new mexico forest report

Forest Service Rocky Mountain Research Station Resource Bulletin RMRS-RB-18 August 2014

New Mexicos Forest Resources, 2008-2012

Sara A. Goeking, John D. Shaw, Chris Witt,Michael T. Thompson, Charles E. Werstak, Jr.,

Michael C. Amacher, Mary Stuever, Todd A. Morgan,Colin B. Sorenson, Steven W. Hayes, and Chelsea P. McIver

United States Department of Agriculture

Goeking, Sara A.; Shaw, John D.; Witt, Chris; Thompson, Michael T.; Werstak, Charles E., Jr.; Amacher, Michael C.; Stuever, Mary; Morgan, Todd A.; Sorenson, Colin B.; Hayes, Steven W.; McIver, Chelsea P. 2014. New Mexicos forest resources, 2008-2012. Resour. Bull. RMRS-RB-18. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, 144 p.

Abstract This report presents a summary of the most recent inventory of New Mexicos forests based on field data collected between 2008 and 2012. The report includes descriptive highlights and tables of area, numbers of trees, biomass, volume, growth, mortality, and removals. Most sections and tables are organized by forest type or forest type group, species group, diameter class, or owner group. The report also describes the inventorys design, inventory terminology, and data reliability. Results show that New Mexicos forest land covers 24.8 million acres. Forty-four percent (10.8 million acres) of this forest land is privately owned, and another 31 percent (7.8 million acres) is administered by the USDA Forest Service. The States most abundant forest type is pinyon/juniper woodland, which covers more than 10 million acres. Pinyon/juniper woodlands, combined with pure juniper woodland, cover a total of 13.6 million acres, or more than half of New Mexicos forest land area. Gambel oak is the most abundant tree species by number of trees, and ponderosa pine is the most abundant by volume or biomass. New Mexicos forests contain 17.5 billion cubic feet of net volume in trees 5.0 inches diameter and larger. Gross growth of all live trees 5.0 inches diameter and larger averaged 211.5 million cubic feet per year. Average annual mortality totaled 165.1 million cubic feet per year, and net growth was 46.4 million cubic feet per year, or 0.26 percent of the States total wood volume.

Cover photos: Jeremy Marshall, Santa Fe National Forest.

Rocky Mountain Research Station

Publishing Services

Available online at http://www.fs.fed.us/rm/pubs/rmrs_rb018.html

Report Highlights

Forest Area

z New Mexicos forest land area totals 24.8 million acres.z Unreserved forest land accounts for most of the forest land in New Mexico (94 per-

cent) and totals 23.4 million acres.z More than 18 percent, or 4.3 million acres, of New Mexicos unreserved forest land

is classified as timberland and the remaining 82 percent is classified as unproductive forest land.

z Privately owned forest land totals 10.8 million acres, or 44 percent of New Mexicos total forest land area.

z About 31 percent of New Mexicos total forest land area, or 7.8 million acres, is administered by the USDA Forest Service.

z Pinyon/juniper woodlands are the most abundant forest type in New Mexico, cover-ing over 10 million acres and accounting for 41 percent of forest land.

z The combination of all pinyon/juniper, Rocky Mountain juniper, and pure juniper woodlands covers 13.6 million acres.

z Mesquite woodlands cover nearly 3.5 million acres and are the second most abun-dant forest type.

Numbers of Trees, Volume, and Biomass

z There are nearly 6.7 billion live trees in New Mexico.z Softwood species total more than 4.3 billion trees or 65 percent of all live trees.z Numbers of Gambel oak trees total nearly 1.7 billion, making this species the single

most abundant tree in New Mexico.z The net volume of live trees in New Mexico on forest land totals 17.5 billion cubic

feet.z Growing-stock volume on timberland in New Mexico totals 7.4 billion cubic feet,

or 42 percent of the total live volume on forest land. Most of this volume occurs on National Forest System lands (67 percent), with 29 percent on private lands and 3 percent on State lands.

z The net volume of sawtimber trees on timberland is more than 32 billion board feet.z The above-ground weight for all trees on New Mexico forest land is 318 million

tons of oven-dry biomass.

Forest Growth, Mortality, and Removals

z Gross annual growth of all live trees 5.0 inches diameter and larger on New Mexico forest land totaled 211.5 million cubic feet. Net growth totaled about 46.4 million cubic feet.

z Average annual mortality of trees 5.0 inches diameter and larger totaled about 165.1 million cubic feet. The leading causes of mortality were insects (35 percent of all mortality), fire (22 percent), and diseases (13 percent).

z Mortality exceeded gross growth for four of the eight tree species with the greatest volume in New Mexico, including Douglas-fir, Engelmann spruce, white fir, and aspen.

z Total removals in 2007 were slightly less than 47.5 million cubic feet.z Commercial timber harvest in 2007 was 39.8 million board feet (Scribner), most of

which came from private and tribal lands (83 percent). Ponderosa pine accounted for more harvested timber volume than any other species (47 percent).

Current Issues in New Mexicos Forests

z Pinyon/juniper woodlands that are old enough to produce harvest-worthy quantities of pine nuts occupy about 8 million acres in New Mexico.

z Pinyon/juniper woodlands, followed by spruce/fir forests, contain the greatest num-ber of suitable snags for two cavity-nesting bird species, the northern flicker and the acorn woodpecker.

z About 18 percent of New Mexicos forest land area occurs in stands older than 150 years.

z During the drought-related die-off of trees in pinyon/juniper woodlands just prior to New Mexicos annual forest inventory, about 8 percent of pinyon basal area and less than 2 percent of juniper basal area died.

z Aspen forests cover more than 380 thousand acres in New Mexico, and aspen trees occur on 1.6 million acres. The area and volume of aspen have not changed appre-ciably over the past decade.

z Damages to live trees in New Mexico consist primarily of form-related damage agents, while low rates of disease and insect damage were also recorded.

z Less than 1 percent of all forest plots fell within the perimeters of recent large fires.z Ten different invasive species were found on 35 plots, or only 1 percent of all forest

plots. Three species saltcedar, bull thistle, and musk thistle accounted for more than 70 percent of all occurrences.

z Since the last periodic forest inventory of New Mexico, live tree volume has de-creased and total tree volume has changed very little. Average annual mortality in-creased and growth decreased during that time.

AuthorsSara A. Goeking is a Biological Scientist and a member of the Analysis Team with the Interior West Forest Inven-tory and Analysis Program at the USFS Rocky Mountain Research Station in Ogden, Utah.

John D. Shaw is a Biological Scientist and Analysis Team Leader with the Interior West Forest Inventory and Analysis Program at the USFS Rocky Mountain Research Station in Ogden, Utah.

Chris Witt is an Ecologist and a member of the Analysis Team with the Interior West Forest Inventory and Analysis Program at the USFS Rocky Mountain Research Station in Ogden, Utah.

Michael T. Thompson is a Forester and a member of the Analysis Team with the Interior West Forest Inven-tory and Analysis Program at the USFS Rocky Mountain Research Station in Ogden, Utah.

Charles E. Werstak, Jr. is a Biological Scientist and a member of the Analysis Team with the Interior West For-est Inventory and Analysis Program at the USFS Rocky Mountain Research Station in Ogden, Utah.

Michael C. Amacher is a Research Soil Scientist in the Forest and Woodland Ecosystems Research Program at the USFS Rocky Mountain Research Station in Logan, Utah.

Mary Stuever is the Chama District Forester for New Mexicos Forestry Division, Energy, Minerals, and Natural Resources Department, and served as program manager for the ARRA FIA data collection from 2010-2012.

Todd A. Morgan is the Director of the Forest Industry Research Program at The University of Montanas Bu-reau of Business and Economic Research in Missoula, Montana.

Colin Sorenson is a Research Economist with the Forest Industry Research Program at The University of Montanas Bureau of Business and Economic Research in Missoula, Montana.

Steven W. Hayes is a Research Forester with the For-est Industry Research Program at The University of Montanas Bureau of Business and Economic Research in Missoula, Montana.

Chelsea P. McIver is a Research Assistant with the Forest Industry Research Program at The University of Montanas Bureau of Business and Economic Research in Missoula, Montana.

Acknowledgments We extend special thanks to private landowners and tribal councils who graciously allowed our crews to access to field plots located on their lands; to the dedicated field staff who worked hard to collect high quality data; to the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA) for funding to accelerate the implementation of New Mexicos forest inventory; and to the New Mexico Department of Energy, Minerals, and Natural Resources, particularly current State Forester Tony Delfin and former State Forester Butch Blazer, for cooperation and ARRA project support. The Rocky Mountain Research Station gratefully acknowledges the cooperation and assistance of the Southwestern Region, Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture; the New Mexico State Forester and other New Mexico Energy, Minerals, and Natural Resources Department personnel; the New Mexico State Lands Office; the New Mexico Department of Game and Fish; the New Mexico State Parks Division; the Bureaus of Land Management and Indian Affairs; and the National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior. We are grateful for the insightful comments of reviewers Susan Rich of New Mexico State Forestry, Mark Meyers of the New Mexico State Land Office, and several IWFIA staff reviewers.

Contents

Introduction .............................................................................................................................1New Mexicos Annual Forest Inventory ...............................................................................1Previous Inventories of New Mexicos Forests ....................................................................2Accessing New Mexicos Forest Inventory Data .................................................................3Overview of Standard and Supplemental Tables.................................................................3

Inventory Methods ..................................................................................................................3Plot Configuration ................................................................................................................4Sample Design ....................................................................................................................5Three-Phase Inventory ........................................................................................................5Sources of Error ..................................................................................................................9Quality Assurance ............................................................................................................. 11

Overview of New Mexicos Forests .....................................................................................14Ecoregion Provinces of New Mexico .................................................................................14Forest Land Classification .................................................................................................16Forest Land Ownership .....................................................................................................17Forest Types and Forest Type Groups ..............................................................................19Stand Age ..........................................................................................................................24Numbers of Trees ..............................................................................................................25Tree Volume and Biomass ................................................................................................27Forest Change Components: Growth, Mortality, and Removals .......................................30Stand Density Index (SDI) .................................................................................................39

New Mexicos Forest Resources .........................................................................................40New Mexico Timber Harvest and Forest Products Industry ..............................................41Traditional Forest Uses .....................................................................................................43Wildlife Habitat ..................................................................................................................46Old Forests ........................................................................................................................51Understory Vegetation .......................................................................................................53Down Woody Material .......................................................................................................54Forest Soils .......................................................................................................................59

Current Issues in New Mexicos Forests ............................................................................62Drought-related Effects on Pinyon/juniper Woodlands ......................................................62Aspen Status and Trends ..................................................................................................66Damage to Live Trees .......................................................................................................69Recent Fires ......................................................................................................................71Invasive and Noxious Weeds ............................................................................................75Riparian Forests ................................................................................................................76Comparisons Between New Mexicos Periodic and Annual Forest Inventories ................77

Conclusions and Future Analyses ......................................................................................84

References ............................................................................................................................85

Appendix A: Standard Forest Inventory and Analysis Terminology ...............................90

Appendix B: Standard Forest Resource Tables ................................................................97

Appendix C: New Mexico Forest Type Groups and Forest Types, with Descriptions and Timber (T) or Woodland (W) Designations ...............................138

Appendix D: Tree Species Groups and Tree Species Measured in New Mexicos Annual Inventory, with Common Name, Scientific Name, and Timber (T) or Woodland (W) Designation ............................................142

Appendix E: Volume and Site Index Equation Sources ..................................................144

1USDA Forest Service Resour. Bull. RMRS-RB-18. 2014

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Table 1. Results of quality assessment for condition-level variables, New Mexico, 2008-2012.

Percentage of data within tolerance

Number of times data exceeded tolerance

RecordsVariable Tolerance @1x @2x @3x @4x @1x @2x @3x @4xNational variables Condition status No tolerance 100.0 0 161Reserve status No tolerance 100.0 0 154Owner group No tolerance 100.0 0 161Forest type (type) No tolerance 94.6 8 147Stand-size class No tolerance 81.6 27 147Regeneration status No tolerance 99.3 1 147Tree density No tolerance 100.0 0 147Owner class No tolerance 100.0 0 161Stand age 95.9 96.6 97.3 97.3 6 5 4 4 147Disturbance 1 No tolerance 89.1 16 147Disturbance 1 year yr 50.0 57.1 64.3 71.4 7 6 5 4 14Disturbance 2 No tolerance 64.3 5 14Disturbance 2 year yr 100.0 0 2Disturbance 3 No tolerance 100.0 0 2Disturbance 3 year yrTreatment 1 No tolerance 97.3 4 147Treatment year 1 yr 75.0 100.0 1 0 4Treatment 2 No tolerance 100.0 0 4Treatment year 2 yrTreatment 3 No tolerance Treatment year 3 yrPhysiographic class No tolerance 59.9 59 147Regional variables Percent crown cover 87.6 97.2 97.9 98.6 18 4 3 2 145Percent bare ground 84.4 93.9 95.2 98.6 23 9 7 2 147Habitat type 1 No tolerance 71.4 42 147Habitat type 2 No tolerance 68.0 47 147


Table 2. Results of quality assessment for tree-level variables, New Mexico, 2008-2012.

Percentage of data within

toleranceNumber of times data exceeded tolerance

RecordsVariable Tolerance @1x @2x @3x @4x @1x @2x @3x @4xNational variables D.b.h. (timber tree species) 0.1/20 in. 92.9 97.5 98.9 99.3 124 44 19 13 1,748D.r.c. (woodland tree species) 0.2 in. X # stems 86.6 93.9 96.3 97.3 270 122 75 55 2,012Azimuth 10 98.8 99.7 99.8 99.8 44 13 8 8 3,760Horizontal distance 0.2/1.0 ft 67.7 78.6 83.1 87.1 65 43 34 26 201Tree species No tolerance 98.8 44 3,760Tree status No tolerance 99.5 17 3,760Rotten/missing cull 10 % 96.6 98.1 98.7 99.1 117 67 45 30 3,446Total length 10 % 86.0 96.7 98.9 99.6 525 124 43 16 3,760Actual length 10 % 85.3 96.5 98.6 99.4 553 133 51 23 3,760Compacted crown ratio 10 % 100.0 0 3,286Uncompacted crown ratio (P3) 10 % 82.3 94.0 97.4 98.8 527 179 76 35 2,972Crown class No tolerance 15.8 2,766 3,286Decay class 1 class 100.0 0 457Mortality year No tolerance 38.8 186 304Condition class No tolerance 99.1 34 3,760Regional variables Mistletoe 1 class 96.6 98.2 99.5 99.8 113 59 17 7 3,286Number of Stems 1 stem 95.4 97.9 99.2 99.6 93 42 16 9 2,012Percent missing top 10 % 97.0 97.0 97.0 97.0 103 103 103 103 3,446Sound dead 10 % 57.4 57.4 57.4 57.4 1,467 1,467 1,467 1,467 3,446Form defect 10 % 67.7 67.7 67.7 67.7 203 203 203 203 628Current tree class No tolerance 97.9 79 3,760Tree age 5 % 38.7 48.4 56.3 61.8 233 196 166 145 380Horiz Dist-timberland 0.2/1.0 ft 71.4 74.3 77.1 80.0 10 9 8 7 35Horiz Dist-woodland 0.2/1.0 ft 66.9 79.5 84.3 88.6 55 34 26 19 166

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Table 3. Net volume (cubic feet per acre) of live trees 5.0 inches diameter and larger, and biomass (tons per acre) of live trees 1.0 inches diameter and larger, averaged by common forest types, New Mexico, 2008-2012.

Forest type Number of plots Net volume Biomass(QJHOPDQQVSUXFHVXEDOSLQHU 31 3,199 52.5Engelmann spruce 38 2,691 42.4:KLWHU 54 2,235 41.0'RXJODVU 136 2,128 42.2Aspen 59 1,905 35.7Ponderosa pine 380 1,490 28.1Rocky Mountain juniper 109 724 13.2Deciduous oak woodland 119 593 15.6Pinyon/juniper woodland 1,388 555 9.3Evergreen oak woodland 67 460 9.6Juniper woodland 348 268 4.2Nonstocked 150 45 0.9Mesquite woodland 303 23 1.1


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