new hope for hurt neurons is there recovery after damage to the spinal cord or brain? can stem cells...
TRANSCRIPT
New Hope for Hurt Neurons
• Is there recovery after damage to the spinal cord or brain?
• Can stem cells be used to reconstruct broken pathways?
• A few years ago, the stuff of myths.
• Perhaps a reality
Christopher Reeve as Superman
Christopher Reeve Paralysis Foundation
www.paralysis.org
Reeve’s Goal
To Stand and Raise a Glass on 50th Birthday.
9/25/2002
Traditional Divisions
KW 2-13
Functional Divisions
KW 2-13
CNS and PNS
KW 1-2
Brain in Skull
KW 2-1
CNS and PNS (sketch)
SkullBrain
Spinal cord
Nerves (PNS)
Vertebrae
Neurons and Glial Cells
KW 2-12
Neuron
KW 3-3
Types of Neurons
KW 3-7
Neuron (detail)
KW 3-5
Neuron (info flow)
KW 3-6
Types of Glial Cells
KW 3-1
Glial Cell Functions
• Supportive glial = glue
• Nutrition
• Waste disposal “vacuum cleaners”
• Insulate neurons
Neurons vs Glial Cells
• Neurons• Transmit message.• Mature cells don’t
replicate.• Dead cells are not
replaced.
• Glial cells• Supportive role.• Mature cells do
replicate.• Dead cells are
replaced.
CNS and PNS Myelin
Astrocyte
KW 3-9
Myelin Wrap
CNS
PNS
Myelin Sheath in PNS
Axon
Myelin Sheath
Schwann Cells in PNS
Schwann cell beakdown
KW 3-11
Schwann Cell Recovery
KW 3-11
Combo Schwann
KW 3-11
Can axons regrow in CNS?
• Yes, but their path is blocked by CNS Glial Cells.
• CNS Glial cells (Oligodendrocytes) form scar tissue.
• Pathway is blocked by scar tissue.
scar
CNS Solutions
• Block scar tissue from forming.
• Schwann cell bridges (Lars Olson).
• Spinal motor pathways cut in rats.
• Loss control of hind limbs.
Other CNS Solutions
• Nerve growth factors.
• Stem cell implants.
• Quick response to spinal cord injury.
• “Golden Hour” = first hour after injury.
• Prevent further damage.
Rapid Response to Injury
• Steroids to reduce swelling.
• Provide support.
• Cord usually not severed.
• Relieve pressure.
• Stabilize vertebrae.
Recovery from injury
• Drugs to help remaining neurons function better.
• Retrain body to use back-up systems.
• Functional Electrical Stimulation (FES): a computer assisted movement system
Functional Electrical Stimulation
Hand Grasp in Operation
Spinal Cord Outcomes
• 12,000 new cases a year
• Most young men.• 90% survive accident.• Lifetime disability• Greater hope for
recovery.