Additional file 8: Phylogenetic trees from analyses not illustrated in the main text. A) RAxML bootstrap tree for UCE-70% data set; B) RAxML bootstrap tree for 10-gene data set; C) Bayesian consensus for 10-gene data. RAxML estimations comprised 100 (UCE) and 1152 (1 O-gene) bootstrap replicates; Bayesian tree summarizes two independent runs of 40 million generations each.

A

• 100 • 99-95

o 94-85

o 84-70

.z:--..... c:= Camponotus MG001 Camponotus- MG131

-,:..----Camponotus- claviscapus ~_ .. == Camponotus-MG089 ... Phasmomyrmex ZA01 '------Camponotus gif5binotus

1-___ -1£:== Camponotus- bedoti cf Fore/ophilus pnilippinensis cf

'--___ -1£:== Camponotus /iyatti -Camponotus-maritimus

L ____ "'==:~~~ Calomyrme[albertisi Calomyrme[laevissimus Echinopla australis Echinopla- striata nr PolyrhachTs HagiO01

'-----------1£:== Pofyrhachis-decumbens '----------------Camponotus_Giqas

Opislhopsis r'GD1 '-----------------1-=== Opisthopsis- respiciens

Camponotus BCA01 L _____________ -I.-.... c:::= Camponotus- saundersi Camponotus-conithorax Camponotus-vitiensis

'------------------------Myrmoteras iriodum '------------------------Hc== ~~fh~~gRfe1Taak~~Yictor

Plagiolepidini

.z:--..... c:= Formicinae _genus _ 01_ ZA02 Formicinae genus 01 ZA03

-,:..----AgraulomyrmexiZ01 '--___ -1£:==Acropyga CFOl

Acropy'ga- acutiventris ~-..... c:= PlaglolepiS MG05 Plagiolepis- alluaudi

~_~=====Leplsiota canescenes -,; Lepisiota-AFRC LIM 03

L ______ -I[=:~~ TapinoleiJis MGIT1 -Tapinolepis- ZA01 ,4.phomomyrmex afer Petalomyrmex pnylax Anoplolepis custodiens

'-------------.... ==Anoplolepis-gracilipes Cataglyphis-cursor

Formicini .... - .... c:::= Rossomyrmex anatolicus

~_~=====Proformlca mongolica -,; ~~}c,;a~ri~Zrryl

Formica-neogaQates -.:....----Iberoformica stibrufa

"'--------Polyergus brevicejJs L _____________________ ~~==:~~GeSOmyrmeX KH01 GesomyrmexiH01

Oecop/iylla longinoda Oecophylla-smaragdina

Lasiini

.---"== ~~~D,;'d~~"ot~';fc~~tut;rsutus Prolasius convexus '---"== Teratomyrmex greavesi

",--1-=== Lasiophanes arriventris Notostigma carazzi

""------Myrmecorh"ynchus emeryi '--______ .. ==Melophorus AUOl

Stigmacros -clivispina cf -;--.... c:= Paratrechine antsingy' .. Paratrechina- zanjensis

~=:!=~~====paratrechina-IOngiCOmiS ~ %~~~~~9~eg~s;-r:~it;~fis

Nylanderia MG01 L ______ .. --I-===Nylanderia- dodo Nylanderia- hystrix Prenolepis-emmae Paraparatrechina glabra '-_________ ""'_-11:::== Paraparatrechina-oceanica Prenolepis imparTs Zatania aff5imaculata Lasius calif amicus '-------------1'-_-=:::= Lasius-niger Myrmecocystus f/aviceps

'-------:--:---....,..-.,...-,--:--:------ Cfadomyrma petalae L ____________________ fy1~rl'!1~~1~f~IJ.!.:· ~t~I·!l~I·~L:==~==Brachymyrmex BR01 Brachymyrmex- depifis

Myrmelachista rlavocotea L ________________________________ t[==~~=:Acanthoponera minor Rhytidoponera -chalybaea

Manica bradleyi ~_-IIC==Myrmeaa pynformis

Nothomyrmecia macrops "L..-----Tetraponera rufOnigra

Aneuretl/s Simoni '-------===Oolicnoderus_pustulatus

B

• 100 • 99-95 0 94-85 o 84-70

r----4

-

Camponitini

,--

....

Plagiolepidini J.

~ Melophori n i

Formicini

1

Lasiini Mvrmelachistini

~

Camponotus_ MG001 Camponotus MG131 Camponotus = claviscapus Camponotus gibbinotus Camponotus- bedoti cf ForelophilusyhilippTnensis_cf Camponotus_hyatti Camponotus_maritimus Camponotus_MG089 Phasmomyrmex ZA01 Calomyrmex _ albertisi Calomyrmex_ laevissimus Echinopla _ australis Echinopla striata nr PolyrhachTs_ decumbens Polyrhachis_ Hagio01 Camponotus BCA01 Camponotus - saundersi Camponotus=conithorax Camponotus vitiensis Opisthopsis_"PG01 Opisthopsis respiciens Camponotus gigas Gigantiops_ Ges(ructor Formicjnae genus 01 ZA02 Formlclnae=genus=01 =ZA03 Agraulomyrmex TZ01 Acropyga_acutfVentris Acropyga CF01 Plagiolepls_alluaudi Plagiolepis_MG05 Lepisiota _ canescens Lepisiota_ AFRC_LlM_ 03 Aphomomyrmex afer Petalomyrmex~7Jylax Tapinolepis_ MG01 Tapinolepis_ZA01 Anoplolepis_custodiens Anoplolepis gracilipes Notoncus capitatus PseudonDtoncus hirsutus Prolasius convexus Teratomyrmex_greavesi Melophorus _ AUO 1 Stigmacros_clivispina_cf Laslophanes atnventns Myrmecorh ynchus_ emeryi Notostigma carazzii Cataglyphis cursor Rossomyrmex anatolicus Proformlca _ mongolica Bajcaridris _ theryl Formica moki Formica - neogagates Iberoformica subrufa Polyergus breviceps Oecophylia longinoda Oecoph ylla = smaragdina Santschiella kohli Gesomyrmex_KH01 Gesomyrmex TH01 Myrmoteras_lriodum Paratrechina_antsingy Paratrechina _ z anjensis Paratrechina_ longicomis EuprenolepIs_procera Pseudolasius australis Nylanderia dOdo Nylanderia-MG01 Nylanderia - hystrix Prenolepis=emmae Prenolepis imparis Zatania afl5imaculata Paraparatrechina_glabra Paraparatrechina _ oceanica Lasius califomicus Myrmecocystus_flaviceps Lasius_niger Cladom yrma _petalae Brachymyrmex _ BRO 1 Brachymyrmex depilis Myrmelachista~flavocotea Manica bradleyi RhytidofJonera chalybaea Acanthoponera minor Nothomyrmeci~macrops Myrmecia pyriformis Tetraponera rufonigra Dolichoderus pustulatus Aneuretus_ slmoni

c • 1.0 • 0.99-0.95

Camponotus MG001 Camponotus MG131

Camponotus -c1aviscapus Camponotus_gibbinotus

Camponotus ---,.;;tG089 Phasmomyfi'nex ZA01

Camponotus oedoti cf Forelophilus philippmensis cf

Camponotus nyatti -CamfJonotus maritimus

Calomyrmex albertisi Calomyrmex 7aevissimus Echinopla australis Echinopla- striata nr PolyrhachTs decumbens poryrhachis - HagioO 1

Camponotus gigas Camponitini Opisthopsis PG01

~~4---t Opisthopsis respiciens

Formicini

Melophorini

Plagiolepidini

Lasiini

Camponotus BCA01 Camponotus saundersi

Camponotus conithorax Camponotus v71iensis

L...-_____ Gigantiops aestructor L...-________ Myrmoteras iriodum

Cataglyphis cursor -Rossomynnex anatolicus

Proformica mongolica L..-__ Bajcariaris tfleryi

Formica moki -Formica- neogagates

IberofOrmica subrufa Polyergus breviceps

Gesomyrmex KH01 ...------.... Gesomyrmex-TH01

Oecophylla longinoda '------------. Oecophylla_smaragdina ~-- Notoncus cap/tatus

Pseudonotoncus hirsutus Prolasius convexus Teratomyrmex greavesi

1---- Notostigma carazzii Lasiophanes a7riventris

IIL..--- Myrmecomynchus emeryi ,r---- Melophorus -AU01 ""---- Stigmacros cTrvispina cf

L...----------Santschietla kohli Formicine genus OT ZA02 Formicine genus or ZA03

'----- Agraulomyrmex TZ01 ,r---Acropyga acutiventris

Acropyga CF01 PlaglO7epis alluaudi

P7agiolepis MG05 '----......... - LepislOta canescens

Lep/siota JfFRC LIM 03 AphomomyrmeF afer Petalomyrmex {2nylax

L...-____ Tapinolepis-ZA01 Tapinolep/s MG01-

Anopfolepis custodiens Anoplolepis - gracilipes

Paratrechina antsingy Paratrechina zanjens/s Paratrechina longicornis

.....-1.'-- Euprenolepis procera PseudolaslUs -australis Nylanderia aodo

Nylanderia ~G01 Nylanderla hystrix

Prenolepis emmae ...----i ..... ---:. Prenolepis 7mparis

Zatania albtmaculata Paraparatrechina glabra

Paraparatrechina -oceanica Lasius californicus -Myrm~cocystus_flaviceps

Las/us ntger L...-____ -_ Cladomyrma petalae

Brachymyrmex BRU1 Brachymyrmex depilis

'------ Myrmelach/sta flavocotea ,r------ Rhytidoponera chalybaea ""------- Acanthoponera minor

L...-_______ Manica_bradley;

r ____ -{===~N~o~th~o~m~yrmecia macroRs Myrmecia_pynformis

L..-_____________ Tetraponera rufonigra r----------Oolichoderus_pustulaTus '--------Aneuretus_ simoni

0.05