new world encounters chapter 1. native american histories before conquest humans occupied part of...
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NEW WORLD ENCOUNTERS
Chapter 1
Native American Histories before Conquest
Humans occupied part of the Western Hemisphere thousands of years before the European discovery of America. Environmental conditions spurred ancient settlement as glaciers moved south and uncovered a ______ __________ connecting Asia and N. America, across which came the Paleo-Indians
Food, climate, culture and especially global warming ended the Ice Age, allowing Native American cultures to expand their populations and where they lived. As food sources changed due to the ____________ Revolution, so did their cultures, and soon they developed semi-agricultural societies of considerable sophistication
Three of those societies included:Cahokia Aztecs Eastern Woodland
Native American city near present day St. Louis.Rivaled European cities in size and sophistication
Complex and successful empire in central Mexico. Tenochtitlan, center of Aztec culture, contained 250,000 inhabitants
formed along the NE Atlantic coast, into the Great Lakes. Diverse and mobile community of hunters, gatherers, and farmers
A World Transformed
N.A. were profoundly changed by contact with Europeans. Some good, mostly bad
Good: Iron tools
Some adopted Christianity
BAD:•Seen as the main obstacles to settlement•European trade goods quickly became a part of N.A. culture, and their efforts to gather furs for trade upset the ecological balance•This also caused increasing tension between tribes as competition increased.•N.A. not killed in battle died as a result of disease brought by Europeans to the Americas
Imagining a New World
Spain France England
•With explorers like Christopher __________ leading the way, Spain established the largest colonial empire in the New World.•The _____________ were independent adventurers that led the Spanish movement in carving out a colonial empire •After initial forays for riches, Spanish government officials brought some order, class and caste distinction, and Catholicism to the empire
•Later, the French, without much support from the Crown, settled parts of North America.•They main trade was that of _______•The French lived and worked more cooperatively with the Native Americans to trade with them as well as convert them to ___________
•Began to venture to North America in the latter 15th c. in search of the mythical _______ __________, a short route to Asia•One reason for the delay was the __________ Reformation, in which Henry VIII broke from the Catholic Church•_________ I settled the religious debate and established the _________ Church•The English conquest of __________ was used as a testing ground for theories of colonial rule
An Unpromising Beginning:Mystery at Roanoke
ROANOKE
Sir Walter Raleigh tried and FAILED
Multiple Choice 1
1. The peopling of America was made possible some 30,000 years ago because of A. a long period of global warming B. the domestication of horses C. new canoe technology D. bitter intertribal wars in Asia E. the onset of the Ice Age
Answer: E
Multiple Choice 2
2. The first migrants to the New World came from A. Western Europe B. Asia C. Africa D. Australia E. Southwest
Answer: B
Multiple Choice # 3
3. Columbus originally was determined to prove that A. A westward water route to China existed B. the world was not flat C. the continents of North and South America
existed D. The lost continent of Atlantis was actually part
of South America E. the world was smaller than scientists believed
at the time
Answer: A
Multiple Choice # 4
4. Geographically, the French claimed and settled A. the southwest B. the Atlantic seaboard C. the Mississippi Valley and Canada D. Brazil E. the Southeast
Answer: C
Multiple Choice # 5
5. What 16th c. European upheaval had a profound impact upon England’s settlement of the New World? A. the Crusades B. the War of the Roses C. the Hundred Years’ War D. the experience of the Marian exiles E. the Reformation
Answer: E
FRQ
Describe the effect of European exploration and colonization on African and Native American cultures. How did each group react to these confrontations of societies?
Although the reasons varied by nation, all European nations’ desires for exploration revolved around three central themes. Those themes were the quest for gold and spices, the desire to spread Christianity, and a desire to utilize new technologies. This then had a huge impact on all three continents. Each continent had negative and positive consequences.
Positive consequences included trading of crops between continents thus stabilizing the diets and nutrition of each continent. Another positive consequence was the exchange of and growth of cultures through diffusion. Negative consequences were African slavery, annihilation of Native American populations and cultures and the damage of two continents’ ecosystems.
New World Experiments:England’s 17th c. colonies
CHESAPEAKE:DREAMS OF WEALTH
Virginia Maryland
Joint Stock company (namely the London Co) built Jamestown.
Experience trouble because of a hostile environment
Saved by John Smith who established military order. London
Co. also sent more people to populate the colony
Tobacco as a commercial crop was the key to eventual success.
House of Burgesses established the first gov’t in the Americas
Sir George Calvert and son Cecilius (the Lords of
Baltimore) acquired a royal charter to set up Maryland
The second Lord Baltimore insisted on religious
toleration
Reinventing England in America
Pilgrims
First went to Holland
Massachusetts Bay Colony
John Winthrop
Democratic Town Meetings
Religious Dissent
Anne Hutchinson/RogerWilliams
New Hampshir
e
Rhode Island
Connecticut
New Haven
Diversity in the Middle Colonies
New York New Jersey Pennsylvania Deleware
•Originally New Netherland•Settled by Dutch, Finns, Swedes, Germans, and Africans•England wrested the colony from the Dutch and renamed it New York•Diverse and huge area-meant bureaucratic problems for the Crown
•Originally a proprietary colony owned by Lord Berkeley & Sir George Cateret•Split when Quakers bought land there•Never really prospered like NY•Struggled with discord and political conflicts
•Quakers settled in Pennsylvania•Quaker theology-everyone possessed an “inner light” that offered salvation•William Penn tried to establish a complex society based on Quaker principles•Colony promoted aggressively welcoming people of all faiths and nationalities
Planting the Carolinas and The Founding of Georgia
Carolinas
Settled by the English
Anthony Ashley Cooper, Earl of Shaftesbury
Wealthy families from Barbados
N. Carolina
S. Carolina
1729
Georgia
Utopian Vision
General James Oglethorpe
Debtors prison from London
Struggled in the early years
Multiple Choice #1
1. Unlike Virginia, Maryland was established A. as a commercial center B. as a frontier outpost to secure the area from the
French C. by French Huguenots D. as a religious sanctuary for persecuted
Catholics from England E. by a commercial trading company
Answer: D
Multiple Choice #2
2. The major difference in the founding of the colony of Georgia was A. it was a royal colony in which the king paid the governor’s
salary B. religious differences between England and its colonists C. an act of aggression and defense from the Spanish D. the colony was not heavily populated by natives E. All of the above were differences between all of the rest of
the colonies and Georgia
Answer: C Georgia became a royal colony after it’s founding. Choice A is not correct because the question asks about the time the colony was founded. When Georgia was founded, it was feared that the Spanish would attach S. Carolina. Carolinians took hold of Spanish land to build that buffer.
Multiple Choice #3
3. The main staple of the Carolinas’ economy by the close of the 17th c. was A. cotton B. rice C. tobacco D. timber E. indigo
Answer: B The geography of S. Carolina was conducive for rice production. However, it did not become a staple until after 1690
Multiple Choice #4
4. The Plymouth Colony was ultimately absorbed by which colony? A. Maryland B. Pennsylvania C. Virginia D. Massachusetts E. Deleware
Answer: D
Multiple Choice #5
5. Anne Hutchinson’s skillful self-defense at her trial before the Bay’s magistrates was ruined by A. her affinity for the dictum of works B. her claim of personal revelation C. her reliance on the Scriptures D. her rejection of free grace E. the fact that she was female
Answer: B The revelation was tantamount to heresy
FRQ
Compare and contrast the English colonies of the Chesapeake with their counterparts at Massachusetts Bay. What were their similarities and their differences?
Massachusetts Bay colonies were established as refuges. The first colonies were refuges from religious persecution in England. Then ultimately, the other colonies were established as refuges from the Bay colonies.
The Chesapeake colonies may have originally been refuges from religious persecution. These colonies established themselves as heterogeneous colonies that led to cultural diversity. This diversity affected the political, cultural and economic development of the colonies
Putting Down Roots:Opportunity and Oppression in Colonial Society
SOCIAL ORDER IN THE 17TH C.
Early settlers Town and Church
Women Colonials
•Grouped into families-more stable base•Population grew-increase in human longevity•Open spaces/pure drinking water/cool climate helped retard the spread of disease and promoted good health
•Family foundation
•Family was also the basis for educating children
•As towns grew, they were required to open schools supported by local taxes
•Lacked economic, political and legal rights
•Contributions were essential for a successful household
•Worked on family farms and managed the home
•Social groups:•Economic groups:
•Provincial gentry
•Yeoman
•Indentured servants
•Most northern colonists were YEOMAN farmers
The Challenge of the Chesapeake Environment
Family Life Economy
•Not favorable for survival
•Contagious disease & contaminated drinking water
•Most colonists arrived alone
•Imbalance between the number of men and women
•Childbearing was extremely dangerous
•Tobacco shaped society
•Great planters controlled estates and the labor of indentured servants or slaves
•Freeman formed the largest class
•Cities/towns slow to develop
•Social mobility hard to attain
Race and Freedom in British America
Africans
11 million
Thought to be barbarous and
heathensWhites drew up
slave codes African response-developed their own
unique African American culture
Creole
Rise of a commercial empire
MercantilismRegulatory
policy-increase exports, decrease
imports, and grow richer at the expense of
other European
states
Navigation Acts (beginning in 1660)
Board of Trade
Oversee colonial affairs
Limit competition
Shipping guidelines and a list of enumerated goods that could flow
from the colonies to England
Colonial Factions spark political revolt, 1675-1691
Bacon’s Rebellion
(1676)
King Philip’s War (1675)
Salem Witch Trials (1692)
The Glorious Revolution Jacob Leisler John Coode
Multiple Choice #1
1. In _________, charges of witchcraft caused considerable turmoil in the late 17th c. A. Salem B. London C. Dedham D. Boston E. New York
Answer: A
Multiple Choice #2
2. Puritans viewed which of the following as essential to their New England commonwealth? A. strict adherence to personal hygiene measures B. a flexible form of colonial administration C. a healthy family life D. the rapid creation of an urban society in New
England E. honest public officials
Answer: C
Multiple Choice #3
3. In 1647, the Massachusetts legislature ordered all townships with 15 or more families to ______ and support with local taxes A. provide police services B. establish fire departments C. hire a doctor D. elect a mayor E. open an elementary school
Answer: E
Multiple Choice #4
4. The most important difference between the New England and Chesapeake colonies was A. found in their different forms of agricultural production B. the Chesapeake’s much higher mortality rate C. based on the differences between their respective
proprietors D. the Chesapeake’s much greater emphasis on the family E. their different religions
Answer: B All of the answers are plausibly correct. However, the key phrase in this question is “most important difference” The mortality rate retarded the growth of the Chesapeake Bay region.
Multiple Choice # 5
5. British authorities based their colonial commercial policies on the theory of A. feudalism B. monopolism C. federalism D. mercantilism E. republicanism
Answer: D
FRQ
Compare and contrast social and economic life in 17th c New England with that of the Chesapeake colonies
New England social and economic life centered around the concept of church first. Once the religious obligation goes away, the individual is safe. The resources in this region really affect this idea. These colonies also have difficulties because of the homogeneous nature. When someone objects the person becomes ostracized.
The heterogeneous nature of the Chesapeake colonies allow for worship as one sees fit. This then enhances a viable economy.
Experience of Empire18th century America
Scotch-Irish Germans Convicts Native Americans
•Arrived in great numbers in the 18th c
•Many were more interested in improving their lot rather than finding religious freedom (think of “Joseph” in Far and Away)
•They combined the 2nd largest group of non-English settlers
•First came for religious toleration
•then soon came for material gains
•Mostly settled in the middle colonies, especially Pennsylvania
•Comprised a large group of immigrants
•Between 1715 and 1775, some 50000 convicts were shipped to America from Britain to be employed as indentured servants
•Migrated to the western backcountry and joined existing confederacies of Indian tribes
•The Indians interacted, traded and compromised with Europeans as much as possible
Spanish borderlands of the 18th c
What happened
?! •Spanish outposts in North America grew very slowly
• Spanish colonials exploited and enslaved Native Americans
• Settlements lacked the resources for sustained growth
Impact of European ideas on American culture
Urban Populations
remained small, but grew quickly. American cities
were trading ports
Americans accepted and
followed many of the ideals of the
European Enlightenment
Ben Franklin was the true 18th c
American rep. He became the symbol
of material progress
Economic Transformation
England remained the most important trading partner for
the colonies
American indeptedness
increased dramatically after
1690 after Americans
imported far more commodities than
before.
Religious Revivals in Provincial Societies
The Great Awakening had a profound impact in colonial America and cause colonists to rethink their basic assumptions about church and state institutions
It brought a profound infusion of evangelical exhortations and revival spirit
Preachers like ________ and __________ vividly depicted the horrors of hell to captivated audiences in an effort to restore religious vitality. The movement swept the colonies through the work of
_________ preachers
Clash of political cultures
English American
•Divided political power between the monarch and his council of advisors
•Two chamber Parliament, each group providing a “check” on the ambitions of the others
•Reality: vulnerable to corruption
•Commonwealthmen observed that many of England’s rulers were corrupt and institutions were no longer in balance
•Colonists attempted to recreate British-style institutions
•Legislative assemblies helped offset the ineptitude of royal governors
•Colonial assemblies were often aggressive in asserting power, as they fought to protect the rights of American colonists
Century of Imperial War
King William’s
and Queen Anne’s Wars
The Seven Years’ War
Ben Franklin-Albany Plan
King George’s
WarResulted in little change in territorial control
Revealed the capability of America colonial forces in waging war against the French
Proposed a most ambitious plan for common colonial defense and western expansion
Showdown for N.American supremacy 1756-1760. English prevailed
Multiple choice #1
1. The largest group of white, non-English immigrants to the colonies were A. the Dutch B. the Germans C. the Swedish D. the Scotch-Irish E. the French
Answer: D
Multiple Choice #2
2. _________ was the most important embodiment of the Enlightenment in America. A. Jonathan Edwards B. Ben Franklin C. John Locke D. Isaac Newton E. Thomas Jefferson
Answer: B
Multiple Choice #3
3. Which of the following wars between England and France had the greatest political and economic impact on colonial America? A. King William’s War B. Queen Anne’s War C. King George’s War D. the Seven Years’ War E. the War of the League of Augsburg
Answer: D
Multiple Choice #4
4. What did the Great Awakening, intercolonial trade, and the rise of the colonial assemblies have in common? A. they created disdain for England B. they created a rebellious spirit in America C. they exacerbated the problems of an already divided
citizenry D. they helped create imperial rivalry between England
and France E. they all contributed to a growing sense of shared
identity among the colonists
Answer: E
Multiple Choice #5
5. ________ was responsible for authoring the Albany Plan A. Ben Franklin B. Jonathan Edwards C. John Locke D. Isaac Newton E. Thomas Jefferson
Answer: A
FRQ
Discuss the ways that the Anglo-American economic relationship changed during the 18th century. Further, discuss what impact those changes had upon the colonial economy
The American Revolution: From Elite Protestto popular revolt, 1763-1783
Supreme Authority: King George III, and Parliament
“No Taxation without Representation” became the American motto while seeking freedom from England’s
revenue taxation
American ideology: heavy religious and moral components based on the Great Awakening and John Locke
Eroding the Bonds of Empire
Grenville insisted
Amer pay for Brit troops
Steps toward Independence
Coercive Acts
Continental Congress-55
American delegates
Shots heard “round the
world”
Lexington Concord
A Second Continental Congress
(1775) Thomas Paine
“Common Sense”
American English
1776-George Washington’s army suffered serious defeats in NY and NJ
1778-dug in at Valley Forge American colonists dug in again
and won a final victory in Yorktown
American peace delegation (B. Franklin, J Adams, J. Jay) would negotiate a very successful treaty gaining independence, favorable boundaries and important fishing rights
1777-Burgoyne’s army fell in Saratoga, persuading the French to offer an alliance with America
British Southern strategy let loose a fury
Loyalists-those colonists still loyal to the crown would bring social disorder
Fighting for Independence
Multiple Choice #1
1. England passed the Coercive Acts in response to A. the colonial boycott of the Stamp Act B. the American victory at Saratoga C. the Boston Tea Party D. the Declaratory Act E. the Tea act
Answer: C
Multiple Choice #2
2. The tensions leading to the Boston Massacre were caused by A. widespread British murders of American
leaders B. Parliament’s repeal of the Stamp Act C. the Boston Tea party D. the presence of several thousand British
soldiers in Boston E. anger at Charles Townshend
Answer: D
Multiple Choice #3
3. The pamphlet, _________, presented justification to Americans for their break with Great Britain A. Common Sense B. The Prince C. the Declaration of the Rights of Man D. Treatise on Government E. American Crisis
Answer: A
Multiple Choice #4
4. The American victory that brought about the French alliance occurred at A. Trenton B. Yorktown C. Breed’s Hill D. Philadelphia E. Saratoga
Answer: E
Multiple Choice #5
5. The radical American group which first emerged during the Stamp Act crisis was known as A. the Loyalists B. the Federalists C. the Democratic Republicans D. the Sons of Liberty E. Oliver’s Raiders
Answer: D
FRQ
Discuss the relationship between England’s internal political problems and the loss of its colonial empire in America.