new marine biodiversity and the health of the oceans · 2020. 1. 17. · indicators “healthy”...
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Marine Biodiversity and the
Health of the Oceans
.
.
. .. .
...
. Dr. Paul Snelgrove
University Research Professor
Director, Canadian Health Oceans Network
Memorial University, Newfoundland Canada
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The Challenge – Us! (7.5 billion)P.
Arc
ham
bau
lt
P. A
ust
erN
L P
rovi
nci
al A
rch
ives
DFO
Mora et al. 2013
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lofty & often fuzzy objectives
specific objectives & targets
demonstrable economic benefits
Scientists & conservationists want
Managers want
Other stakeholders want
“Conserve biodiversity”What is “baseline”?
historical?
seasonal?
Increased survival of key species
Increased egg production
“Healthy” Oceans
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“Healthy” Oceans
The devil is in the details.
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• Sustain biodiversity
• Enhance fisheries
• Conserve productivity & function
• Protect (or Restore) habitat
• Recover endangered species
…but relative to what?
How do we measure success (or failure)?
“Healthy” Oceans – Challenge 1
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“Healthy” Oceans – Challenge 2
x
x x x xx
xx
xx
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• Environmental impact studies
• Marine Strategy Framework Directive
• Fisheries reference points
• Conservation (and restoration) targets
Indicators
“Healthy” Oceans
• Individual species
• Habitats
• Ecosystems
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What can WE do?
• Work to minimize impacts
Sustainable quotas
Minimize gear impacts
Minimize pollution levels
(sewage, bilge, etc.)
• Marine Protected Areas (all types)
“Healthy” Oceans
• Appropriate (defensible) indicators of healthy oceans
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Marine Protected Areas as a Management Tool
MPA (all types) 2.0%, Canada ~1 %
(well behind China, Colombia, Cuba….)
MPAs as the next application of DEVOTES tools
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• Charismatic / emblematic species
P S
nel
gro
veP
Law
ton
/RO
PO
S
• Special habitat (productive, pristine, diverse, structural)
M. S
tro
ng
/M. I
nez
-Bu
zeta
• Strategic species
P S
nel
gro
ve/R
OP
OS
• Representative habitat
All good!!!!
What to Protect?
Canada promises 10% (!!!) by 2020
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Single Species Focus
• Protect source populations
• Protect all life history stages
• Protect critical habitat
R. G
rego
ry
• Protect spawners
Imperfect knowledge
What to Protect?
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Sustaining Humans - Protect functions & services
• Food (and related jobs)
• Gas regulation (O2, CO2)
• Climate control
• Waste treatment
• Energy & minerals
• Nutrients
• Clothing
• Habitats
• Genetic resources & medicines
• Culture and inspiration
Mik
e St
ron
g/M
aria
Inez
-Bu
zeta
Links to biodiversity?
What to Protect?
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Mora et al. 2008
Global fishes
16,475 known, 4000 more to go!
After Ramirez-Llodra et al. 2010
Year
1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020
Cum
ula
tive n
um
ber
of
new
specie
s
500
600
700
800
900
Deep-sea nematodes
100,000+ more to go?
Marine Biodiversity - What We Don’t Know
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Marine Biodiversity - What We Don’t Know
Poulsen et al. (2016) PLoS One
A second look at preservation problems doubles known species of barrelfish
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• Protect biodiversity by protecting hotspots
• Protect biodiversity by protecting habitat
2 million in total?
9% known
? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?
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Land
Sea
? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?
245,000 known
marine species
Knowns & Unknowns
What about
microbes?
Marine Biodiversity - What We Don’t Know
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• Better platforms
• Digital imaging
• Genetics
• Better sensors
• Computational power
Better tools to meet the challenges
Marine Biodiversity - What We Could Know
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R. D
ano
varo
Marine Biodiversity – Redefining Textbooks
New phylum 1983
New metabolic processes? (2010)
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Marine Biodiversity – Redefining Textbooks
A New Tree of Life
Bacteria
Eucarya
Archaea
rare
Woese & Fox 1977
20% of
marine
microbes
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V. T
unnic
liffe
Late 1970s
Redefining how Earth works
Marine Biodiversity - New Habitats
K.
Junip
er
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Marine Biodiversity - New Habitats
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• Biodiversity hotspots
• Habitat, and thus biodiversity
• Spawners
• Source populations
• All life history stages
Sustaining Humans
• Functions and services
Unknown
Known
Protect, through MPAs and other strategies…
What to Protect?
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Conservation strategies for
Canada’s changing oceans Networks of collaboration for
effective networks of MPAs
10% by 2020 – Turning Challenges Into Solutions
Canadian Healthy Oceans Network
2008-2020
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Chih-Lin Wei (P Snelgrove, P Lawton) – Memorial University
Benefits: Cost effective remote “monitoring”, potential nowcast /
forecast of seafloor conditions. Free “R” package available!
General Approach
• Photosynthesis drives seafloor biomass
• How to scale up “snapshots” from
benthic surveys?
• Use satellite data and best space-time
predictions to match benthic empirical
data
• Interpolate spatially, extrapolate
temporally
Challenges – Incomplete Information
satellite data human impacts on seafloor (e.g. oil spill)
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Rénald Belley (& P Snelgrove) – Memorial University
Benefits: Better understanding of role of biodiversity in healthy ocean
ecosystems AND indicators of ecosystem health.
Challenges – Predictors of Function
Strong spatial variation in parameters
complicates global models.
General Approach:
Measured respiration & nutrient
fluxes from contrasting sediments.
Does biodiversity influence rates
of carbon and nutrient recycling?
Major Findings:
Environment and functional groups
equally influence nutrient efflux.
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Challenges – Scales of Dispersal
Melanie Shapiera (& R Gregory, P Snelgrove) – Memorial University
Benefits: These connectivity estimates can inform management on
cod nursery areas in Newfoundland and spatial planning.
Acoustic telemetry tracking Major Findings
• Dichotomy between “residents” and
“dispersers”
• Weak site fidelity in dispersers
• Movements on km+ scale!
• Age 1 cod travel farther than
expected
• Single and reciprocal transplants
between 2 source coves
Shapiera et al.
(2014) MEPS
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Dustin Schornagel (& R Gregory, P Snelgrove) – Memorial University
Benefits: Path-based estimate of spatial use (vs. point-based) better
identifies movement corridors from high-frequency tracking data.
Kernel
Density
Dynamic
Brownian
Bridge
59%Kelp
7%Kelp
= Avoidance
= Selection
Sonic tags used
to track juvenile
cod over a year
Movement
patterns
overlayed
on habitat
map
Acoustic Telemetry
Challenges – Habitat as Predictor
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General Approach Major Findings
Use acoustic tags to test whether
“golden cod” movement explains
declining numbers post MPA .
Short, seasonal excursions outside the MPA likely result in bycatch loss.
Benefits: Knowledge of cod movement aided adaptive management of
fishing season that should reduce bycatch and improve MPA efficacy.
Morris et al. 2014
Can J Fish Aquat Sci
Challenges – Adaptability
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Indicators of…
The Common Thread
Abundance
Biomass
Trends
Diversity
Growth
Productivity
Diversity
Habitat
Connectivity
Function• From fuzzy to quantitative
• From desirable to defensible
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Mik
e St
ron
g/M
aria
Inez
-Bu
zeta
Pet
er L
awto
n/A
nn
a M
etax
as
• Cooperation, dialogue, and action
• MPA and individual adaptability
• Multiple MPA strategies and objectives
• Networks of MPAs
• Postage stamps won’t do
• Ocean outposts (alone) won’t do
• Clear objectives, monitoring, and research
Not a silver bullet, but an ESSENTIAL tool
Turning Challenges Into Solutions
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After R. Stanley et al. (in prep)
Immediate Short-term Medium-term Long-term
Cessation
of activity
Damage stops
Mortality
reduced
Longer lived
individuals
Better
habitat
Better spawning
habitat
Mean age &
size increase
Spawning & total
biomass increase
Number & density
increase
Biodiversity increases
Ecological function enhanced
Resilient communities
Habitat complexity increases
Other economic opportunities
Insurance
Enhanced
recruitment
The Payoff
Marine
Protected Area
Adjacent
AreasSpillover benefits (e.g. larval &
adult export, stability
Improved age &
size structure
Reduced loss of
genetic diversity
Increased
reproductive output
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4th World Conference on Marine Biodiversity
Montreal (Canada) ● May 20-23 2018
Detailed information, registration, call for abstracts and sponsor/exhibitor opportunities will be available on the WCMB web site in December 2016.
www.wcmb2018.org
Connectingwith the
Living Ocean