New York Neighborhoods - Addressing Sustainable City Principles

Raymond Charles Rauscher

New York Neighborhoods - Addressing Sustainable City Principles

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ISBN 978-3-319-60479-4 ISBN 978-3-319-60480-0 (eBook)DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-60480-0

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Raymond Charles RauscherSchool of Environmental & Life SciencesUniversity of NewcastleEast Gosford, NSW, Australia

Nine New Yorkers from the past (born overseas and many moving to America via Ellis Island, New York) have been selected to dedicate this book to. These immigrants left legacies in New York neighborhoods (subject of this book) and elsewhere across America and overseas. These include (Plate 1) in chronological birth order (and contribution field) Jacob Riis (1849–1914) (muckraking journalist), Irene Bordoni (1885–1953) (film actress), Father Flanagan (1886–1948) (social reformer priest), Irving Berlin (1888–1989) (composer), Anna Nilsson (1888–1974) (silent movie star), Ezio Pinza (1892–1957) (opera singer), Frank Capra (1897–1991) (film director), Claudette Colbert (1903–1996) (box-office star), and Max Dimont (1912–1992) (historian and author). A brief comment on each of these New Yorkers follows (Wikipedia) (2017).

Jacob August Riis was a Danish American social reformer, muckraking journalist, and social documentary photographer. He endorsed the implementation of “model tenements” in New York with the help of

Plate I Significant immigrants to New York (Source Wikipedia 2017)

humanitarian Lawrence Veiller. While living in New York, Riis experienced poverty and became a police reporter writing about the quality of life in the slums. He attempted to alleviate the bad living conditions of poor people by exposing their living conditions to the middle and upper classes.

Irene Bordoni was a Corsican French singer and a Broadway and film actress. Bordoni made her Broadway debut in a Shubert brothers production of Broadway to Paris. In 1920 her “captivating voice and presence” graced As You Were at the Central Theatre.Father Flanagan was a social reformer (a priest ordained in 1912) who studied at St. Joseph’s Seminary in Dunwoodie, New York. Flanagan established Boys Town, ten miles west of Omaha, in 1921. Under Father Flanagan’s direction, Boys Town grew to be a large community.

Irving Berlin (born Israel Isidore Berlin) was an American composer and lyricist of Russian Jewish origin (born in Tyumen, Russian Empire). Widely considered one of the greatest songwriters in American history, his music forms a great part of the Great American Songbook. He published his first song, Marie from Sunny Italy, in 1907 and had his first major international hit, Alexander’s Ragtime Band, in 1911.

Anna Quirentia Nilsson was a Swedish-born American actress who achieved success as an American silent movie star.

Ezio Pinza was an Italian opera singer. A bass with a rich, smooth, and sonorous voice, he spent 22 seasons at New York’s Metropolitan Opera, appearing in more than 750 performances of 50 operas. After retiring from the Met in 1948, Pinza enjoyed a fresh career on Broadway in the musical theater and also appeared in several Hollywood films.

Frank Russell Capra was an Italian-born American film director, producer, and writer who became the creative force behind some of the major award-winning films of the 1930s and 1940s. His rags-to-riches story has led film historians such as Ian Freer to consider him the American dream personified.

Claudette Colbert was a French-born American actress and a leading lady for two decades. Colbert began her career in Broadway Productions during the 1920s, progressing to film with the advent of talking pictures. During her career, Colbert starred in more than 60 movies. She was the industry’s biggest box-office star in 1938 and 1942.

Max I. Dimont was a Finnish American historian and author. He taught himself the English language by reading Shakespeare, the King James Version of the Bible, and American plays. In 1962, he published Jews, God, and History, which received critical acclaim and has sold over a million and a half copies. The Los Angeles Times has praised the book as unquestionably the best popular history of the Jews written in the English language.

There are many other people who have left legacies contributing in some way to the strength of American neighborhoods. Change in these neighborhoods has been constant over the years, thus challenging citizens, administrations, and elected officials in urban planning. Each chapter is thus dedicated to one of these individuals (geographical area or neighborhood as addressed in the book in brackets). This is followed by a biographical note on each person:Chapter 1: Gore, 45th vice president of America and environmental educator (global)Chapter 2: Lenapes, Native American tribe of New York (New York City)Chapter 3: George Gershwin, American composer and pianist (Lower East Side)Chapter 4: Jane Jacobs, urban author and activist (Greenwich Village)Chapter 5: James Cagney, actor (Hell’s Kitchen)Chapter 6: Robert Fulton, inventor (DUMBO)Chapter 7: John Jay, a founding father of America (Brooklyn Downtown)Chapter 8: Henry Miller, author (Greenpoint)Chapter 9: Maria Callas, singer (Astoria)Chapter 10: Victor Frederick Moore, actor on stage and screen (Jackson Heights)Chapter 11: Sonam Dolma Brauen, artist (Long Island City)

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Book Abstract

This book examines neighborhoods of New York City (herein called New York) to determine the extent planning in New York addresses Sustainable City Principles (SCPs). Part I looks at the background to planning urban areas in the face of global urban changes. These changes (i.e., population movements and densification of cit-ies) are placing pressures on cities worldwide. Firstly, Chap. 1 provides a back-ground to these global pressures (i.e., population growth) and their implications. The chapter firstly looks at nine futurists’ views (1800s–2017) on urban changes. Reviewing aspects of these changes, US population and immigration planning (reflecting global pressures) are then examined. Finally, US growth and its impact on New York are addressed. Chapter 2 looks closer at New York planning and introduces Sustainable City Principles (SCPs). The chapter starts by examining views of nine urban theorists (following the futurists) and their contributions to neighborhood planning. With this background, the planning tools the city council uses are reviewed. Three SCPs are then selected to be addressed in examining New York neighborhoods. These SCPs are (1) Heritage Protection, (2) Housing Provision, and (3) Open Spaces Allocation. Nine New York neighborhoods are then selected (to be examined in subsequent chapters) as follows (by borough): Manhattan (Lower East Side, Greenwich Village, and Hell’s Kitchen), Brooklyn (DUMBO, Brooklyn Downtown, and Greenpoint), and Queens (Astoria, Jackson Heights, and Long Island City).

Part II introduces the selected neighborhoods within Manhattan and examines the extent planning of these neighborhoods addresses SCPs (Chaps. 3, 4 and 5). For each chapter, firstly, a neighborhood background is provided, and results of the author’s field survey are reviewed. The three SCPs are then examined in the context of the current development of that neighborhood. The needs and issues of the neigh-borhood are then assessed, using the local community district board’s annual report on needs of the neighborhood. One current major development project within the neighborhood is then selected to assess the extent the development addresses the three SCPs. Conclusions are drawn at the end of the chapter on the extent that plan-ning of that neighborhood addresses these SCPs (thus a measure of sustainability of the neighborhood). Part III examines (as in earlier chapters) the selected

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neighborhoods within Brooklyn to determine the extent planning of those neighbor-hoods addresses the SCPs (Chaps. 6, 7 and 8). Part IV examines the last three neighborhoods (within Queens (Chaps. 9, 10 and 11). Part V examines conclu-sions reached (Chap. 12) from examining the nine neighborhoods. These conclu-sions are used to determine the extent that the city council (and the community) are addressing SCPs in planning neighborhoods. The chapter also comments on the implications of these conclusions for New York neighborhood planning. Finally, lessons learned from these conclusions are assessed for their relevance to planning neighborhoods anywhere in the world.

Book Abstract

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Acknowledgments

I acknowledge firstly the contributions of residents and government workers of New York City. Thanks to the elected members of the city, state, and federal govern-ments, representing the New York neighborhoods researched in the book. Special thanks to the 109th mayor of New York, Bill De Blasio, and Brooklyn borough president, Eric Adams, for giving their offices’ assistance at the time of research/fieldwork (late 2014). On the university side, thanks for the consistent support and professional advice from Associate Professor Salim Momtaz (School of Environmental and Life Sciences) (SELS) at the University of Newcastle, Australia. Dr. Momtaz assisted in early collaboration with the book’s structure and methodol-ogy. A thank-you also to SELS’s (Ourimbah campus) secretarial assistance: Pam Steenkamp, Nicole Day, and Fiona Adams. Thanks also to Senior Lecturer Darren McKay (Faculty of Law and Economics, University of Newcastle) for assisting with New York affordable housing and land value capture (LVC) theory and practice. Thanks to town planners who contributed comments on the book structure, includ-ing Bob Abnett, Rolf Fenner, and David Holland. Likewise, draft proofreaders are also thanked (a–z): Guy Caruana, John Desborough, and Phil Stroud.

I also wish to thank New York-based organizations (a–z): American Institute of Architects (AIA); American Planning Institute (API); Henry George Society, NYC; and Libraries of Brooklyn, Manhattan, and Queens. On the book consultation side (a–z), I thank the Habitat Association for Arts and Environment Inc. (HAAE): Margaret O’Toole (who assisted with the layout and in reading final proofs), Ruth Dickson, David Holland, Diane Rauscher, and Kevin Armstrong. Thanks also to book supporters: Susan Ferrandiz (historian, Portersville, Pennsylvania); Joyce, Richard, and Richard Martin Jr.; Anna and Kevin Rochford (Brooklyn); and Maree and Michael Wheelahan (and Hugo and Portia). Finally, I hope the book makes a contribution toward planning sustainable neighborhoods in New York and in cities anywhere (especially in addressing global change implications for those cities).

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Contents

Part I Global Urban Change

1 Global Changes and Implications for Cities ......................................... 3 1.1 Global Urban Changes ................................................................... 4 1.2 Futurists and Global Urban Changes ............................................. 7 1.3 United States Cities – Population and Immigration ...................... 10 1.4 New York as a Global City ............................................................. 14 1.5 Summary ........................................................................................ 20 References ................................................................................................. 21

2 New York and Sustainable City Principles ........................................... 23 2.1 Urban Theorists and Planning Cities ............................................. 24 2.2 Planning New York ........................................................................ 28 2.3 Sustainable City Principles and Neighborhoods ............................ 32 2.3.1 Heritage Protection .......................................................... 33 2.3.2 Housing Provision ........................................................... 34 2.3.3 Open Spaces Allocation................................................... 40 2.4 Selecting Case Study Neighborhoods ............................................ 42 2.5 Summary ........................................................................................ 43 References ................................................................................................. 43

Part II Manhattan Neighborhoods and Sustainable City Principles

3 Lower East Side and Sustainable City Principles ................................ 47 3.1 Background to Lower East Side .................................................... 48 3.2 Survey of Lower East Side ............................................................ 51 3.3 Sustainable City Principles and Development

of the Lower East Side ................................................................... 53 3.4 District Needs and Issues ............................................................... 59 3.5 Case Study – Seward Park Urban Renewal Area ........................... 61 3.5.1 Heritage Protection .......................................................... 64 3.5.2 Housing Provision ........................................................... 64

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3.5.3 Open Spaces Allocation................................................... 65 3.5.4 Findings ........................................................................... 65 3.6 Conclusions .................................................................................... 66 3.7 Summary ........................................................................................ 67 Addendum 3.1: Key Needs and Issues Within Manhattan

Community District 3 Statement of Needs Report Fiscal Year 2017 ........ 67 References ................................................................................................. 68

4 Greenwich Village and Sustainable City Principles ............................. 69 4.1 Background to Greenwich Village ................................................. 70 4.2 Survey of Greenwich Village ......................................................... 72 4.3 Sustainable City Principles and Development

of Greenwich Village ..................................................................... 74 4.4 District Needs and Issues ............................................................... 78 4.5 Case Study – Hudson Square Redevelopment ............................... 81 4.5.1 Heritage Protection .......................................................... 82 4.5.2 Housing Provision ........................................................... 83 4.5.3 Open Spaces Allocation................................................... 83 4.5.4 Findings ........................................................................... 84 4.6 Conclusions .................................................................................... 84 4.7 Summary ........................................................................................ 85 Addendum 4.1: Key Needs and Issues of Manhattan Community

District 2 Statement of Needs Report Fiscal Year 2017 ............................ 85 References ................................................................................................. 86

5 Hell’s Kitchen and Sustainable City Principles ................................... 87 5.1 Background to Hell’s Kitchen ....................................................... 88 5.2 Survey of Hell’s Kitchen ................................................................ 90 5.3 Sustainable City Principles and Development

of Hell’s Kitchen ............................................................................ 92 5.4 District Needs and Issues ............................................................... 95 5.5 Case Study – Hudson Yards Redevelopment ................................. 97 5.5.1 Heritage Protection .......................................................... 99 5.5.2 Housing Provision ........................................................... 100 5.5.3 Open Spaces Allocation................................................... 100 5.5.4 Findings ........................................................................... 101 5.6 Conclusions .................................................................................... 101 5.7 Summary ........................................................................................ 102 Addendum 5.1: Key Needs and Issues Within Manhattan Community

District 4 Statement of Needs Report Fiscal Year 2017 ............................ 102 References ................................................................................................. 103

Part III Brooklyn Neighborhoods and Sustainable City Principles

6 DUMBO and Sustainable City Principles............................................. 107 6.1 Background to DUMBO ................................................................ 108 6.2 Survey of DUMBO ........................................................................ 110

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6.3 Sustainable City Principles and Development of DUMBO ........... 112 6.4 District Needs and Issues ............................................................... 114 6.5 Case Study – East River Foreshores Redevelopment .................... 116 6.5.1 Heritage Protection .......................................................... 117 6.5.2 Housing Provision ........................................................... 117 6.5.3 Open Spaces Allocation................................................... 118 6.5.4 Findings ........................................................................... 119 6.6 Conclusions .................................................................................... 120 6.7 Summary ........................................................................................ 120 Addendum 6.1: Key Needs and Issues Within Brooklyn Community

District 2 Statement of Needs Report Fiscal Year 2017 ............................ 121 References ................................................................................................. 122

7 Brooklyn Downtown and Sustainable City Principles ......................... 123 7.1 Background to Brooklyn Downtown ............................................. 124 7.2 Survey of Brooklyn Downtown ..................................................... 126 7.3 Sustainable City Principles and Development

Brooklyn Downtown ...................................................................... 128 7.4 District Needs and Issues ............................................................... 132 7.5 Case Study – Urban Corridor Redevelopment............................... 133 7.5.1 Heritage Protection .......................................................... 135 7.5.2 Housing Provision ........................................................... 135 7.5.3 Open Spaces Allocation................................................... 137 7.5.4 Findings ........................................................................... 138 7.6 Conclusions .................................................................................... 138 7.7 Summary ........................................................................................ 139 Addendum 7.1: Key Needs and Issues Within Brooklyn Community

District 2 Statement of Needs Report Fiscal Year 2017 (2015) ................ 139 References ................................................................................................. 140

8 Greenpoint and Sustainable City Principles ........................................ 141 8.1 Background to Greenpoint ............................................................. 142 8.2 Survey of Greenpoint ..................................................................... 145 8.3 Sustainable City Principles and Development of Greenpoint........ 146 8.4 District Needs and Issues ............................................................... 148 8.5 Case Study – Foreshore Zone Redevelopment .............................. 150 8.5.1 Heritage Protection .......................................................... 151 8.5.2 Housing Provision ........................................................... 152 8.5.3 Open Spaces Allocation................................................... 153 8.5.4 Findings ........................................................................... 154 8.6 Conclusions .................................................................................... 154 8.7 Summary ........................................................................................ 154 Addendum 8.1: Key Needs and Issues Within Brooklyn Community

District 1 Statement of Needs Report Fiscal Year 2017 ............................ 155 References ................................................................................................. 156

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Part IV Queens Neighborhoods and Sustainable City Principles

9 Astoria and Sustainable City Principles ............................................... 159 9.1 Background to Astoria ................................................................... 160 9.2 Survey of Astoria ........................................................................... 164 9.3 Sustainable City Principles (SCPs) and Development

of Astoria ....................................................................................... 165 9.4 District Needs and Issues ............................................................... 168 9.5 Case Study – Astoria Cove and Hallets Point

Redevelopments ............................................................................. 169 9.5.1 Heritage Protection .......................................................... 172 9.5.2 Housing Provision ........................................................... 172 9.5.3 Open Spaces Allocation................................................... 172 9.5.4 Findings ........................................................................... 173 9.6 Conclusions .................................................................................... 174 9.7 Summary ........................................................................................ 174 Addendum 9.1: Key Needs and Issues Within Queens Community

District 1 Statement of Needs Report Fiscal Year 2017 ............................ 174 Reference .................................................................................................. 175

10 Jackson Heights and Sustainable City Principles ................................ 177 10.1 Background to Jackson Heights ..................................................... 178 10.2 Survey of Jackson Heights ............................................................. 180 10.3 Sustainable City Principles and Development

of Jackson Heights ......................................................................... 182 10.4 District Needs and Issues ............................................................... 187 10.5 Case Study – Renewal of Residential Precincts ............................ 188 10.5.1 Heritage Protection .......................................................... 189 10.5.2 Housing Provision ........................................................... 189 10.5.3 Open Spaces Allocation................................................... 191 10.5.4 Findings ........................................................................... 192 10.6 Conclusions .................................................................................... 194 10.7 Summary ........................................................................................ 194 Addendum 10.1: Key Needs and Issues Within Queens Community

District 3 Statement of Needs Report Fiscal Year 2017 ............................ 195 References ................................................................................................. 196

11 Long Island City and Sustainable City Principles ............................... 197 11.1 Background to Long Island City .................................................... 198 11.2 Survey of Long Island City ............................................................ 199 11.3 Sustainable City Principles and Development of LIC ................... 201 11.4 District Needs and Issues ............................................................... 204 11.5 Case Study – Hunters Point Redevelopment ................................. 206 11.5.1 Heritage Protection .......................................................... 207 11.5.2 Housing Provision ........................................................... 207 11.5.3 Open Spaces Allocation................................................... 211 11.5.4 Findings ........................................................................... 212

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11.6 Conclusions .................................................................................... 212 11.7 Summary ........................................................................................ 212 Addendum 11.1: Key Needs and Issues Within Queens Community

District 2 Statement of Needs Report Fiscal Year 2017 ............................ 213 Reference .................................................................................................. 214

Part V Conclusions and Future Directions

12 Directions for Planning Sustainable Cities and Neighborhoods ......... 217 12.1 Introduction .................................................................................... 217 12.2 Conclusions on Sustainable Cities Principles

and New York ................................................................................ 218 12.2.1 Heritage Protection .......................................................... 219 12.2.2 Housing Provision ........................................................... 221 12.2.3 Open Spaces Allocation................................................... 224 12.2.4 Conclusions ..................................................................... 226 12.3 Lessons Learned – New York and Sustainable City Principles ..... 226 12.4 Addressing Sustainable City Principles in Any City ..................... 228 12.5 Summary ........................................................................................ 232

Appendices ....................................................................................................... 233 Appendix 1: New York Planning Guidelines Information Boxes ............. 233 Appendix 2: Sample Key New York Developments

and Case Study Redevelopments by Neighborhood ................................. 241 Appendix 3: Sample Neighborhood Historic Districts

and Heritage Areas by Neighborhood ....................................................... 242 Appendix 4: Web Sites – Sustainable Cities Principles ............................ 243

Post Script ........................................................................................................ 245

Glossary ........................................................................................................... 247

Contents

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Author Biography

Raymond Charles Rauscher is a conjoint lecturer at the University of Newcastle, Australia, and a director of the Habitat Association for Arts and Environment Inc. Ray was born in Brooklyn, New York City (1943), and graduated from the City College of New  York (Bachelor of Engineering (Civil) (1966)). He later completed part one of a master’s degree at the University of Michigan (research on Detroit entitled A Solution to the Urban Crisis: Proposal for the Creation of Region Serving New Cities (unpublished 1969)). His Master of Town and Country Planning degree was completed at the University of Sydney (1971), includ-ing a thesis Community Response to a Redevelopment

Proposal (Sydney) (University of Sydney Library Microfilm Department 1971). The thesis covered planning conflicts in Erskineville (Sydney) and a framework to resolve urban planning conflicts. Delving into the subject of sustainable urban plan-ning (SUP), Ray completed a PhD (2009) at the University of Newcastle, Australia.

Following further research, Ray published Sustainable Communities: A Framework for Planning (Springer 2014). Moving to address urban renewal, Ray completed research and published Brooklyn’s Bushwick  – Urban Renewal in New  York, USA (Springer 2014). Researching further, Ray then examined urban planning (from the 1970s) in inner city neighborhoods of Sydney, publishing Sustainable Neighborhoods in Australia: City of Sydney Urban Change (Springer 2015). Moving from the inner city planning, Ray then researched how cities were coping with today’s impacts of global changes (i.e., population and environmental impacts) and published Cities in Global Transition: Creating Sustainable Communities in Australia (Springer 2016). The instance of these global impacts on neighborhoods led Ray to commence research on the extent that cities, in planning

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neighborhoods, address Sustainable City Principles. On further researching this question (and completing fieldwork over nine New York neighborhoods in 2014), Ray completed this book (New York Neighborhoods – Addressing Sustainable City Principles). Ray would appreciate hearing from any reader on his/her views on planning neighborhoods and cities (New York or anywhere) (ray.r@idl.net.au).

Author Biography

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List of Abbreviations

197-a New York City community planning charterBID Business improvement districtCCP Cities for Climate ProtectionESD Ecologically sustainable developmentICLEI International Council for Local Environmental InitiativesLA21 Local Agenda 21NGO Nongovernment organizationNYC New York CityPlaNYC New York City’s prime planning documentSCPs Sustainable City PrinciplesSUP Sustainable urban planningUN United NationsUNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural OrganizationZQA Zoning questions answered

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List of Addendums

Addendum 3.1 Key Needs and Issues Within Manhattan Community District 3 Statement of Needs Report Fiscal Year 2017 ....... 67

Addendum 4.1 Key Needs and Issues of Manhattan Community District 2 Statement of Needs Report Fiscal Year 2017 ....... 85

Addendum 5.1 Key Needs and Issues Within Manhattan Community District 4 Statement of Needs Report Fiscal Year 2017 ................................................................... 102

Addendum 6.1 Key Needs and Issues Within Brooklyn Community District 2 Statement of Needs Report Fiscal Year 2017 ................................................................... 121

Addendum 7.1 Key Needs and Issues Within Brooklyn Community District 2 Statement of Needs Report Fiscal Year 2017 (2015) ....................................................... 139

Addendum 8.1 Key Needs and Issues Within Brooklyn Community District 1 Statement of Needs Report Fiscal Year 2017 ................................................................... 155

Addendum 9.1 Key Needs and Issues Within Queens Community District 1 Statement of Needs Report Fiscal Year 2017 ................................................................... 174

Addendum 10.1 Key Needs and Issues Within Queens Community District 3 Statement of Needs Report Fiscal Year 2017 ....................................................... 195

Addendum 11.1 Key Needs and Issues Within Queens Community District 2 Statement of Needs Report Fiscal Year 2017 ................................................................... 213

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List of Plates

Plate I Significant immigrants to New York ........................................... vi

Plate 1.1 Al Gore, United State Vice President (1993–2001) .................... 4Plate 1.2 Futurists’ profiles ........................................................................ 8Plate 1.3 New York state in context of the United States .......................... 14Plate 1.4 New York early development 1876. Left to right

Manhattan; and Growth of Brooklyn and Queens ...................... 15Plate 1.5 New York in context of New York state ...................................... 16Plate 1.6 New York and Long Island in Tri-state context .......................... 16Plate 1.7 Greater New York by counties .................................................... 17Plate 1.8 New York central commercial core ............................................. 17Plate 1.9 New York geography .................................................................. 19Plate 1.10 New York Aerial view ................................................................. 19Plate 1.11 New York showing neighborhoods by second

spoken language .......................................................................... 20

Plate 2.1 Lenape’s Jennie Bobb and her daughter Nellie Longhat 1915 ................................................................... 24

Plate 2.2 Urban theorists’ profiles .............................................................. 25Plate 2.3 Early public housing areas .......................................................... 35Plate 2.4 New York public housing sites.................................................... 36Plate 2.5 Long Island city proposed public housing renewal .................... 38Plate 2.6 New York new public housing visions ........................................ 39Plate 2.7 Gowanus Canal and Red Hook, Brooklyn .................................. 41Plate 2.8 Red Hook – older neighborhood ................................................. 41Plate 2.9 Red Hook redevelopment proposals ........................................... 42

Plate II Manhattan Borough and Districts ............................................... 46

Plate 3.1 George Gershwin ........................................................................ 48Plate 3.2 Lower East Side geography. Left to right: Lower

Manhattan; and, proposed open space corridor along East River .......................................................................... 49

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Plate 3.3 Lower East Side maps. Left to right Location in Lower Manhattan; and street layout ....................................... 49

Plate 3.4 Lower East Side early times. Left to right scene in 1900s; and, street in 1930s ...................................................... 50

Plate 3.5 Lower East Side streets. Left to right: Aerial view early 2000s; map of streets; and, density of development ............................................................................ 51

Plate 3.6 Survey of Lower East Side .......................................................... 52Plate 3.7 East village/Lower East Side heritage protection.

Left to right east village/LES historic district; and, Delancey St Heritage Area .......................................................... 53

Plate 3.8 Public housing in Lower East Side ............................................. 55Plate 3.9 Superblock developments at East River ...................................... 57Plate 3.10 Two bridges neighborhood and development ............................. 58Plate 3.11 Manhattan District 3 (including Lower East Side) ..................... 59Plate 3.12 Seward Park urban renewal area project plan ............................. 62Plate 3.13 Seward Park urban renewal area and Essex crossing .................. 62Plate 3.14 Seward Park urban renewal area details ...................................... 65Plate 3.15 Proposed new open spaces SPURA project ................................ 66

Plate 4.1 Jane Jacobs .................................................................................. 70Plate 4.2 Greenwich village streets. Left to right: village position

in Lower Manhattan; and, street patterns .................................... 71Plate 4.3 Phases of Greenwich village history ........................................... 71Plate 4.4 Survey of Greenwich village ....................................................... 73Plate 4.5 Greenwich village heritage profile .............................................. 75Plate 4.6 Greenwich village older housing ................................................ 76Plate 4.7 NYU expansion program ............................................................ 77Plate 4.8 Manhattan District 2 and Greenwich village .............................. 79Plate 4.9 Hudson square redevelopment site ............................................. 81Plate 4.10 Hudson square redevelopment area projects ............................... 82Plate 4.11 Hudson square rezoning and plans ............................................. 82Plate 4.12 Hudson square older housing ...................................................... 83Plate 4.13 Hudson square proposed foreshore open space .......................... 84

Plate 5.1 James Cagney .............................................................................. 88Plate 5.2 Hell’s Kitchen neighborhood ...................................................... 89Plate 5.3 Protecting heritage of Hell’s Kitchen .......................................... 89Plate 5.4 Survey of Hell’s Kitchen ............................................................. 91Plate 5.5 Hell’s Kitchen housing developments ......................................... 92Plate 5.6 Sample current developments ..................................................... 93Plate 5.7 Hell’s Kitchen bold developments .............................................. 94Plate 5.8 Manhattan Community District 4 ............................................... 95Plate 5.9 Hudson Yards project .................................................................. 98Plate 5.10 Hudson Yards project plans ......................................................... 99

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Plate 5.11 Hudson Yards project early stages .............................................. 99Plate 5.12 Hudson Yards open space concepts ............................................. 100

Plate III Brooklyn Borough and Districts ................................................. 106

Plate 6.1 Robert Fulton .............................................................................. 108Plate 6.2 DUMBO and Brooklyn downtown maps .................................... 109Plate 6.3 DUMBO viewed over time ......................................................... 110Plate 6.4 Survey of DUMBO ..................................................................... 111Plate 6.5 Dumbo historic district ............................................................... 112Plate 6.6 DUMBO, Brooklyn downtown, and Manhattan ......................... 114Plate 6.7 DUMBO and East River ............................................................. 117Plate 6.8 DUMBO renewal of housing ...................................................... 118Plate 6.9 DUMBO foreshores and development ........................................ 119

Plate 7.1 John Jay ....................................................................................... 124Plate 7.2 Brooklyn Community District 2 ................................................. 125Plate 7.3 Brooklyn downtown viewed over time ....................................... 126Plate 7.4 Survey of Brooklyn downtown ................................................... 127Plate 7.5 Brooklyn academy of music historic district .............................. 128Plate 7.6 Brooklyn downtown development concepts ............................... 130Plate 7.7 Planned open spaces and the Strand ........................................... 131Plate 7.8 Flatbush Av development ............................................................ 134Plate 7.9 Brooklyn downtown corridors of potential development ........... 135Plate 7.10 Future profile of commercial and residential corridors ............... 136Plate 7.11 Brooklyn queens connector ......................................................... 136Plate 7.12 Brooklyn downtown open space links ........................................ 137

Plate 8.1 Henry Miller ................................................................................ 142Plate 8.2 Greenpoint neighborhood ........................................................... 143Plate 8.3 Heritage of Greenpoint ............................................................... 144Plate 8.4 Early Brooklyn Navy Yard .......................................................... 144Plate 8.5 Survey of Greenpoint .................................................................. 145Plate 8.6 Early Greenpoint street layout .................................................... 147Plate 8.7 Greenpoint and district projects .................................................. 148Plate 8.8 Brooklyn Navy Yard development proposals .............................. 148Plate 8.9 Greenpoint-Williamsburg rezoning plan ..................................... 150Plate 8.10 Greenpoint landing project ......................................................... 151Plate 8.11 Details of Greenpoint landing project ......................................... 151Plate 8.12 Land and foreshores of Greenpoint ............................................. 153

Plate IV Queens Borough and Districts of Queens ................................... 158

Plate 9.1 Maria Callas ................................................................................ 160Plate 9.2 Astoria neighborhood .................................................................. 161Plate 9.3 Astoria viewed over time ............................................................ 162Plate 9.4 Proposed light rail ....................................................................... 163Plate 9.5 Proposed Ferry services .............................................................. 164

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Plate 9.6 Survey of Astoria ........................................................................ 165Plate 9.7 Astoria street pattern ................................................................... 166Plate 9.8 Astoria houses and redevelopment of foreshores ....................... 167Plate 9.9 Downtown Astoria upgrade......................................................... 167Plate 9.10 Foreshore projects in Astoria ...................................................... 170Plate 9.11 Astoria cove project .................................................................... 170Plate 9.12 Hallets point project details ........................................................ 171Plate 9.13 Creating open space links at Hallets Point .................................. 173

Plate 10.1 Victor Frederick Moore ............................................................... 178Plate 10.2 Jackson Heights neighborhood ................................................... 179Plate 10.3 Jackson Heights interchange ....................................................... 180Plate 10.4 Survey of Jackson Heights .......................................................... 181Plate 10.5 Jackson Heights heritage ............................................................. 182Plate 10.6 Protecting heritage of Jackson Heights ....................................... 183Plate 10.7 Renewing older housing areas .................................................... 185Plate 10.8 Commercial and festival activities .............................................. 186Plate 10.9 City block pattern of Jackson Heights ........................................ 186Plate 10.10 Jackson Heights rejuvenation of housing ................................... 190Plate 10.11 Jackson Heights renewal developments ...................................... 191Plate 10.12 Potential for building over railway Yards at Sunnyside .............. 192Plate 10.13 Jackson Heights heritage initiatives ............................................ 193Plate 10.14 Jackson Heights cultural development ........................................ 194

Plate 11.1 Sonam Dolma Brauen ................................................................. 198Plate 11.2 Long Island City in context of New York ................................... 199Plate 11.3 Long Island City heritage ............................................................ 199Plate 11.4 Traditional and current Long Island City .................................... 200Plate 11.5 Hunters point historic district and vicinity .................................. 202Plate 11.6 Queensbridge housing estate ....................................................... 202Plate 11.7 Profile of new long Island City ................................................... 203Plate 11.8 Transportation projects and Long Island City ............................. 204Plate 11.9 Hunters point south concept plan ................................................ 208Plate 11.10 Hunters point south concept developments ................................ 209Plate 11.11 Hunters point south future prospects .......................................... 210Plate 11.12 Creating new LIC open spaces .................................................... 211

Plate P1 Dorothy Day – 1887–1980 .......................................................... 246

List of Plates

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List of Tables

Table 1.1 World population growth and implications for cities .................... 5Table 1.2 Futurists contributions to addressing

global urban changes ..................................................................... 9Table 1.3 United States population growth and immigration

issues (1900–2050) ....................................................................... 11

Table 2.1 Urban theorists’ contributions to planning cities .......................... 27Table 2.2 Key New York strategic planning documents ............................... 29Table 2.3 Key New York planning guidelines .............................................. 30Table 2.4 Selected Sustainable City Principles (SCPs) ................................ 33

Table 3.1 Summary of Manhattan Community District 3 needs and issues 2015 ............................................................................. 60

Table 4.1 Summary of Manhattan Community District 2 needs and issues 2015 ............................................................................. 80

Table 5.1 Summary of Manhattan Community District 4 needs and issues 2015 ............................................................................. 96

Table 6.1 Summary of Brooklyn Community District 2 needs and issues 2015 ............................................................................. 115

Table 7.1 Summary of Brooklyn Community District 2 needs and issues 2015 ............................................................................. 132

Table 8.1 Summary of Brooklyn Community District 1 needs and issues 2015 ............................................................................. 149

Table 9.1 Summary of Queens Community District 1 needs and issues 2015 ............................................................................. 168

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Table 10.1 Summary of Queens Community District 3 needs and issues 2015 ............................................................................. 188

Table 11.1 Summary of Queens Community District 2 needs and issues 2015 ............................................................................. 205

Table 12.1 Impacts (or likely impacts) of redevelopment projects examined under heritage protection .............................................. 220

Table 12.2 Impacts (or likely impacts) of redevelopment projects examined under housing provision ............................................... 222

Table 12.3 Impacts (or likely impacts) of redevelopment projects examined under open spaces allocation ........................................ 224

Table 12.4 Futurists and lessons learned from planning New York neighborhoods.............................................................. 229

Table 12.5 Urban theorists and lessons learned from planning New York neighborhoods.............................................................. 231

List of Tables