Ethics In Workplace:-

Work Ethics: A group of moral principles, standards of behavior, or set of values regarding proper conduct in the workplace Relationships at Work

Management/owner toward client/customer Management/owner toward employees Employee toward Employer, Co-workers, Customers Business Abuse illegal unethical irresponsible Act done against an Employer

Results of Business Abuse

Higher prices Business Failure Fewer Jobs Unpleasant Working Conditions Examples of Business Abuse1. Stealing2. Merchandise3. Money

Shoplift *Kickback

Conflict of Interest

Unauthorized Discounts

4. Vandalism

5. Falsify Records6. Break Confidentiality7. Ignore Safety Rules8. Misrepresent Merchandise

9. Poor Client Service10. Irresponsible Behavior11. Addictions drugs alcohol tobacco

12. Gossip Causes poor work environment (morale) Lowers ProductivityHow Employers Respond to Business Abuse

Increase Security Loss prevention mgmt. surveillance Networks/Helplines threats of prosecution Increase Employee Loyalty fair wages & benefits fair/consistent treatment recognition for good wk foster family climateEthical dilemma:-An ethical dilemma is a situation wherein moral precepts or ethical obligations conflict in such a way that any possible resolution to the dilemma is morally intolerable. In other words, an ethical dilemma is any situation in which guiding moral principles cannot determine which course of action is right or wrong.Or

An ethical dilemma, also known as a moral dilemma, is a situation where the guiding principles of our everyday life cannot determine whether a particular course of action is right or wrong. The moral precepts conflict in such a way as the possible resolutions to the dilemma are in no way tolerable. It is like choosing between two evils but in in which ever choice is chosen, no good will been done.Example:-

Accounting:

Your supervisor enters your office and asks you for a check for $150.00 for expenses he tells you he incurred entertaining a client last night. He submits receipts from a restaurant and lounge. At lunch your supervisors girlfriend stops by to pick him up for lunch and you overhear her telling the receptionist what a great time she had at dinner and dancing with your supervisor the night before.

What do you do?

Bank Teller:

You have worked as a bank teller for several months when one of the other tellers who has become a good friend tells you that her daughter is extremely ill and that se must have an operation to survive. She also tells you that she has no insurance and the operation will cost $10,000. Sometime later you ask her about her daughter and she tells you she is just fine now. She then confides in you that she took $10,000.00 from a dormant account at the bank to pay for the operation. She assures you that she has already started paying it back and will continue to do so until it is all returned.

What do you do?

Computers:

In your spare time at work, you have developed a new spreadsheet program on the personal computer in your office. It is even more powerful, yet easier to sue than anything on the market. You share your new program with a friend who encourages you to market it on your own because you could probably make an incredible profit in a very short time. This is a very attractive option, yet you developed it using company equipment and during time that you were at work.

What do you do?

An Ethical Decision-Making Model:-Clarify.

a. Determine precisely what must be decided.

b. Formulate and devise the full range of alternatives.

c. Eliminate patently impractical, illegal and improper alternatives.

d. Force yourself to develop at least three ethically justifiable options.

e. Examine each option to determine which ethical principles and values are involved.

Evaluate.

a. If any of the options requires the sacrifice of any ethical principle, evaluate the facts and assumptions carefully.

b. Distinguish solid facts from beliefs, desires, theories, suppositions, unsupported conclusions, opinions, and rationalizations.

c. Consider the credibility of sources, especially when they are self-interested, ideological or biased.

d. With regard to each alternative, carefully consider the benefits, burdens and risks to each stakeholder.

Decide.

a. Make a judgment about what is not true and what consequences are most likely to occur.

b. Evaluate the viable alternatives according to personal conscience.

c. Prioritize the values so that you can choose which values to advance and which to subordinate.

d. Determine who will be helped the most and harmed the least.

e. Consider the worst case scenario.

f. Consider whether ethically questionable conduct can be avoided by changing goals or methods, or by getting consent.

g. Apply three "ethics guides."

Are you treating others as you would want to be treated?

Would you be comfortable if your reasoning and decision were to be publicized?

Would you be comfortable if your children were observing you?

Implement.

a. Develop a plan of how to implement the decision.

b. Maximize the benefits and minimize the costs and risks.

Monitor and modify.

a. Monitor the effects of decisions.

b. Be prepared and willing to revise a plan, or take a different course of action.

c. Adjust to new information.Individual Influences On Ethical Decision Making:-Following are the factor include

Age Results contradictory. However experiences may have impact.Gender Individual characteristic most often researched. Results contradictory.National and cultural characteristics People from different cultural backgrounds are likely to have different values / beliefs about right & wrong. This will inevitably lead to variations in ethical decision-making across nations, religions & cultures. Our mental programming is influential in shaping our understanding of differences Individualism / collectivism Power distance Uncertainty avoidanceMasculinity / femininityEducation and employment Type and quality of education may be influential. E.g. business students rank lower in moral development than others and more likely to cheat. Amoral business ed. reinforces myth of amoral business. And Lawyers rank high?Psychological factors:Cognitive moral development (CMD) refers to different levels of reasoning that individuals can apply to ethical issues and problems Criticisms of CMD Gender bias Implicit value judgements Invariance of stages An individuals locus of control determines the extent to which they believe that they have control over the events in their life Personal values, integrity & moral imagination Personal values an enduring belief that a specific mode of conduct or end-state of existence is personally or socially preferable to an opposite or converse mode of conduct or end state Personal integrity Defined as an adherence to moral principles/values Moral imagination Concerned with whether one has a sense of the variety of possibilities and moral consequences of their decisions, the ability to imagine a wide range of possible issues, consequences, and solutions Situational Influences On Decision Making:-Issue Related Situations 2/2 Moral framing: The same problem/dilemma can be perceived very differently according to the way the issue is framed Language is an important aspect of moral framingMoral muteness (Bird & Walters 1989) because of:HarmonyEfficiencyImage of power & effectivenessRewardsStrong evidence of relationship between rewards, punishments & ethical behaviour.

Authority Great influence from immediate superiors & top management on ethical decision-making.

Bureaucracy Significant influence on ethical decision-making is well documented.

Work roles Some learning differences evident

Organizational Culture Strong influence implies relationship between culture & ethical decision-making contested.