
Chemical analyses of the ground water from wells in the Luke area are given in table 4. The current standards (U.S. Public Health
P22 CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE HYDROLOGY OF THE UNITED STATES
Service, 1962) for preferable concentration limits of some of th°, chem ical constituents in public and domestic water supplies are as follows:
Cmcentraf-ion Constituent (ppm)
Magnesium _________________________________________ 125Chloride___________ ______________--______..___---_ 250Sulfate...----_-----------___-__-__----------__----_ 250Fluoride.___________________-__-_-------_-__--.-____ 1. 5Total dissolved solids:
Good quality_______-_-__-----_----____-__----__- 500Where no better water available.__--_________-__-_ 1, 000
A lithologic study of the valley fill revealed, as previously men tioned, that evaporite-bearing zones occur at random. Consecuently, the areas having ground water of poor quality were delineated initially on the basis of the sum of the dissolved solids in the wate~. The sum of dissolved solids computed from chemical analyses and specific- conductance measurements of samples collected during 19£9 were plotted oa a map, and isopleths were drawn through points of equal dissolved-solids content (pi. 6). Only wells of 1,000-foot depth or less were used.
The map shows that the water in the northern half of the Luke area is generally of good quality. The dissolved-solids content in creases southward, and data (not included in this report) from shallow wells indicate ground water of very poor quality in the southernmost part of the Luke area.
To determine if there existed prominent and correlative zones of valley-fill materials that produced ground water of poor quality, an attempt was made to establish a relation between the dissolved-solids content and the zones yielding water to wells based on an analysis of well-casing perforation data. The well data delineated by the isopleths showed that the shallow and deep wells yield poor-quality water. Table 5 is a compilation of data collected from wells that are between the 1,000- and 2,000-ppm isopleths.
Table 5 shows that the poor-quality water yielded by wells (B-2-1) 28dcb, (B-2-1 )33bbb, and (B-2-1 )33bcc enters these wells at rela tively shallow depths. The table also shows that these three shallow wells have specific capacities that are greater than or similar to the specific capacities of the deeper wells. This may indicate that all the wells listed in table 5 obtained their water from relatively shallow depths. Most of the wells that lie outside of the 1,000-ppm isopleth are perforated in the same shallow zone but produce water of good quality, indicating that salinity is a relatively localized problem. The area of high salinity apparently is expanding because a study of analyses collected during 1946 shows that the quality of water
TAB
LE 4.
Che
mic
al a
naly
ses
of g
roun
d w
ater
fro
m s
elec
ted
wel
ls i
n t
he v
alle
y fi
ll
[Ana
lyse
s in
par
ts p
er m
illi
on e
xcep
t as
ind
icat
ed]
Wel
l
(B-l
-l)3
baa
-_-_
9dab
-_-
IGaa
az-.
(B
-l-2
)lb
aa_
-__
lbbb
___
2bbb
2--
2aca
_ _
2bbb.-
- 2b
bc_-
_ 2
bb
d..
_
3bba...
3cb
b--
-
3dda
i-_.
4dad
i__.
5bbb...
6ab
b.-
_
6bcb-.
.
6d
bb
2--
7ab
b.-
_
8d
ba2
--
9b
cb._
_
Dat
e of
co
llec
ti
on
9- 1
-5S
9-
1-59
9- 1
-59
7-16
-58
8-13
-59
8-13
-59
8-13
-58
9- 3
-59
9- 2
-59
9- 3
-59
9-
3-59
9-
22-5
9 1-
24-5
9
2-13
-61
2-13
-61
11-2
4-59
11-2
4-59
7-28
-60
7-28
-60
7-28
-60
7-29
-60
8- 2
-60
9-14
-60
2-14
-61
9- 1
-59
9- 2
-59
4-29
-59
9-
2-59
9-
2-5
9 9-
3-5
9 12
- 8-
5912
-10-
5912
-14-
59
Tem
pe
r
ature
(°F
) 73 114 87
79
82
90
76 82 75 74 83 84 84 84 84 88
80 85
85 84
92
81
75 74 74
Sil
ica
(SiO
z) 19 38 25
30
29
24
34
10 19
19 28 29 19 26 18 28
28 31 27 29
26
32
Cal
ci
um
(Ca)
191
254
487
208
155 8 04 13
10
1 87
20
122
230 26 76 74 23
30
,33
32 38
32
32
Mag
ne
sium
(M
g)
66 112
190 56
99 58 1.
2
4.0
36
32 4.6
49
54 8.0
8.8
29 30 9.4
9.5
12
11 10 14
15
10
So
diu
m
and
pota
s
siu
m
(Na+
K)
137
424 77
23
815
914
9
160 45
58
221 39
12
7
181 32 29 71 70 72 75 61
46 59
59
60 58
47
35
83 41 40
Bic
ar
bona
te
(IIC
Os)
303
293
239
177
190
141
112
167
178
162
151
172
200
126
126
174
172
153
159
165
158
147
182
184
183
176
178
180
176
176
151
133
Car
b
on
ate
CC
O3) 0 (I 0 0 0 (1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Sul
fate
(S
CM 300
1,38
017
950
026
0 57
31 28
119
111 36
15
5 31
0 49 48 75 66 79 68 74 79 34 25 34
39 40 41
33 20 57 27 56
Chl
o
ride
(.0
1) 336
620
903
395
620
412
125
157
156
155
268
198
408
230
230
109
109
127
118
103
108
118 27
22 45
44 55
38
21 58 27 92
Flu
o-
ride
(F)
0.3
7.0 g
1.9 .4
1.1
2.3 .3
.3 2.4
2.4 .3 .9 .9 .9 .9 1.4 .8 .9
.6 .7 '.5 .8 .8 .5
Ni
tr
ate
(NO
s)
15 13 16 34 24 3.0
4.1
12 6.8
4.2
13
11 8.0
9 4
5.6
5.9
6.7
6.2
5.9
2.5
3.8
7.2
9.8
11 8.4
4.3
7.2
4.4
1.7
Dis
so
lved
so
lids
(s
um)
1,35
0
2,02
03,
630
1,06
0 1,
910
1,21
044
3
475
587
560
654
695
1,36
0
585
441
428
275
255
312
309
276
335
289
242
Har
d
ness
as
CaC
Oj
750 25
146 49
402
349 69 508 98
96 213 96
11
413
0 12
7 10
2
152
143
123
105
213
Per
ce
nt
so
diu
m 28 33 32 18
34 35 93 88
20
27
87
14 42 43 43 58 50
50 45
42
38
61 46 29
Spe
cifi
c co
n
du
ct
ance
(m
icro
- m
hos
at
25°C
)
1,84
0
847
565
829
1,01
0 96
2 1,
180
1,18
0
1,06
0
770
768
723
749
771
442
509
505
557
480
386
383
615
Rem
ark
s
Far
ms.
D
o.D
o.
Do.
Do.
Wel
l pl
ugge
d at
1,
143
ft;
re
po
rted
by
Co
rps
of
En
gine
ers.
Dep
th,
487
ft.
Dep
th,
1,00
0 ft
.
Far
ms.
Dep
th,
271
ft.
Dep
th,
307
ft.
Deo
th.
350
ft.
to CO
TAB
LE 4
. C
hem
ical
ana
lyse
s of
gro
und
wat
er fr
om s
elec
ted
wel
ls i
n th
e va
lley fi
ll C
onti
nued
Wel
l
(B-2
-1) 9bcb
lObb
a..
12bd
b_.
14cb
b._
17bb
c_-
18ac
c _
ISbb
bi.
IScb
bj..
19aa
b._
Dat
e of
co
llec
ti
on
12-2
1-59
12-2
4-59
12-2
9-59
12-3
1-59
1- 1
-60
1- 4
-60
1- 5
-60
1- 7
-60
1- 8
-60
1-12
-60
1-14
-60
1-15
-60
1-19
-60
1-21
-60
2-11
-60
2-23
-60
2-13
-61
10-
5-59
9-
1-59
9-
2-59
9-
9-59
4-29
-59
9-
2-59
8-
20-5
1
10-1
5-51
11-
7-51
2-
4-52
2-16
-52
4-10
-52
Tem
pe
r
atu
re
(°F
) 74 74 71 75 69 73 73 7^ 76 74 74 73 75 74 94
89 83 80 82
84 88
Sil
ica
(SiO
i) 19 22 18 32 35 28 26
Cal
ci
um(C
a) 9.5
12 9.5
74 40 860 32
34f)
KA 34 26
90 90 98 60 38 60 825
Mag
ne
si
um
(M
g) 2.3
4.4
2.6
28
24 32 13
12
96 13 8.3
41 30 23 8n
4.0 4.0
19
Sod
ium
an
d
po
tas
si
um
(Na+
K)
37 46 cc 48 46 47 AQ 52 OQ 52 CK 87 99
83 102 49 AQ
1,31
0 41
60
148 57 127 71 93
Q49
565
346
535
Bic
ar
bona
te
(HC
Oi)
142
14
0
126
160
141
14
*
136
162
170
152
155
149
149
217
117
172
175
169
154
78 85 76
Car
bonat
e (C
O,) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Sul
fate
(S
Ot) 65 64 AC 71 68 65 68 24 29 63 50
36 52 36
2,37
0 26
39c/
19 28 41
170
I5n
460
320
440
2, 5
50
Chl
o
ride
(C
l) 113
101
102
110
116
116
116
TO
O9fl 23 103 41
36 45 172
RS 34 52
JQ
fl 57 128
172
oo
n
426
Fluo
ri
de
(F) .3 .5 .6 .6 .7 1.0
1.1 .5 4.3
2.8
3.8 .6 .8
1.1 .3 .4 2.4 .4 9 a
3.6
1.6
Ni
tr
ate
(NO
s)
4.5
4.1
2
A
5.0
39
2Q
3.8 1.6
3Q
4.3
3.9
3.2
3.4
3.0
3.3
14 4.8
5.3
116 .1 9.
4
10 12 0
Dis
so
lved
so
lids
(s
um)
303
276
311
468
AK
.fi
6,28
027
2 31
7 1,
780
315
451
734
647
707
2,74
0
1,67
0
4,41
0
Har
d
ness
as
CaC
O3
268
on a
237
270
260
OO
Q
255
225 93 205 33 48 34 300
133
135 99
394
348
336
181
109
166
2, 1
40
Per
ce
nt
so
diu
m 23 30 35 34 28 28 28 31 27 34 43 55 36 48 87
78 26
32 40
49 74
Spe
cifi
c co
n
du
ct
ance
(m
icro
- m
hos
at
25°C
)
717
735
761
739
717
735
719
377
411
692
839
490
446
513
863
427
522
771
Rem
ark
s
Dep
th,
500
ft.
Dep
th,
601
ft.
Dep
th,
676
ft.
Dep
th,
712
ft.
Dep
th,
760
ft.
Dep
th,
812
ft.
Dep
th,
855
ft.
Dep
th,
914
ft.
Dep
th,
951
ft.
Dep
th,
1,00
5 ft
.D
epth
, 1,
032
ft.
Dep
th,
1,10
2 ft
.D
epth
, 1,
160
ft.
Dep
th,
1,20
0 ft
; per
fora
ted
from
907
-924
, 96
9-97
7 ft
. D
epth
, 1,
200
ft;
per
fora
ted
fr
om 5
35-5
61,
564-
572,
907
- 92
4, 9
69-9
77 f
t.
Far
ms.
Far
ms.
D
o.
Dep
th,
315±
ft;
rep
ort
ed b
yG
oody
ear
Far
ms.
D
epth
, 92
0 ft
; re
port
ed
by
Goo
dyea
r F
arm
s.
Dep
th,
1,01
2 ft
; re
po
rted
by
Goo
dvea
r F
arm
s.
Dep
th, "
1,34
0 ft
; re
nn
rted
by
Goo
dyea
r F
arm
s.
Dep
th,
1,41
8 ft
; re
po
rted
by
Goo
dyea
r F
arm
s.
Dep
th,
1,59
6 ft
; re
po
rted
by
Goo
dyea
r F
arm
s.
Dep
th,
1,72
5±
ft;
rep
ort
edby
Goo
dyea
r F
arm
s.
to Ofi o CO n I O
fi
19bb
b2-
19''b
b2-
19db
b_.
20bb
a._
21dd
a_-
23dc
c__
27ab
d__
27cb
c._
27dc
c._
28
dcb
-29
bab-
_30
aba_
.30
caa_
.31
abb
2-S
lbba
a-
Sld
ba.
.C
3bbb
._33
bcc_
_33
bdd_
.
34dda.
.(B
-2-2
) 12
abb_
.24bbb-
24cb
b__
36ab
b36
bbba
36cb
b2-
36db
bs(B
-3-1
) 26
cbb2
- 27
cbb
2-
32ba
b__
32cb
b_.
5- 4
-52
5-20
-52
5-20
-52
5-26
-52
7-18
-52
7-17
-52
9- 2
-59
8-13
-59
8-13
-59
8-13
-59
8-13
-59
8-13
-59
9- 1
-59
9- 1
-59
4-29
-59
9- 1
-59
9- 1
-59
3-
7-59
8-13
-59
8-13
-59
9- 1
-59
9- 1
-59
9- 1
-59
9- 1
-59
9- 1
-59
9- 1
-59
9- 1
-59
9- 1
-59
9- 1
-59
9- 1
-59
9- 1
-59
4-29
-59
9- 1
-59
8-13
-59
9- 1
-59
8-13
-59
9- 1
-59
8-13
-5Q
8-13
-59
8-13
-59
8-13
-59
9- 2
-59
9-
2-59
9-
2-5
9 9-
2-5
9
84 85
84
91
85
25 29
33
28
31
98 68 75 60 450
420 54
38 33 17 42 12
6 28 34 25 183
172
112
118
256
277 50 242
294
296
296
265
154
406 86 20 19 59 27 33 30 28 41 107 17
30
19
27
15 8.0
8 8 23 23 22
17 14 8 14 55 15 17 12 75 63 47 46 117
117 20 100
138
132
132
149 63 151 38 10 13 9 32 10 15 9.
07.
016 43 8.
9 12
11
13
349
212
297
298
1,43
0
1,37
0 73
91 129
107
170
161
112
121 90 155
116
126
248
266
233
299
257
396
201 66 229 64 67 87 80 142 99 160
117
104
142
175 58
59
85
61
63 85 88 63 32 39 153
173
142
144
147
208
176
188
454
325
195
171
181
171
117
173
198
330
395
249
208
371
183
112
120
151 98 142
110
115 93 141
152
163
144
179
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 1 0 4 1 1 0 0 0 0 0
550
220
310
280
1,54
0
1,52
0 48
70 110 80 130
470 75 75 56 440
250
210
215
720
660
200
460
780
540
625
500
250
700
125 51 40 40 110 70 110
100 65 160
300 30
38
66
36
310
254
330
342
1,90
0
1,77
0
137 88 114 12 195
159
101
121 80 342
342
250
286
525
642
249
580
682
712
823
695
241
760
155 43 89 60 231
101
161 95 101
148
274 30
46
59
41
2.4
2.0
3.2
4.0
4.0
3.6
1.2
1.2 .5 1.4
2.0
1.4
1.0
0 0 0 0 0 16
32 34 6.0
7.0
16 14 19 10 28 22 7.0
6.0
26 29 46 16 20 11 10 10 22 32 15 12 34 20 28 38 39 14 30 38 28 3.0
13 4.1
8.0
1,38
0
847
1,11
0
1,05
0
5,38
0
5,14
0
191,
000
451
508
610
376
707
1,20
052
157
535
41,
780
1.33
02,
300
937
968
2,07
02,
160
905
2,41
02,
280
2,68
02,
070
1,00
02,
650
646
279
395
350
753
444
660
479
451
639
1,07
025
2 31
3 34
4 30
6
305
200
218
181
1,21
0
1,14
0
225
79
126 92
119
41
54 67 76 70 39 65 63 43 33 35 36 32 33 70 30 33 32 40 26 18 23 65 67 53 66 71 63 70 65 46 61
50
67
53
810
401
505
549
490
Dep
th,
1,86
8 ft
; re
po
rted
by
Goo
dyea
r F
arm
s.
Dep
th,
1,93
6 ft
; re
po
rted
by
Goo
dyea
r F
arm
s.
Dep
th,
1,98
0 ft
; re
port
ed b
yG
oody
ear
Far
ms.
D
epth
, 2,
054
ft;
report
ed b
yG
oody
ear
Far
ms.
D
epth
, 2,
098
ft;
report
ed b
yG
oody
ear
Far
ms.
D
epth
, 2,
175±
ft;
rep
ort
ed b
yG
oody
ear
Far
ms.
D
epth
, 2,
350
ft;
report
ed b
yG
oody
ear
Far
ms.
W
ell
plug
ged
at 1
,282
ft.
R
eport
ed
by
G
oodyear
Far
ms.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
TJ
to
P26 CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE HYDROLOGY OF THE UNITED STATES
TABLE 5. Quality of water and well-casing data from selected wells
Well
(B-l-l)4abb___._ __ ..... _ ... ___ .....(B-2-l)28dcb_. ............ .............
31abb._ ................. ........31caa_ __ . ___ ... __ .... _ ...33bbb.. --.. . ......... .- ...--33bcc- . ..... ...... ..... .-.33bdd. -.--........-.. ....... -.
Altitude (ft, datum is mean sea level)
Bottom of well
289 735 469 261 548 691 778
73 -16
Perfora tions
851-307 906-749 928-483 847-279 868-566 899-731 902-816 805-87 848-6
Water- table sur
face in 1959
883 881 826 843 846 881 882 881 875
Total dissolved solids in
1959 ippm)
2,016 2,299 2,073 2,162 1,772 2,278 2,677 2,069 2,649
Specific capacity in 1959
30 24
25 14 32 5028 26
in this area has generally deteriorated between 1946 and 1959. Also, the configuration of the isopleths is, in general, similar to the con figuration of the ground-water contour lines in the area. It is therefore possible that the area of poor-quality water delineated by the isopleths is caused by poor-quality water moving northward through the relatively shallow coarse materials.
The occurrence of poor-quality water in wells (B-2-l)3cbb and (B-2-l)3ddai is not related to the area previously discussed. No water samples were collected during drilling, so the altitude of zones containing poor-quality water is not known; however, the water probably came from below 600 feet. Well (B-2-l)3ddai yielded water of good quality before it was deepened from 600 to 1,060 feet. An analysis of the water collected from the well after it had been deepened showed that the chloride concentration was in excess of 9,000 ppm, so the well was backfilled to 593 feet. The well now yields water of good quality. Well (B-2-l)3dda2 , drilled to a depth of 600 feet, also yields water of good quality. Wells (B-2-l)4dadi and (B-2-l)4dad2 , less than a quarter of a mile from well (B-2-l)3cbb, also yield water of good quality; these wells are only 500 fe^t deep.
Well (B-2-l)18bbb yields water of poor quality; this well is con siderably deeper than the surrounding wells that yield water of good quality. Well (B-2-l)19baa contained highly saline water when drilled to a depth of 2,784 feet. It was plugged at a depth of 1,282 feet and now yields water of good quality. The bottom of well (B-2-l)18bbb is almost 200 feet above the horizon at which well (B-2-l)19baa was plugged; the two wells apparently are not obtaining water of high salinity from the same depth. Although these vrells and wells (B-2-l)3cbb and (B-2-l)3ddai obtained water of poor quality from relatively deep zones, it does not follow that all deep wells in the Luke area wrould yield poor-quality water; several that are deeper than 1,000 feet yield water of good quality.
GEOLOGY, GROUND WATER, LUKE AREA, ARIZONA P27
Both of the wells previously mentioned as having anomalous water levels contain water of poor quality. Water from well (B-2-l)14cbb was reported to be of poor quality, and conductivity measurements made during the drilling of well (B-2-l)21abb indicated a dissolved- solids content as high as 1,800 ppm at a depth of 140 I'eet. In this well it is apparent that the shallow part of the aquifer contains water of poor quality.
In summary, poor-quality water is not distributed uniformly throughout the Luke area. In general, wells in the southern half of the area seem to obtain poor-quality water from relatively shallow depths. Most wells in the northern half of the area yield water of good quality; however, the water from five of these wells is high in dissolved solids. In these wells the zones of poor-quality water occur at random depths. Insufficient data have been accumulated to accurately predict which locations and depths might yield water of poor quality. Therefore, drilling and sampling techniques, such as those used during the construction of test wells (B-2-l)9bcb and (B-2-l)5abc, should be used during the construction of wells in the future.
LUKE AIR FORCE BASE TEST WELLS
Two test wells were drilled at Luke Air Force Base under the supervision of the U.S. Geological Survey. The first was drilled in sec. 9, T. 2 N., R. 1 W., and was completed in January 1960; the second was drilled in sec. 5, T. 2 N., R. 1 W., and was completed in August 1960.
FIRST TEST WELL
The site for the first test well (B-2-l)9bcb was selected on the basis of availability of water and access to the water system. Al though the northwestern part of the base showed the greatest promise for a well of optimum quality and quantity of water, no waterlines were available on that part of the base. As a result, the well site was located in the NW% sec. 9, T. 2 N., R. 1 W., a location which satisfied both requirements.
The well was drilled and cased to a depth of 1,200 feet. During construction of the well, drill-cutting samples were collected at inter vals of 5 feet. A bailer test was made whenever field analysis of the cuttings indicated the possibility of a productive zone. Specific-con ductance measurements were taken of the bailer water every 5 feet to determine quality-of-water zones. Water samples were taken during each bailer test and chemical analyses were made (table 4).
Specific-conductance measurements, laboratory analyses of drill cuttings, and data from the bailer tests were compiled and used to position casing perforations. The casing was first perforated from
P28 CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE HYDROLOGY OF THE UNITED STATES
907 to 924 feet and from 969 to 977 feet, because bailer tests had indicated that coarse-grained beds at these depths might yield an adequate amount of water. The bottom of the hole was plugged with cement, a pump was installed, and the well was surged for several hours. The water level was allowed to recover, and the well was then tested by pumping at a rate of 330 gpm for 9 hours. The test was discontinued because the water level had drawn down 200 feet to the pump bowls, which were at 440 feet. An analysis of the water sample collected at the end of the test showed a fluoride con tent of 4.4 ppm. This is considerably above the standard maximum of 1.5 ppm (U.S. Public Health Service, 1962).
Because the well did not yield sufficient water, new perforations were cut from 535 to 561 feet and from 564 to 572 feet. A second pumping test was run at a rate of about 950 gpm for 24 hours. At the end of 24 hours the drawdown was 66 feet. Analyses of water samples collected during the test showed a fluoride content of 2.8 ppm. Although the fluoride content was still high, it was decided that mixing this water with the water in the system would dilute the fluoride content sufficiently to produce water acceptable for domesticuse.
SECOND TEST WELL
The second test well, (B-2-1) 5abc, was drilled to a depth of 1,000 feet and was constructed in the same manner as the first we?I. The well casing was perforated at selected zones (table 2), and the well was developed by sand-pumping and surging for several days.
A pumping test was made after the well was developed. The test consisted of measuring the drawdown periodically during continuous pumping at different rates of discharge. The well was pumped first at 1,000 gpm for 8 hours. For the next 8 hours, the well was pumped at 1,250 gpm, and for the last 8 hours, it was pumped at 1,£00gpm. When the well had been pumped for 24 hours, periodic measurements of the recovery of the water level were made.
The first 8 hours of pumping at 1,000 gpm produced a maximum drawdown of about 44 feet. During the 8 hours of pumping at 1,250 gpm, the drawdown increased about 10 feet; the 8 hours of pumping at 1,500 gpm increased the drawdown an additional 15 feet. Six hours after pumping had been discontinued, the water level had recovered to within 2 feet of its original level.
The step-drawdown test did not lend itself readily to analysis because of difficulty in controlling the discharge rate. Estimates of the coefficient of transmissibility l ranged from about 40,000 to
i The coefficient of transmissibility may he expressed as the number of gallons of water per day transmitted through each section of aquifer 1 mile wide extending the height of the aquifer under a hydra-jlic gradient of 1 foot per mile at the prevailing temperature.
GEOLOGY, GROUND WATER, LUKE AREA, ARIZONA P29
68,000. An analysis of water collected during the test showed a total dissolved-solids content of 269 ppm and a fluoride content of 1.4ppm (table 4).
CONCLUSIONS
Ground water in the Luke area has been and will continue to be the most important source of domestic and irrigation wate" supplies. The water levels in the Luke area declined about 150 feet during the 20-year period 1941-61. The amount of annual decline is now about 13 feet.
There are several areas of predominantly fine-grained materials within the Luke area. Wells that obtain their water from these areas generally have specific capacities of 15 or less. Wells that obtain their water from predominantly coarse-grained materials generally have specific capacities of 20 or greater.
The areal distribution of fine-grained materials increases with depth, and specific-capacity data indicate the permeability of the coarse-grained materials decreases with depth. Therefore, as the volume of saturated coarse-grained materials decreases with depth, the annual rate of decline will increase and the specific capacities of wells will decrease.
In recent years several earth cracks have occurred in the Phoenix basin. The authors believe these cracks may be the result of dewater- ing of the valley fill, thereby causing compaction and subsidence. Severe damage to well casings observed near these cracks may be caused by the movement which caused the cracks. As the water table continues to decline, the valley-fill materials may continue to undergo compaction and subsidence, and, consequently, more well casings and other construction may suffer damage.
Chemical quality of water varies throughout the Luke area. Wells in the southern half of the area yield water of poor quality from shallow depths. While wells in the northern half of the area generally yield water of good quality, analyses from several wells showed a high dissolved-solids content, and data for these wells indicated that they obtained their poor-quality water from zones at random depths.
If it is necessary to drill new wells to supplement the Luke Air Force Base water supply, these wells should be located in the north west corner of the base. Wells located here would have good specific capacities because this part of the base is in an area of predominantly coarse-grained materials. Also, quality-of-water data indicate that water of suitable quality would be obtained more easily in the north west corner than elsewhere on the base; however, drilling and sampling techniques such as those used during the construction of the two Luke Air Force Base test wells should be used to construct future wells.
719-174 64 3
P30 CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE HYDROLOGY OF THE UNITED STATES
REFERENCES CITED
Hem, J. D., 1959, Study and interpretation of the chemical characteristics of natural water: U.S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 1473, 269 p.
Lee, W. T., 1905, Underground waters of Salt River Valley, Arizona: U.S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 136, 196 p.
McDonald, H. R., Wolcott, H. N., and Hem, J. D., 1947, Geology and ground- water resources of the Salt River Valley area, Maricopa and Pinal Counties, Arizona: U.S. Geol. Survey open-file report, 45 p.
Meinzer, O. E., and Ellis, A. J., 1915, Ground water in Paradise Valley, Arizona: U.S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 375-B, p. 51-75.
Robinson, G. M., and Peterson, D. E., 1962, Notes on earth fissures in southern Arizona: U.S. Geol. Survey Circ. 466, 7 p.
Ross, C. P., 1923, The lower Gila region, Arizona, a geographic, geobgic, and hydrologic reconnaissance with a guide to desert watering places: U.S Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 498, 237 p.
U.S. Public Health Service, 1962, Drinking-water standards: Federal Register, Mar. 6, p. 2152-2155.
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
R. 2 W
WATER-SUPPLY PAPER 1779-P PLATE 1
R.I E.
Domestic or stock wellA
Public supply well
33°22'30"112°30'
Base from U S. Geological Survey topographic maps El Mirage. 1957; Perryville, 1957 Tolleson, 1957, and Waddell. 1957
R 2 W 112°22'30" R.1W.
MAP SHOWING LOCATION OF WELLS, LUKE AREA, MARICOPA COUNTY, ARIZONA
33°22'30"
Hydrology by R S. Stulik, 1961
5 MILES
1 .5 0 __ __ 1 5 KILOMETERS719-174 O - 64 (In pocket)
CONTOUR INTERVAL 50 FEET DATUM IS MEAN SEA LEVEL
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
112-30'33 C R.2 W
WATER-SUPPLY PAPER 1779-P PLATE 2R.1E.
EXPLANATION
Showing percentage of fine-grained materials to a depth approximating a datum plane 700 feet above mean sea lerel. Data from drillers logs
60 Isopleth
Line shou'iny equal percentage of fine-grained mate rials in valley fill to a depth approxmating a datum plane 700 feet above mean sea level; dashed where uncertain or questionable. Interval 20 percent
112M 5.
MAP SHOWING PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION OF FINE-GRAINED MATERIALS ABOVE 700-FOOT ALTITUDELUKE AREA, MARICOPA COUNTY, ARIZONA
Geology by F R Twenter, 1961
1 5 0H "B HE 1-1 H '"F-
5 KILOMETERS719-174 O - 64 (In pocket)
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
112°30' 33°37'30"
33°30'h
33°22'30"
R. 2 W 112°22'30" R 1 W.
WATER-SUPPLY PAPER 1779-P PLATE 3
R.I E.
A I R X FORCE
EXPLANATION
Showing percentage of fine-grained materials for the total depths of the wells. Data from drillers logs
IsoplethLine showing equal percentage of fine-grained mate
rials in the valley fill for the total depths of wells; dashed where uncertain or questionable. Interval 20 percent
112-30' 33°22'30"
Bm^'ir^^Tp^^'fMc MAP SHOWING PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION OF FINE-GRAINED MATERIALS FOR TOTAL DEPTHS OF WELLSTolleson, 1957; and Waddell, 1957
__5 MILES
Geology by F R. Twenter, 1961
1___ .5 0 5 KILOMETERS719-174 O - 64 (In pocket)
112°JO'33°37'30
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
R 2 W
WATER-SUPPLY PAPER 1779-P PLATE 4
33*30'
FO RCE. : >. v.V.
6 .Y/.Y.-.Y.Y.
EXPLANATION
Fine-grained valley fillArea* when the rallei/fill contain* more than (ill percent fine-drained material*
WellShowing specific capacity
33°37'30"
33°22'30"
,957:^ ,««., 95 7xr A CAPACITIES OF WELLS AND AREAS OF PREDOMINANTLY
.,- FINE-GRAINED MATERIALS FOR TOTAL DEPTHS OF WELLS, LUKE AREA, MARICOPA COUNTY, ARIZONA Geology by F R Twenter, 1961 Hydrology by R S Stulik, 1961
li1 i ' 5 MILES
AF'I'K.,. MArt Ml AN
UK I -NAIION. Tin.)1 .5&i "H 5 KILOMETERS 719-174 O - 64 (In pocket)
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
112°30' R.2W.
WATER-SUPPLY PAPER 1779-P PLATE 5
33°22'30"
from U.S. Geological Survey topographic : El Mirage, 1957; Perryville, 1
, 1957; and Waddell, 1957perryviiie. 1957; CONTOUR MAP OF THE WATER TABLE FOR SPRING 1961 SHOWING GROUND-WATER MOVEMENT AND ITS RELATION
TO AREAS OF PREDOMINANTLY FINE-GRAINED MATERIALS ABOVE 700-FOOT ALTITUDE DATUMLUKE AREA, MARICOPA COUNTY, ARIZONA
33°37'30"
EXPLANATION
Fine-grained valley fill.Areas wAere Me valley fill contains more than 60 per
cent fine-grained materials above the 700-foot datum
.875 Well
Showing well altitude of water table
Water-table contourDashed where uncertain or questionable. Ticks indi
cate depression. Contour interval 10 feet; datum is mean sea level
Direction of ground-water movementDashed where uncertain or questionable
19611961
5 MILES
1 5 0I=T l-l M M MT=
5 KILOMETERS719-174 O - 64 (In pocket)
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
° 30' R.2W.
WATER-SUPPLY PAPER 1779-P PLATE 6
309 312 j 255
EXPLANATION
.,309Well
Showing diKsolved-solids content in parts per million: underlined when calculated from specific-conduct-
1000 Isopleth
Line of equal dissolred-solids content; dashed ivhe approximate; Interval, 1000 ppm
- 33°30'
33°22'30 S 112°30' R 2 W. 112°22'30" R.I W. R.I E.
33°22'30"
Base from U S Geological Survey topographic maps: El Mirage, 1957; Perryville, 1957; Tolleson, 1957, and Waddell, 1957
ISOPLETH MAP SHOWING THE DISSOLVED-SOLIDS CONTENT OF GROUND WATER FROM SELECTEDWELLS DURING 1959, LUKE AREA, MARICOPA COUNTY, ARIZONA
112-15'
Hydrology by R S Stulik, 1961
5 MILES
719-174 O - 64 (In pocket)