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New Technology Diesel Engines - Exhaust Emission Control and Animal Toxicology Study Dr. John C. Wall Dr. Jacob McDonald CARB Chairman’s Research Seminar Series February 28, 2012

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Page 1: New Technology Diesel Engines - Exhaust Emission Control ... · PDF fileNew Technology Diesel Engines - Exhaust Emission Control and Animal Toxicology Study Dr. John C. Wall Dr. Jacob

New Technology Diesel Engines -

Exhaust Emission Control

and

Animal Toxicology Study

Dr. John C. Wall

Dr. Jacob McDonald

CARB Chairman’s Research Seminar Series

February 28, 2012

Page 2: New Technology Diesel Engines - Exhaust Emission Control ... · PDF fileNew Technology Diesel Engines - Exhaust Emission Control and Animal Toxicology Study Dr. John C. Wall Dr. Jacob

Chairman’s Seminar: New Technology Diesel

• Evolution of Diesel Emission Control Technologies

and Characteristics of New Technology Diesel Exhaust

– John Wall

• Advance Collaborative Emissions Study (ACES) – The

First Animal Toxicology Study of NTDE

– Jacob McDonald

2

Page 3: New Technology Diesel Engines - Exhaust Emission Control ... · PDF fileNew Technology Diesel Engines - Exhaust Emission Control and Animal Toxicology Study Dr. John C. Wall Dr. Jacob

Recognize the significant progress we have

made together

3

Regulations

driving

technology

Technology

enabling

regulations

New

Technology

Diesel

Page 4: New Technology Diesel Engines - Exhaust Emission Control ... · PDF fileNew Technology Diesel Engines - Exhaust Emission Control and Animal Toxicology Study Dr. John C. Wall Dr. Jacob

2/28/2012 4

Our Products Must Meet Customer Requirements

Low Emissions

Page 5: New Technology Diesel Engines - Exhaust Emission Control ... · PDF fileNew Technology Diesel Engines - Exhaust Emission Control and Animal Toxicology Study Dr. John C. Wall Dr. Jacob

2/28/2012 5

Low Initial Cost

Connected and Integrated

Systems

High Performance

Low Maintenance

Low EmissionsFuel Efficient

Reliable and Durable

Low Noise and Emissions

Our Products Must Meet Customer Requirements

Page 6: New Technology Diesel Engines - Exhaust Emission Control ... · PDF fileNew Technology Diesel Engines - Exhaust Emission Control and Animal Toxicology Study Dr. John C. Wall Dr. Jacob

Terminology

• TDE – “Traditional Diesel Exhaust”

• NTDE – “New Technology Diesel Exhaust”

6

Page 7: New Technology Diesel Engines - Exhaust Emission Control ... · PDF fileNew Technology Diesel Engines - Exhaust Emission Control and Animal Toxicology Study Dr. John C. Wall Dr. Jacob

“So much has been written and said about the diesel

engine in recent months that it is hardly possible to

say anything new.”

Rudolf Diesel, c. 1910

7

Historical Perspective

Page 8: New Technology Diesel Engines - Exhaust Emission Control ... · PDF fileNew Technology Diesel Engines - Exhaust Emission Control and Animal Toxicology Study Dr. John C. Wall Dr. Jacob

0.01 0.10

0.2

1.2

2.5

4.0

5.0

0.0

NOx[g/HP-hr]

PM [g/HP-hr]

1994

0.0

1998

2002

Off-Highway

ULSD15 PPM(9/10)

500 PPM(6/07)

FUELSULFUR

Evolution of US Heavy Duty Diesel Emission

Standards

2011 Tier 4A2007

2014 Tier 4B

2010

ULSD15 PPM(10/06)

500 PPM(10/93)

FUELSULFUR

On-Highway

8

Page 9: New Technology Diesel Engines - Exhaust Emission Control ... · PDF fileNew Technology Diesel Engines - Exhaust Emission Control and Animal Toxicology Study Dr. John C. Wall Dr. Jacob

Diesel Technology Development:

Critical Subsystems

9

Page 10: New Technology Diesel Engines - Exhaust Emission Control ... · PDF fileNew Technology Diesel Engines - Exhaust Emission Control and Animal Toxicology Study Dr. John C. Wall Dr. Jacob

Diesel Particulate Filter / Oxidation Catalyst

Selective Catalytic Reduction

Cooled Exhaust Gas Recirculation

Electronic Fuel Systems

1990 2000 2010 2020

Evolution of Diesel Technology

Turbocharged / Aftercooled/ 4Valve / 4 Stroke

10

CO2

Page 11: New Technology Diesel Engines - Exhaust Emission Control ... · PDF fileNew Technology Diesel Engines - Exhaust Emission Control and Animal Toxicology Study Dr. John C. Wall Dr. Jacob

Diesel Particulate Filter

Selective Catalytic Reduction

Cooled Exhaust Gas Recirculation

Electronic Fuel Systems

1990 2000 2010 2020

Evolution of Diesel Technology

Turbocharged / Aftercooled/ 4Valve / 4 Stroke

Ultra-Low Sulfur Fuel

Diesel Particulate Filter / Oxidation Catalyst

11

The “revolutionary” step

Page 12: New Technology Diesel Engines - Exhaust Emission Control ... · PDF fileNew Technology Diesel Engines - Exhaust Emission Control and Animal Toxicology Study Dr. John C. Wall Dr. Jacob

Active Particulate Filter

2007 And Beyond . . .

Integrating Engine and Aftertreatment

12

Page 13: New Technology Diesel Engines - Exhaust Emission Control ... · PDF fileNew Technology Diesel Engines - Exhaust Emission Control and Animal Toxicology Study Dr. John C. Wall Dr. Jacob

Active Particulate Filter

2007 And Beyond . . .

Integrating Engine and Aftertreatment

13

Page 14: New Technology Diesel Engines - Exhaust Emission Control ... · PDF fileNew Technology Diesel Engines - Exhaust Emission Control and Animal Toxicology Study Dr. John C. Wall Dr. Jacob

Key to Emissions Reductions in NTDE

Wall-flow Diesel Particulate Filter

Trapped PM

Exhaust

(PM, CO, HC)

Enter

Porous Ceramic Wall

Adapted from MECA May 2000

Reductions:

99+% PM

80 to 100% HC, CO

80 to 99+% PAH, toxins

14

Page 15: New Technology Diesel Engines - Exhaust Emission Control ... · PDF fileNew Technology Diesel Engines - Exhaust Emission Control and Animal Toxicology Study Dr. John C. Wall Dr. Jacob

Transition to Clean “New Technology” Diesel:

Advanced Component Technologies and System

Integration

New Technology DieselNew Technology Diesel

AirHandling

Controls

Combustion

Fuel Systems Exhaust Aftertreatment

Ultra LowSulfur Fuel

15

Page 16: New Technology Diesel Engines - Exhaust Emission Control ... · PDF fileNew Technology Diesel Engines - Exhaust Emission Control and Animal Toxicology Study Dr. John C. Wall Dr. Jacob

New Technology Diesel

• PM levels in New Diesel Technology Exhaust (NTDE)

are more than 100-fold lower than in TDE

– NTDE NOx and PM mass emissions are comparable to

CNG and gasoline

• NTDE PM is chemically different from TDE PM

16

Page 17: New Technology Diesel Engines - Exhaust Emission Control ... · PDF fileNew Technology Diesel Engines - Exhaust Emission Control and Animal Toxicology Study Dr. John C. Wall Dr. Jacob

100.

2.09 1.94 1.19 0.90 0.15 0.450

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

NTDE: Lower Particulate Emissions

CARB Study: Herner et al., EST 43:5928-5933, 2009,

data from Table 2. Transit Buses: UDDS Test Cycle

TDE

NTDEPe

rce

nt

of

TD

E

17

Page 18: New Technology Diesel Engines - Exhaust Emission Control ... · PDF fileNew Technology Diesel Engines - Exhaust Emission Control and Animal Toxicology Study Dr. John C. Wall Dr. Jacob

3.04

0.13

3.74

0.210.037

0.002

0.53

0.0020

1

2

3

4

5

6

1996

C8.3G

NG

2012

ISL G

NG

1990

6CTA8.3

Diesel

2012

ISL9

Diesel

BS

Em

issi

on

s, (

g/h

p-h

r)Cummins Certification Emissions Levels

Cold/Hot Composite Results over FTP, Negative Test Results Set to Zero,

Deterioration Factor and UAF Applied

NOx

PM x 10

Page 19: New Technology Diesel Engines - Exhaust Emission Control ... · PDF fileNew Technology Diesel Engines - Exhaust Emission Control and Animal Toxicology Study Dr. John C. Wall Dr. Jacob

3.04

0.13

3.74

0.210.037

0.002

0.53

0.0020

1

2

3

4

5

6

1996

C8.3G

NG

2012

ISL G

NG

1990

6CTA8.3

Diesel

2012

ISL9

Diesel

BS

Em

issi

on

s, (

g/h

p-h

r)Cummins Certification Emissions Levels

Cold/Hot Composite Results over FTP, Negative Test Results Set to Zero,

Deterioration Factor and UAF Applied

NOx

PM x 10

2012 CNG 2012 Diesel

Page 20: New Technology Diesel Engines - Exhaust Emission Control ... · PDF fileNew Technology Diesel Engines - Exhaust Emission Control and Animal Toxicology Study Dr. John C. Wall Dr. Jacob

3.04

0.13

3.74

0.210.05

0.1810.037

0.002

0.53

0.002 #N/A 0.0050

1

2

3

4

5

6

1996

C8.3G

NG

2012

ISL G

NG

1990

6CTA8.3

Diesel

2012

ISL9

Diesel

2012

Ford 6.8

Gasoline

2012

GM 6.0

Gasoline

BS

Em

issi

on

s, (

g/h

p-h

r)Cummins and Others - Certification Emissions Levels

Cold/Hot Composite Results over FTP, Negative Test Results Set to Zero,

Deterioration Factor and UAF Applied

NOx

PM x 10

Page 21: New Technology Diesel Engines - Exhaust Emission Control ... · PDF fileNew Technology Diesel Engines - Exhaust Emission Control and Animal Toxicology Study Dr. John C. Wall Dr. Jacob

NTDE: Lower Particulate Numbers

ACES Study: Khalek et al., CRC, 2009.

304

33

3.90

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

TDE NDTE regeneration NDTE no

regeneration

Pa

rtic

les

1e

+1

2/B

HP

-hr

21

Page 22: New Technology Diesel Engines - Exhaust Emission Control ... · PDF fileNew Technology Diesel Engines - Exhaust Emission Control and Animal Toxicology Study Dr. John C. Wall Dr. Jacob

NTDE: Less PM and Composition Very Different

TDE NTDE

100

2

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Re

lati

ve

to

TD

E =

10

0

[Kittelson, 1998] [ACES, 2009]

22

Page 23: New Technology Diesel Engines - Exhaust Emission Control ... · PDF fileNew Technology Diesel Engines - Exhaust Emission Control and Animal Toxicology Study Dr. John C. Wall Dr. Jacob

Pre-Trap Post-Trap

Sulfate/Nitrate

Hydrocarbons (Fuel + Lube derived)

Elemental Carbon + Ash

≥0.1 g/bhp-hr ≤≤≤≤0.01 g/bhp-hr

Particulate Matter Composition Breakdown

Cummins ISM 2007; Liu et al. ,

Aerosol Science and Technology,

43/11: 1142-52 2009

-99%

Mass

Page 24: New Technology Diesel Engines - Exhaust Emission Control ... · PDF fileNew Technology Diesel Engines - Exhaust Emission Control and Animal Toxicology Study Dr. John C. Wall Dr. Jacob

NTDE: Lower Volatile Organic Compound and

Aldehyde Emissions

Hesterberg et al., ES&T 42:6437-45, 2008,

data from Tables 5 & 7: transit bus

5.9

4.3

2.8

2.11.8

0.30.3

2.3

0.2 0.10.4

0.1

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7m

g/m

ile TDE

NTDE

24

Page 25: New Technology Diesel Engines - Exhaust Emission Control ... · PDF fileNew Technology Diesel Engines - Exhaust Emission Control and Animal Toxicology Study Dr. John C. Wall Dr. Jacob

NTDE: Lower Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon

Emissions

Hesterberg et al., ES&T 42:6437-45,

2008, data from Tables 8 & 9: transit bus

720

650

362

22

98

16

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

2-Ring PAHs/10 3-Ring PAHs 4+more -Ring

PAHs

ug

/mil

e

TDE

NTDE

25

Page 26: New Technology Diesel Engines - Exhaust Emission Control ... · PDF fileNew Technology Diesel Engines - Exhaust Emission Control and Animal Toxicology Study Dr. John C. Wall Dr. Jacob

Comprehensive exhaust chemical assays have been published

documenting orders of magnitude reduction in complex

hydrocarbon and nitro-PAH concentrations for NTDE …

Liu, et al. (2010), Atmospheric Environment, 44: 1108-15. 26

Page 27: New Technology Diesel Engines - Exhaust Emission Control ... · PDF fileNew Technology Diesel Engines - Exhaust Emission Control and Animal Toxicology Study Dr. John C. Wall Dr. Jacob

NTDE Reduces Emissions Across a Broad Spectrum of

Compounds

Category Reduction Relative to TDE

Single Ring Aromatics 82%

PAH 79%

Alkanes 85%

Hopanes/Steranes 99%

Alcohols & Organic Acids 81%

Nitro-PAHs 81%

Carbonyls 98%

Inorganic Ions 71%

Metals & Elements 98%

Organic Carbon 96%

Elemental Carbon 99%

Dioxins/Furans 99%

Khalek et al. 2010, Table 627

Page 28: New Technology Diesel Engines - Exhaust Emission Control ... · PDF fileNew Technology Diesel Engines - Exhaust Emission Control and Animal Toxicology Study Dr. John C. Wall Dr. Jacob

Conclusions

• New Technology Diesel Engines, specifically engines

operating on Ultra Low Sulfur Diesel fuel and

employing oxidation catalysts and wall-flow

particulate filters, have fundamentally different

(and significantly better!) exhaust characteristics

than Traditional Diesel Engines

– 99+% reduction in particulate mass

– Chemically different particulate composition

28

Page 29: New Technology Diesel Engines - Exhaust Emission Control ... · PDF fileNew Technology Diesel Engines - Exhaust Emission Control and Animal Toxicology Study Dr. John C. Wall Dr. Jacob

Conclusions

• The best emissions policy and technology come

through effective and deep collaboration between

government regulatory agencies and industry...

29

Page 30: New Technology Diesel Engines - Exhaust Emission Control ... · PDF fileNew Technology Diesel Engines - Exhaust Emission Control and Animal Toxicology Study Dr. John C. Wall Dr. Jacob

2/28/2012 30

Low Initial Cost

Connected and Integrated

Systems

High Performance

Low Maintenance

Low EmissionsFuel Efficient

Reliable and Durable

Low Noise and Emissions

… and Meet the Needs of Our Customers

Page 31: New Technology Diesel Engines - Exhaust Emission Control ... · PDF fileNew Technology Diesel Engines - Exhaust Emission Control and Animal Toxicology Study Dr. John C. Wall Dr. Jacob

Recognize the significant progress we have

made together

31

Regulations

driving

technology

Technology

enabling

regulations

New

Technology

Diesel