new proposal dina

7/27/2019 New Proposal Dina

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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A. Background of the study

Language is fundamentally an instrument of communication. Being able to

communicate effectively in English means being proficient in the various languge

skills involved in the communication process. English is very important for its

position as the language of sciences in the global era of science and technology and it

places important for information, communication and interaction in teaching learning

process. We learn language especially English for the purpose of communication and

we take a great deal of pleasure from or in learning and speaking English.

Language is a means that people use to communicate with others. Language is

the most powerful, convenient and permanent form of communication. All language

in this world help people to make a good relationship with other. It is through

language that humans can epress their though, opinion, desire, emotions and feeling.

!hen, through language we can store and transfer knowledge, transmit messages from

one person to another and from one generation to another. "o, in other word,

language take the important role in human#s life, because without language human

would be difficult to interact with other.

As an international language, English has become important language to be

learned by people who want to use English in communication. $owdays, English is

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the best language which is chosen by many countries for eample &alaysia,

"ingapore, !hailand and even Indonesia. English is an international language that can

be used to all people to communicate with others from other countries in the world.

English takes an important role in term of science and technology. We cannot close

our eyes to the fact that whether we like English or not, we certainly have to learn it.

&any countries in the world use English as an obligatory sub'ect in their schools. In

Indonesia, English is studied by primary students until university students.

English in Indonesia is a foreign language. "o, most of Indonesian students

have some problems in learning English. (ne of them is about processes. As the

university students in English )epartement of *+I -&"-, the researcher also finds

some difficulties in understanding about processes. !he difficulties in understanding

processes will hamper the students to get knowledge about English. rocesses are

studied by sith semester students in )iscourse Analysis "ub'ect. rocesses are

central of transitivity. A process refers to activity done which is euivalent to verb in

traditional terminology. rocesses are reali/ed by verb. !raditionally verb have been

defined as 0doing word1, but some verbs are not doing words at all, but rather epress

states of being or having. rocesses are specifically categori/ed into seven types,

namely &aterial, &ental, 2elational, Behavioral, 3erbal, Eistential and

&eteorological rocesses. 4owever, in this thesis, the researcher only researchs

Behavioural and 3erbal rocesses.

English is not only used in spoken form but also in written form. $ewspaper

is one of the English using in written form. $ewspaper is a written media of a

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communication that has function to convey information in human life. $ewspaper is a

publication of news, stories, picture and other information. !here are many

$ewspapers that circulate in our country. (ne of them is 6akarta ost. It is English

newspaper that is published every day. It is a newspaper that contains some important

news. It is about Economics, olitics, 4ealth, "ociety and also "port. !he newspaper

are read by indonesian people and sometimes read by students as their reading

materials besides book. !he students use the newspaper to improve their reading

fluency and accuracy. "o that they can learn English and also they can get news.

Based on the description above, the researcher wants to research Behavioural

and 3erbal rocesses used in the sport columns of !he 6akarta ost because the

researcher wants to give more information about Behavioural and 3erbal rocesses to

people especially the university students, so it will help them to understand

Behavioural and 3erbal rocesses easily. !he researcher hopes that after reading this

thesis, the students can differentiate between 3erbs which are Behavioural rocesses

and 3erbs which are 3erbal rocesses from sentences in a tet. !he writer is more

interested to research in "port columns, because many people like to read sport

columns than other news columns. !he researcher uses 6akarta ost in this research

because 6akarta ost is (ne of English newspapers, which is popular in Indonesia.

B. Identification of The Pro!e"

!he problems of this research will be identified as the following aspects7

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%. the use of behavioural and verbal processes in the sport columns of !he

6akarta ost

5. the most dominant processes between behavioural and verbal processes in the

sport columns of !he 6akarta ost

C. #co$e and %i"itation

Based on the problems, this study will be focused on identifying of

behavioural and verbal processes in the sport columns of !he 6akarta ost. !he

researcher will analy/e ten editions of the sport columns in !he 6akarta ost, which

are published on, *ebruary, &arch and April 599:.

D. &or"u!ation of the Pro!e"

!he problems of this research will be formulated as the following7

%. Are the behavioural and verbal processes used in the sport columns of !he

6akarta ost;

5. What is the most dominant processes between behavioural and verbal

processes in the sport columns of !he 6akarta ost;

E. O'ecti(e of the Research

!he ob'ective of the research are7

%. to identify behavioural and verbal processes in the sport columns of !he

6akarta ost


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5. to find out the most dominant processes between behavioural and verbal

processes in the sport columns of !he 6akarta ost

&. #ignificance of the Research

!he findings of the research will be epected to be useful for those especially

the university students in *+I -&"- who want to improve their ability in

identifying behavioural and verbal processes and for those who want to know the use

of behavioural and verbal processes in the sport columns of !he 6akarta ost.

!he finding of the analysis epected to be useful for7

a. !he research , to sharpen and measure her knowledge in identifying

behavioural and verbal processes field in article of 6akarta ost newspaper.

b. !he readers in general and the students of English )epartment in identifying

behavioural and verbal processes particular who were interested in linguistic

especially in article of 6akarta ost.

c. !he teacher of English who would give information or knowledge for their

students in identifying behavioural and verbal processes.

d. !he lecturer of English who would give learning especially behavioural and

verbal processes.

e. 6akarta ost readers at &uhammadiyah -niversity (f $orth "umatra

=-&"-> library.

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CHAPTER II

RE)IE* O& %ITERATURE

A. Theoretica! &ra"e+ork

,. Descri$tion of Transiti(ity

!ransitivity was introduced by 4alliday =%:: which is part of

functional grammar. *unctional grammar refers to an approach to language on the

principle of roles or functions played by language. Amrin =599 said that

functional grammar refers to an approach to language with reference to roles or

functions played by language or rather function given by human beings to language in

their lives as social beings.

According to 4alliday =%::, 0our most powerful impression of

eperience is that it consists of goingson# Chappening, doing, sensing,

meaning, and being and becoming. All these goingson are sorted out inthe grammar of the clause. !hus as well as being a mode of action, of

giving and demanding goodsDservices and information, the clause is

also a mode of reflection, of imposing order on the endless variation andflow of events. !he gramatical system by which this is achieved is

!2A$"I!I3I!. !he transitivity system construes the world of

eperience into a manageable set of 2(FE"" !E"1.

!he concept of transitivity in 4alliday#s grammatical system is a powerful

tool in the analysis of the meanings epressed in clauses. !he term transitivity has a

broader and narrower meaning. !he narrower meaning = found in traditional

grammatical description > involves the verb#s relationship to dependent elements of

structure. In traditional definition, !ransitivity is understood as the grammatical

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feature which indicates if a verbtakes a direct ob'ect. !ransitive verbs take a direct

ob'ect and intransitive verbs do not. "tated differently, the action of the verb etends

to another entity in a transitive clause, but not in an intransitive clause. *or eample,

the difference between 0!he tiger =Actor> pounced =rocess>1 and 0!he tiger =Actor>

ate =rocess> the deer =Goal>1 is that the action 0eat1 etends to 0the deer.1 In the

broader meaning =as proposed by 4alliday >, the system of transitivity consists of the

various types of processes together with the structures that reali/e these processes.

!ransitivity generally refers to how meaning is represented in the clause. It

plays a role in showing how speakers encode in language their mental picture of

reality and how they account for their eperience of the world around them. "ince

transitivity is concerned with the transmission of ideas, it is considered to fall within

the realm of the ideational function of language.

!ransitivity is part of the ideational function of language and is a fundamental

and powerful semantic concept in 4alliday, an essential tool in the analysis of

representation. A central insight of 4alliday is that transitivity is the foundation of

representationH it is the way the clause is used to analyse events and situations as

being of certain types.

!hompson =%::@7 J> said that transitivity refers to a system for describing

the whole clause, rather than 'ust the verb and its ob'ect. While Angela )owning

=%::?7 %%9> said that transitivity is a fundamental proverty of language that it enables

us to conceptuali/e and describe our eperience, whether of the phenomena of the


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eternal world or of the internal world of our though, feeling and perception in a

clause.

In conclution, !ransitivity is the representation in language of processes, the

participants therein, and the circumstantial features associated with them. !ransitivity

refers generally to how meaning is represented in the clause. !ransitivity shows how

speakers encode in language their mental picture of reality and how they account for

their eperience of the world around them.

!here are three elements of transitivity. !hey are processes, participants and

circumstances. Each of the three elements is eplained and subdivided in the

following sections.

,., Processes

A process refers to activity done which is euivalent to verb in traditional

terminology. Gerot and Wignell =%:: said that the process

is central part of situation, which is typically reali/ed by the predicator and which

can be a state, an action, an event, a transition or change of state, a climatic

phenomenon, saying, behaving or simply eisting. rocess is the case of

eperience in that it determines the participant !here is no satisfactory general

term to cover that central part of a situation which is typically reali/ed by the

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predicator and which can be a state, an action, an event, and a climatic

phenomenon.

Butt =%::?7 stated that the

process is typically epressed or reali/ed by verbal group in the clause, and is the

central component of the message from the eperiental perspective. In some

cases, the process can be seen as including another constituent apart from the

verbal group proper. !his is clearest with phrasal verbs, where the particle is

usually best analysed as epressing part of the process.

Bloor and Bloor =%::?7 %%9> stated that the process centers on that part of

the clause that is reali/ed by the verbal group, but it can also be regarded as what

going on# are represented in the whole clause.

According to 4alliday =%::, a process consists, in principle, of

three components7

I. !he process itself

II. articipants in the process

III. Fircumstances associated with the process

*or eample7

A big man in brown Beckoned -s !hrough another gate

Partici$ant Process Partici$ant Circu"stance

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In conclution, rocess centres on that part of the clause that is reali/ed by

the verbal group, but it can also be regarded as what goingson# are represented

in the whole clause.

rocesses are specifically categori/ed into seven types namely material,

mental, relational, behavioral, verbal, eistential and meteorological processes.

!hese categories are based on semantic or syntactic criteria or both. 4owever, in

this research, the writer 'ust focuses on &aterial and &ental rocesses.

,.,.,. Beha(ioura! Processes

According to Gerot and Wignell =%:: 0Behavioural processes are

processes of physiological and psychological behaviour, like breathing,

dreaming, snoring, smiling, hiccuping, looking, watching, listening and

pondering1. !hey are the least distinct of all the si processes types because they

have no clearly defined characteristics of their ownH rather, they are partly like

the material and partly like the mental. !he participant, who is behaving#,

labelled Behaver. It is typically a conscious being. But the process is

grammatically more like one of doing, not sensing. !he usual unmarked present

tense for behavioural processes is present in present, like the material =e.g.

youre dreaming>H however, we also find the simple present in its unmarked

sense =i.e. not meaning habitual>, e.g. Why do you laugh? , alongside why are

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you laughing?=with scarcely any difference between them>, which suggests an

affiliation with the mental.

4alliday =%:: stated that the boundaries of behavioural processes

are indeterminateH but we can recogni/e the following kinds as typical7

%> Knear mental processes of consciousness represented as forms of

behaviour, e.g. look, watch, stare, listen, think, worry, dreamH

5> Knear verbal verbal processes as behaviour, e.g. chatter,

grumble, talkH

8> hysiological processes manifesting states of consciousness, e.g.

cry, laugh, smile, frown, sigh, snarl, whineH

(ther physiological processes, e.g. breathe, cough, faint, shit,

yawn, sleepH

?> Knear material bodily postures and pastimes, e.g. sing, dance, lie

=down>, sit =up, down>.

*or eample7

"he Lives In the fast lane

4e "nores Loudly

Beha(er Beha(ioura! $rocess Circu"stance

4e 4eaved A great sigh4e !hrew A tantrum

Beha(er Beha(ioura! $rocess Range

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Behavioural processes are almost always middleH the most typical pattern

is a clause consisting of Behaver and rocess only, as in the eample below7

$o one Is listening

4e Is always grumbling

Beha(er Beha(ioura! $rocess

,.,.-. )era! Processes

Gerot and wignell said that verbal processes are processes of saying, or

more accurately of symbolically signalling. 3ery often, these are realised by two

distinct clauses7 the pro'ecting clause encodes a sgnal source =sayer> and a

signalling =verbal process> and the other =pro'ected clauses> realises what was

said. "pecifically, the process includes that of saying, commanding, asking and

offering syntactically the process an pro'ect another clauses. (nly the primary

clause is a verbal process, of course, the other may be a process of any kind.

*or eample7

"he "aid I don#t like the house

"he Answered don#t worry#

4e !old 4er !hat he didn#t take it

#ayer )era!

$rocess

Recei(er

Pro'ecting Pro'ected

-nlike mental processes, verbal processes do not reuire a conscious

participant. !he sayer can be anything that put a signal.

*or eample7

!he guidebook !ells ou Where everything is

!he notice !old -s A big secret

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#ayer )era! $rocess Recei(er )eriage

,.- Partici$ants

Bloor and Bloor =%::?7 %%9> stated that the participants are the entities

involved in the processes. It is determined that the participants are lebeled

according to the process types. !he entities represented by these can be a person,

ob'ects or abstractions. In other word, they are human, animate and inanimate.

Fonseuently, the process itself determines the number of participants bound or

attracted. &ost of these processes are accompanied by one or more inherent

participantsH the nature of the process determines how many and what kind of

participants are involved. !he material process represented by the verb spring

(the lion sprang) for instance, has only one participant, whereas kick (Ted kicked

the ball) typically reuires twoH one participant is the actor who carries out the

action and must be 0animate1 and even typically 0human1H the other is

participant affected by the action of kicking and its not reuired to be human or

event animate.

,.-., Partici$ants in Beha(ioura! Processes

!ypically, behavioural processes have only one participant.it is Behaver.

Behaver is the participant who is behaving. !he behaver is a conscious being.

But in some clauses, there may be another apparent =typically functioning as

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complement>. !his is the 2ange, which is not a real participant but merely adds

specification to the process.

4e "tared In ama/ement

We all Laughed

"he Gave A faint sigh

!he boy Laughed An embarrased laugh

"he Waved 4er hands 4elplessly

Beha(er Beha(ioura! $rocess Range Circu"stance

,.-.- Partici$ants in )era! Processes

!hompson =%::@7 :> state that there is one participant that is involved in

any verbal process. !his is the "ayer. !ypically, of course, the sayer is human,

but messages can be represented as conveyed by other types of sayer. !here are

three further participant functions in addition to the sayer7

%. 2eceiver is the one to whom the saying is directed or the one to whom the

verbali/ation is addressed

5. 2ange M 3erbiage is the function that corresponds to what is said or a name for

the verbali/ation itself. !his may mean one of the two things.

8. target is the entity that is targeted by the process of saying or one acted upon

verbally =insulted, complimented, etc>.

4e !old 6enny A nude 'oke

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4e Eplained !o her What it meant

#ayer )era! $rocess Recei(er (eriage

!he report "harply Friticises Lilly#s uality control procedures

#ayer circu"stance )era!

$rocess

Target

,. Circu"stances

A circumstance indicates situation or surrounding in which the process

occurs. !he notion of circumstance is euivalent to adverb in traditional

terminology. !hompson =%::@7 J> said that circumstances are typically reali/ed

by adverbial group or prepositional phrases. Fircumstances are general across

process types = precisely because they are less centrally involved in the process

than participants >. In the clauseMy sisterbought a car yesterday, yesterday is

the circumstance. According to halliday =%:: 0!here are nine types of

circumstances1. !hey are etent, location, manner, cause, contingency,

accompaniment, role, matter and angle. Each of which may be also be delicately

subdivided.

%. Etent

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4alliday =%:: elaborates that etent is epressed in term of some unit

of measurement likeyard, laps, rounds, years.!he interrogative form for etent

are how ar? , how long? , how many; , how many time;. !he typical structure is

a nominal group with uantifier, either definite or indefinite. !his occurs either

with or without preposition, the most usual preposition being or. !he category of

etent includes interval =how oten? and at what interval;>. &attiessen =%::?7

5 divides etent into two types, namely spatial etent =distance in space> and

temporal etent =duration in time>.

5. Location

!he general interrrogatives of location are where;, when;. !he typical is an

adverbial group or prepositional phraseH eamples are down, underneath, in !ali,

by the door, long ago, on Wednesday evening. In both spatial and temporal

location, the location may be either absolute, or relative to the here D now# and if

relative, may be either near or remote. In both spatial and temporal location, there

is a distinction between rest and motion, and within motion, between motion

towards and motion away from. !he circumstantial of etent and location form a

fourterm set as shown in the table.

"patial !emporal

Etent

)istance

Walk =for> seven miles

)uration

"tay =for> two hours

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*reuency

+nock three times

Location

lace

Work in the kitchen

!ime

Get up at si o#clock

8. &anner

!he circumstantial element of manner comprises three subcategories7 &eans,

Nuality, and Fomparison.

a. &eans refer to whereby a process take placeH it is typically epressed

by prepositional phrase with the prepositional by or with. !he

interrogative form are how; And what with; . *or eample7 the pig

was be eaten with the stick.

b. Nuality is typically epressed by an adverbial group, with Clyadverbs

as headH the interrogative is how? "r how#?lus appropiate adverb.

*or eample7 it was snowing heavily.

c. Fomparison is typically epressed by prepositional phrase with likeor

unlike, or an adverbial group of similarity or difference. *or eample7

$t went through my head like an earth%uake.


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!he circumstantial element of cause also comprises three subcategories7

2eason, urpose and Behalf.

a. 2eason7 represents the reason for which a process takes placeOwhat

cause it. It typically epressed by a prepositional phrase with through or a

comple preposition such as because o, as result o. *or eample7 die o

starvation.

b. urpose7 represents for which an action takes placeO the intention behind

it. It typically epressed by a prepositional phrase with or or a comple

preposition such as in the hope o, or the purpose o. *or eample7gone

or lunc.

c. Behalf7 represents the entity,typically a person, on whose behalf or for

whose sake the action is undertaken O who it is for. *or eample7 &e did

it or the sake o our riendship.

?. Fontingency

!here are three subtypes7 Fondition, Foncession and default.

a. Fondition is epressed by in case o, in the event o.*or eample7$n

the event o a typhoon, open all windows.

b. Foncession is epressed by in spite o or despite.*or eample7 They

adopted the motion in spite o popular ob'ections

c. )efault is epressed by in the absence o, in deault o. *or eample7

$n the absence o uther evidence, we shall give them the beneit o the

doubt.

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@. Accompaniment

Accompaniment is a form of 'oint participant in the process. It comprises two

subtypes7 Fomitative and additive.

a. Fomitative represents the process as a single instance of a process,

although one in which two entities are involved. *or eample7red came

with Tom.

b. Additive represents the process as two instancesH here both entities clearly

share the same participant function, but one of them is presented

circumstantially for purposes of contrast. *or eample7red came as well

as Tom.

. 2ole

!his category includes the subcategories of Guise and roduct.

a. Guise corresponds to interrogative what as; And contrues the meaning

of be# =attribute or identity> in the form of a circumstance. *or

eample7 he was installed as chancellor.

b. roduct corresponds to the interrogative what into?. with the meaning

of become#, likewise as attribute or identity. *or eample7 arent you

growing into a big girl? (*becoming a big girl)

J. &atter

&atter is related to verbal processes. it is the circumstantial euivalent of the

3erbiage, that which is described, reffered to, narrated, etc#. the interrogative is

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what about?. It is epresssed by prepositions such as about, concerning, with

reerence to and simply o.*or eample7$ worry about his health.

:. Angle

Angle is also like verbal process, but in this case to the sayer. It is like

asP.says#. !he simply preposition used in this function is to, but it is often

epressed by a more comple form such as according to, in the view+ opinion o,

rom the standpoint o. *or eample according to government spokesman order

has now been restored.

-. Descri$tion of /akarta Post

!he 6akarta ost appread for the first time on April 5?, %:J8. !his

newspaper has been published by !. Bina &edia !enggara. !he 6akarta ost

covers the news both from inside and outside the country with many kinds of

information, such as information on health, business, sport, entertainment,

features, etc.

!he ob'ective of the 6akarta ost as one of English newspapers is to

present the news with the highest uality to the public. !hat will provide its

readers with all the news, that does not only fit to print, that will deepen their

insight into very workings of the vast archipelago, its people and its government

as members of the great family of nations.

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!o serve the purpose, !he 6akarta ost is prepared by the best Indonesian

'ournalists and editors in orders in order to be able to provide a newspaper with

International $ewspaper &arketing Association Editors and ublished Award for

the category of public relation printed material, with circulation under ?9.999

copies daily. !he 6akarta ost received two similar awards with different

categories in %::% and %::8.

In %::


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there are four articles of Essay which are taken as data in newspaper =in this case,

6akarta post>.

Generally, as the part of printed media, a newspaper is the same as a

maga/ine but it is different from a tetbook because a tetbook is usually a matter

for a particular sub'ect and its material organi/ation is described in detail.

Whereas maga/ine or newspaper is a kind of mass media which is regularly and

periodically published and it, commonly, contains opinion, news or article and

other information. It, usually, uses popular scientific word, phrases, and

sentences.

B. Conce$tua! &ra"e+ork

!ransitivity is a powerful tool in the analysis of the meanings epressed in

clauses, which consists of three elementsH process, participants and circumstances.

rocesses are central of transitivity. rocesses are reali/ed by verbs. !here are seven

different process types identified by halliday. !hey are &aterial, &ental, 2elational,

Behavioural, 3erbal, Eistential, meteorological process. But in this thesis, the writer

'ust focus on Behavioural and verbal processes.

"port column is a column that contains some news about sport in a

$ewspaper. When reading sport columns especially in !he 6akarta ost, the reader

will find some processes used in the columns. "ome of them are Behavioural and

3erbal rocesses. Behavioural processes are processes of physiological and

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psychological behaviour, like breathing, dreaming, snoring, smiling, hiccuping,

looking, watching, listening and pondering. !he process is grammatically more like

one of doing, not sensing. While 3erbal processes are processes of saying, or more

accurately of symbolically signalling. "pecifically, the processes include that of

saying, commanding, asking and offering syntactically the process and pro'ect

another clauses.

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CHAPTER III

0ETHOD O& RE#EARCH.

A. Research Design

!his research was used the descriptive ualitative design. Bogdan and Biklen

=%::57 ?J> say, 0)esign is used in research to refer to the researcher#s plan of how to

proceed1. )escriptive ualitative method is a method to analy/e the data by

considering the phenomenon of the data. Freswell =%::


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C. Techni1ue of Data Co!!ection

!he data was collected as the following ways7

%. "electing ten editions of the sport columns in !he 6akarta ost

5. 2eading each edition of the sport columns in !he 6akarta ost

8. -nderlining the behavioural and verbal processes found in each edition


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Q%99-.

(/ =

$ote 7

R 7 !he percentage of obtained behavioural and verbal processes

* 7 *reuency of behavioural and verbal processes accurences

$ 7 !he total number of all behavioural and verbal processes accurences

E. Research #chedu!e

In conducting this research, the researcher will follow schedule 7

$o Activities

&onth

)ec 6an *eb &arch April &ay 6une

% 5 8 < % 5 8 < % 5 8 < % 5 8 < % 5 8 < % 5 8 < % 5 8

new proposal dina

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