Philosophy

What is Philosophy?

Philosophy is the art of thinking and developing strong logical arguments to support a point of view.

Metaphysics: What’s the world is made of ? What is reality?

Epistemology: What can we know? What is knowledge?

Ethics: What’s right and wrong? How can we distinguish between them?

Thales , the first philosopher

Everything is made of water.

Pre-socratics, Natural philosopher

Parmenides: Everything is made of air.

Pythagoras: everything could be presented as a number and discovered the magic number.

Heraclitus: Everything is made of fire.

Socrates

To know is to know that you know nothing.

There’s one absolute truth.

Plato

Theory of recollection

The cave analogy The idea precedes

the existence.

Aristotle

Disciple of Plato. Father of modern

biology. Set up the

boundaries of logic.

Descartes

I think, therefore I am.

Doubt Cartesian plane

Hume

Agnostic Cannot be certain

of an event if he hasn’t experienced it.

Kant

We perceive everything in space and time.

The limit of a man’s freedom is another man’s freedom.

Islamic Philosophiesصدرا مال

wrote several books on philosophy in Islam.

Praised the Greek philosophers.

الطباطبائي حسين محمد

Philosophy is constructive to one’s beliefs if they are strong and they could be totally destructive if one’s beliefs are weak.

All the Greek philosophers are blasphemers

الصدر باقر محمد

Gathered the Islamic philosophies and replied to the European philosophies and showed their flaws in his book “ Our philosophy”.

Different ideas of philosophy Rationalism: The

mind is reliable and the senses are not to be trusted- Parmenides

Empiricism: the senses are reliable and the mind isn’t reliable at all-Heraclitus

Different ideas of Philosophy Subjective ethics:

There’s no real right or wrong, it depends on the environment you find yourself in- Sophists

Absolute ethics: There’s one absolute moral code and one could achieve it with reason- Socrates

Different ideas of philosophy Soul: Every human

posses a soul that is eternal and is composed of different substance than this world - Descartes

A Man is a machine: The soul cannot be located and therefore doesn’t exist- La Mettrie

Different Ideas of Philosophy Determinism:

Every action is already determined due to the laws of the universe .Therefore, Man is not free in his actions-Cicero

Free will: Man is completely free and responsible for his actions- Jean-Paul Sartre

Different Ideas of Philosophy Monolism

( Pantheism): there’s only one world and God is presented in creations.

Dualism: There’s a difference between this world and the eternal world. This world is mortal and changing while the world of soul is eternal and immutable.

BooksSophie’s world

Sophie’s world by Gaader

فلسفتنا

Falsafatuna by Mohammed Bakr Al-Sadr

السالميه الفلسفه مبادى

Fundamentals of Islamic philosophies by Al-Rifaii