new perspectives on the psychology of passion: on self ... · new perspectives on the psychology of...
TRANSCRIPT
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New Perspectives on the Psychology
of Passion: On Self-Growth
and Temporal Perspectives
Robert J. Vallerand, Ph.D.
Laboratoire de Recherche sur le Comportement Social
Université du Québec à Montréal and
Australian Catholic University
Keynote, CPPA Conference, June 16th, 2016, Niagara on the Lake
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Save the Date!
© Marc Cramer
Fifth World Congress
on Positive Psychology
July 13-16, 2017
Montréal, Canada!
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Thanks to
Ms Geneviève Porlier
Ms Maylys Rapaport
Prof Fabien Fenouillet
Dr. Charles Martin-Krumm
Dr. Andreas Krafft
Ms Ariane St-Louis
Mr. Jérémie Verner-Filion
Canada Research Chair
and SSHRC/FRQSC Grants
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C1
POSITIVE PSYCHOLOGY
“Psychology should document how people’s
lives can be most worth living”
Seligman & Csikszentmihalyi (2000)
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Im 3
« I've always had a
passion for hockey, ...
That's the key. You
can't be putting in
time. You have to
enjoy doing what you
do. »
Sidney Crosby
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« Nothing is as important as Passion. No matter what you
Do with your life, be passionate »
John Bon Jovi
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C8
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Im 12
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C8
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OUTLINE
1. Definition of Passion
2. The Dualistic Model of Passion
3. Research on New Perspectives:
A-Self-Growth VS Activity-Growth
B- Time Travelling
4. The Development of Passion
5. Future Research and Applications
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C8
WHAT
IS
PASSION
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C8
THE DUALISTIC
MODEL
OF PASSION
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110
A STRONG INCLINATION TOWARD A
SELF-DEFINING ACTIVITY (OBJECT, PERSON, BELIEF)
THAT WE:
• LOVE
• VALUE
• INVEST TIME AND ENERGY IN
PASSION
DEFINITION
(Vallerand, 2010, 2015; Vallerand et al., 2003)
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PASSION
• IN AN AUTONOMOUS FASHION HARMONIOUS PASSION
• IN A CONTROLLED FASHION OBSESSIVE PASSION
THE ACTIVITY BECOMES INTERNALIZED
IN ONE'S IDENTITY
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OBSESSIVE PASSION
• STRONG DESIRE TO ENGAGE IN THE ACTIVITY THAT EVENTUALLY GETS OUT OF CONTROL • PERSON CAN’T HELP HIM / HERSELF - PASSION MUST RUN ITS COURSE • POOR INTERNALIZATION AND LESS ACCESS TO ADAPTIVE SELF PROCESSES •CREATES CONFLICT WITH THE PERSON’S
IDENTITY ELEMENTS AND OTHER LIFE ACTIVITIES
• LEADS TO NEGATIVE EMOTIONAL CONSEQUENCES, RIGID PERSISTENCE, AND LIMITED SELF-GROWTH
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HARMONIOUS PASSION
• STRONG DESIRE TO ENGAGE IN THE ACTIVITY
THAT REMAINS UNDER THE PERSON’S CONTROL
• THE PERSON CAN CHOOSE WHEN TO AND WHEN NOT
TO ENGAGE IN THE ACTIVITY • AUTONOMOUS INTERNALIZATION AND
ACCESS TO ADAPTIVE SELF PROCESSES
•IN HARMONY WITH THE PERSON’S IDENTITY
ELEMENTS AND OTHER LIFE ACTIVITIES
• LEADS TO POSITIVE EMOTIONAL EXPERIENCE,
FLEXIBLE PERSISTENCE, AND SELF-GROWTH
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C8
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175b
Obsessive Passion - Selected Items
• I have a tough time controlling my urge to do this activity.
• I almost have an obsessive feeling for this activity. Harmonious Passion - Selected Items • This activity is in harmony with the other activities in my life.
• This activity allows me to live a variety of experiences.
THE PASSION SCALE (Vallerand et al., 2003; Marsh, Vallerand et al., 2013)
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1. Over 200 studies conducted in different labs
2. Prevalence of passion in people’s lives 75-85%
3. A variety of samples: painters, teachers, nurses,
athletes, musicians, actors in different cultures
4. Across the lifespan (from 10 to 100 years)
5. The Passion Scale- Validation and Invariance
6. Experimental inductions of passion
7. Various designs: correlational, longitudinal,
experimental, diary study etc.
8. Optimal Functioning: Different outcomes objective
assessments, and peer reports; Determinants
9. HP > OP on Positive Emotions, Flow, Well-Being etc
BASIC METHODOLOGY/FINDINGS
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SELF-GROWTH
VS
ACTIVITY-
GROWTH
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A HIGHLY STRUCTURED ACTIVITY
MOTIVATED BY THE EXPLICIT AIM
OF IMPROVING PERFORMANCE
( Ericsson & Charness, 1994)
Deliberate Practice
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HARMONIOUS
PASSION
OBSESSIVE
PASSION
DELIBERATE
PRACTICE
+
+
+ PERFORMANCE
SUBJECTIVE
WELL-BEING +
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HARMONIOUS
PASSION
OBSESSIVE
PASSION
DELIBERATE
PRACTICE
.32
.23
.21 OBJECTIVE
PERFORMANCE
Time 1 Time 2
SUBJECTIVE
WELL-BEING .29
Passion and Performance (Dramatic Arts) (Vallerand et al., 2007, Study 1)
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Im 12
(Bonneville-Roussy, Lavigne, & Vallerand, 2010)
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Im 28
Bill Bradley
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Im 28
Bill Bradley
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Im 3
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Carbonneau & Vallerand (in press)
Romantic Passion
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Carbonneau & Vallerand (in press, Study 3)
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Im 16
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Canonical Correlations between Passion and the
Optimal Functioning in Society Scale
(n=160 nurses)
Canonical Variates
1*
HP = 0.99
OP = -.03
2*
HP = -.02
OP = .99
Work Performance
Contribution to Society
Psychological Well-Being
.65
.48
.56
.32
.61
-.06
Physical Health .84 -.49
Quality of Interpersonal
Relationships
.37 -.39
% of variance .25 .06
•p < .05
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How Is Self-Growth
vs Activity-Limited
Growth Obtained?
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Im 11
)
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.51***
.57***
.58***
.20**
-.14*
HP for Dancing
OP for Dancing
Flexible
Persistence
Rigid Persistence
Energy
2(df = 12) = 18.55, ns; CFI = .98; IFI = .98; NFI = .96; RMSEA = .06 [.00, .0.11].
Obstacles
.24***
-.25** .17*
Benefits in Life
in General
Benefits in Dance
.43*** .41***
.49***
.39***
.20**
.37***
.32***
-.17*
Rapaport, Vallerand, & Verner-Filion (2015, Study 2)
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Why is the Focus Strictly on
the Activity at the Expense of Self
With OP?
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-7-
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Lalande, Vallerand et al. (in press, Study 4) T1-
General
Need
Satisfaction
T-1
Need
Satisfaction
at Work
T-1
Harmonious
Passion for
Work
T-1
Obsessive
Passion for
Work
T-1
Vitality
T2
Harmonious
Passion for
Work
T2
Vitality
T2
Obsessive
Passion for
Work
-.24*
.17*
.11*
.65*
.58*
.54*
.29*
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Passion and
Time Travelling
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The Psychology
of
TIME
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Kurt Lewin (1951)
“the totality of the individual’s views of
his psychological future and
psychological past existing at a given
time” (p. 75).
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Joseph Nuttin (1985)
“Future and past events have an impact on
present behavior to the extent that they are
actually present on the cognitive level of
behavioral functioning” (p. 75).
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POSITIVE PSYCHOLOGY
Present
• Mindfulness (Brown & Ryan, 2003)
• Savoring (Bryant, 2003)
Past
• Self-compassion (Neff, 2003)
• Resilience (Smith et al., 2008)
Future
• Optimism (Scheier & Carver, 1994)
• Hope (Snyder et al., 1991)
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TIME PERSPECTIVES AND WELL-BEING
Zimbardo & Boyd (1999):
“People need all…(3 Time Perspectives) harmoniously
operating to realize fully their Human potential”
(p. 1285).
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ZIMBARDO & BOYD (1999)
1.Past Negative: “I think about the bad things that have happened to me in the
past”
1.Past positive: “It gives me pleasure to think about the past”
2.Present Hedonistic: “When listening to my favorite music, I often lose all track
of time”
3.Present Fatalistic: “Often luck pays off better than hard work”
4.Future: “I complete projects on time by making steady progress”
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TIME PERSPECTIVES AND WELL-BEING
• Boniwell & Zimbardo (2004) propose a Balanced Time
Perspective: High Past Positive, Present Hedonistic, and
Future , and Low Present Fatalistic and Past Negative
• Inconclusive results on Time balance and psychological
well-being
• Little research on the determinants of Time Perspectives
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OPTIMAL FUNCTIONING IS ACHIEVED
THROUGH AN INTEGRATED TEMPORAL
POSITIVITY:
• By Being Fully Anchored in a
Positive Present
• with a Positive and Resolved Past
• and an Optimistic Look at the Future
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Past
Present
Future
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Passion and
Integrated Temporal
Positivity
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Study 1
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Present Time and Well-Being Table 1. Correlations between Well-Being and Perception of the Present
Satisfaction Well-being Presence of
meaning Vitality
Mindfulness .40** .54** .42** .49**
Positive Savoring .51** .64** .54** .60**
Hedonistic Present .12* .10* .07 .18**
Fatalist Present -.11* -.17** -.17** -.12*
Negative Savoring -.42** -.49** -.42** -.49**
**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).
*. Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed).
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Past Time and Well-Being Table 2. Correlations between Well-Being and Perception of the Past
Satisfaction Well-being Presence of
meaning Vitality
Positive Past .54** .48** .52** .49**
Self-Compassion .50** .64** .51** .71**
Positive
Reminiscence .38** .45** .39** .43**
Negative Past -.45** -.43** -.36** -.53**
Negative
Reminiscence -.22* -.22* -.28** -.27**
**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).
*. Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed).
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Future Time and Well-Being Table 3. Correlations between Well-Being and Perception of the Future
Satisfaction Well-being Presence of
meaning Vitality
Hope .65** .75** .61** .76**
Future .14 .27** .30** .16
Positive Anticipation .47** .56** .53** .57**
Optimism .64** .70** .59** .72**
Negative
Anticipation -.35** -.35** -.39** -.36**
**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).
*. Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed).
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Study 2
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Figure 1. SEM Model of Passion for Work, Time
Perspectives and Well-Being (n=350 Ps)
Harmonious
Passion
Positive
Past
Mindfulnes
s
Hope
.34
.34 .49
Obsessive
Passion
-.09
-.29
-.30
Thriving .13
.24
.45
.18
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Study 3
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Figure 2. SEM Model of Passion for Work, Time
Perspectives, and Meaning in Life (n=4,500 Ps)
Harmonious
Passion
Optimism
Self-
Efficacy
Resilience
.57
.61 .63
Obsessive
Passion
-.52
-.48
-.43
Meaning .20
.20
.33
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Conclusions
1. All three time perspectives contribute to well-
being
2. The Positive outlook on time matters
3. Harmonious Passion Predicts all three
Positive Time Perspectives
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Study 4
A Look at a Micro
Moment of
Integrated Temporal
Positivity
and Optimal Functioning
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Figure 1. SEM Model with Passion for Sport, Temporal
Perspectives, and Performance
with Advanced Athletes (=280)
Harmonious
Passion
Future
Prediction
Flow-
Challenge
Past Play
Rumination
.32***
.25** .14
Obsessive
Passion
-.02
-.06*
.32***
Time to
Make a
Final Play .69***
.26***
.20***
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C8
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312
A Three-Step Process 1. Selection of the Activity: The Role of Culture, Family, and Self (Identity) 2. Activity Valuation-->Internalization in
Identity 3. Conditions of Involvement (Style of
Adults toward Children ->Type of Passion)
ON THE INITIAL DEVELOPMENT OF PASSION
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Im 25
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Im 3
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AUTONOMY SUPPORT
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SOCIAL DETERMINANTS
OF PASSION
1. Autonomy support
2. Leadership
3. Clan vs Market Culture
4. Use of character strengths
5. Task Resources vs Task Demands
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Conclusions
1. Self-Growth vs Activity-Limited Growth
2. On Flexible vs Rigid Persistence
3. On the OFIS construct
4. The Importance of Need Satisfaction Outside the Activity
5. The Positive outlook of all 3 Temporal Perspectives matters
6. HP Positively Predicts ITP (but not OP)
7. Facilitate HP in Oneself and Others Matters
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TAKE HOME MESSAGES
1. Try to cultivate HP for one activity
• Take the activity seriously without taking
yourself seriously
• Include other fun activities in your life
2. Learn from setbacks, improve, and grow within the activity … and outside of it! 3. Understand the functionality of OP
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… but harmoniously!
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Im 13
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Im 13
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Im 25