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New York Planning Federation Conference
April 14, 2015 The Sagamore Resort
Jaclyn S. Hakes, AICP
M.J. Engineering and Land Surveying, P.C.
Director of Planning Services
Sarah Quandt, P.E.
M.J. Engineering and Land Surveying, P.C.
Planner/Design Engineer
PRESENTERS
Why Talk About Parking Lot Design
Land Use and Parking Requirements
Safety and Security
Basic Design Elements
Stormwater and Green Infrastructure
Incorporating Best Practices into Your Review Process
Wrap up and Questions
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We can do better than this…
“I know I parked here somewhere…”
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…and this.
We want to try and avoid this…
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A parking lot is a place where pedestrians and vehicles are intended to share the same space
We can integrate functionality with safety and aesthetics
Smart Growth / Sustainable Growth
Land use & required number of spaces
Shared parking
Location of parking lots
Screening
1. Community Collaboration 2. Strong, Distinctive Sense of Place 3. Compact Building Design 4. Walkable Neighborhoods 5. Mixed Land Uses 6. Direct Development Toward Existing Communities 7. Diverse Housing Options 8. Transportation Choices (bike, ped, transit, car) 9. Preserve Open Space, Farmland, Historic Resources 10.Predictable, Fair Development Decisions
Different uses have different needs Number of spaces
Time of day
Location of use (downtown?)
Minimum versus Maximum number Minimum often creates excess parking
Sample parking requirements
Use / Activity Minimum Spaces
Automotive sales & service 1 per 200 sf sales; 1 per 660 sf service
Convenience sales 1 per 200 sf plus 1 per 2 employees
Eating and drinking establishments
1 per 4 seats plus 1 per 2 employees
Office 1 per 300 sf
Residences 2 per unit
Consider land uses Uses with daytime parking needs can share
spaces with overnight parking needs
Benefits Less area needed for parking / more opportunity
for infill development
Lot is used more efficiently
Encourage or require parking to the side or rear of a lot
Walking Aisle
Lighting
Signage
Snow removal/storage
Driver Behavior
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Walking Aisle
Striped
Hardscaped, Dedicated area
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Walking Aisle – Try to avoid this situation…
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Lighting for vehicles and pedestrians
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Signage
Place at key locations
Alerting drivers to pedestrians
Wayfinding to guide drivers
Snow removal and storage
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Remove from ingress/egress points to enhance visibility
Driver Behavior
Can’t plan for this!
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Stall Size
Aisle Size
Access
Flow
‘Greenspace’
Handicap Accessibility
Green Infrastructure
Why “green” design?
Green Parking Lot Techniques
Reduced Infrastructure Burden
Green Parking Lot Resource Guide, US EPA
Green infrastructure practices maintain or restore stormwater's natural flow pattern by allowing the water to slowly permeate into the ground and be used by plants.
NYSDEC: http://www.dec.ny.gov/lands/58930.html
www.mjels.com
Conventional stormwater infrastructure quickly drains stormwater to rivers and streams, increasing peak flows and flood risk. Green infrastructure can mitigate flood risk by slowing and reducing stormwater discharges.
Impacts of Parking Lots Environmental
Water Quality & Supply
Stormwater Management
Air Emissions
Heat Island Effect
Waste
Habitat and Local Ecology
Decrease in Greenspace
Green Parking Lot Resource Guide, US EPA
Swales
Bioretention/Rain Gardens
Infiltration Systems
Alternative Parking Surface Material
Green Parking Lot Resource Guide, US EPA
Maintained, turf-lined swale specifically designed to convey stormwater at a low velocity
Promotes natural treatment and infiltration
Can be used in both residential and non-residential areas
Can serve as alternative to underground storm sewers
When compared to underground pipes or hardened channels, vegetated swales increase the time-of-concentration, reduce the peak discharge and provide infiltration opportunities
NYSDEC Stormwater Design Manual – Chapter 5
www.mjels.com
This dry swale is an example of green infrastructure in an institutional setting. It uses mosquito control design, no permanent pools (standing water), per Rockland County Regulations.
NYSDEC: http://www.dec.ny.gov/lands/59332.html
Intent of design: Stormwater quality treatment through filtration and quantity control through detention.
Stormwater management capacity: 1,251 cubic feet
Maintenance: Mowing
Installed: 2007
Zoning change or special permit: None
www.mjels.com
Flat pieces of land with low slopes
Designed to encourage natural sheet flow of storm- water as opposed to channeled runoff
Low-density development or areas with less concentrated amounts of runoff
Pre-treats and removes sediment
Protects riparian areas, habitat creation, and streambank stability
NYSDEC Stormwater Design Manual – Chapter 5
www.mjels.com
Manages and treats small volumes of stormwater runoff
Variation on bioretention
Combines physical filtering and adsorption with bio-geochemical processes to remove pollutants
System consists of an inflow component, a shallow ponding area over a planted soil bed, mulch layer, gravel filter chamber, attractive shrubs, grasses and flowers, and an overflow mechanism to convey larger rain events to the storm drain system or receiving water
NYSDEC Stormwater Design Manual – Chapter 5
www.mjels.com
NYSDEC Stormwater Design Manual – Chapter 5
Profile of a typical rain garden
www.mjels.com
Pollutants are filtered naturally as the rainwater percolates down through the soil and fibrous roots of the native plants - improving the water quality as it recharges the groundwater supply. Native plants, acclimated to local soils and weather conditions, reduce water consumption and the need for fertilizers and provide habitat for wildlife.
NYSDEC: http://www.dec.ny.gov/lands/84561.html
www.mjels.com
Intent of design: Reduce the flow of stormwater runoff and the pollutants it carries into stormdrains
Size of structure/capacity: 8'w – 48'l – 3"d
Size of drainage area: 1,128 sq. ft.
Maintenance: Weeding, mulching, some deadheading and seasonal cleanup
Maintained by: Rockland Audubon Society & Friends
Installed: May 2010
Zoning change or special permit: None
Project cost: $1,560 - includes garden consultation, native plants & installation.
NYSDEC: http://www.dec.ny.gov/lands/84561.html
www.mjels.com
Capture and retain stormwater runoff
Water gradually infiltrates into ground
Infiltration basins and infiltration trenches commonly used
Can greatly reduce volume of runoff
Particularly good for groundwater recharge
www.mjels.com Green Parking Lot Resource Guide, US EPA
www.mjels.com http://www.waterworld.com/articles/2012/08/program-turns-to-nature-to-manage-pollution-stormwater-runoff.html
Onondaga County created favorable ground structures for its trees with the help of DeepRoot, the producers of the Silva Cell.
Tree plantings are important to Syracuse's strategy because they will contribute to the capturing of the 250 million gallons of rain annually.
The new parking lot design includes several features to collect stormwater on-site.
www.mjels.com http://www.conteches.com/products/stormwater-management/biofiltration-bioretention/filterra.aspx
Similar to bioretention
Has been optimized for high volume/flow treatment and high pollutant removal
Small footprint allows it to be used on highly developed sites
www.mjels.com http://www.conteches.com/products/stormwater-management/biofiltration-bioretention/filterra.aspx
Alternative to conventional asphalt/concrete surfaces
Rainfall is conveyed through the surface into underlying reservoir where it can infiltrate
3 main design components: Surface, Storage, Outflow
2 basic design variations: Porous pavement and Permeable
pavers
NYSDEC Stormwater Design Manual – Chapter 5
www.mjels.com
The construction of the new Comer Geochemistry Building required the relocation of an existing 85 car parking lot. Stormwater management originally required the construction of a new detention basin and 500 feet of drainpipe excavated through rock and the existing main campus thoroughfare. A porous asphalt infiltration design alternative eliminated the drainpipe and detention basin, resulting in a zero net cost, 25% reduction in runoff, and 100% water quality treatment.
NYSDEC: http://www.dec.ny.gov/lands/74995.html
Intent of design: 85 Car Replacement Parking Lot
Size of structure/capacity: 32,470 sf parking lot
Size of drainage area: 13.65 acres
Maintenance: Salt only for deicing (no sand), routine snow plowing
Maintained by: Building & Grounds Department
Installed: July 2006
Zoning change or special permit: NYSDEC SPEDES Phase II Permit
Project cost: Approximately $500,000
NYSDEC: http://www.dec.ny.gov/lands/74995.html
www.mjels.com
Green Parking Lot Resource Guide, US EPA
Additional Techniques
Vegetated Filter Strips/Riparian Buffers
Dry Retention Basins
Wet Retention Basins
Constructed Wetlands
Natural Landscaping
Green Parking Lot Resource Guide, US EPA
Green Parking Lot Resource Guide, US EPA
Green Parking Lot Resource Guide, US EPA
Estimated nearly 25 million acres of impervious cover
By 2030, 50% of the built environment will have been constructed since 2000
Regional stormwater and wastewater impacts
Cost effectiveness
Green Parking Lot Resource Guide, US EPA
Comprehensive Plan
Future Land Uses and location of uses
Zoning ordinance
Allowed uses in zoning district
Parking requirements (location, maximum, shared)
Site plan review
•Areas should be representative of the various land uses and street typologies throughout the City •Areas should be representative of the various land uses and street typologies throughout the City
•Areas should be representative of the various land uses and street typologies throughout the City •Areas should be representative of the various land uses and street typologies throughout the City
So let’s do better… Consider allowed land uses in your community
and where they are located Encourage shared parking Create parking lots that are functional and
attractive (innovative stormwater management)
There is no easy solution to parking.
US EPA http://water.epa.gov/infrastructure/greeninfrastructure/index.cfm#tabs-3
http://www.streamteamok.net/Doc_link/Green%20Parking%20Lot%20Guide%20%28final%29.PDF
NYS DEC http://www.dec.ny.gov/lands/58930.html
http://www.dec.ny.gov/lands/70657.html
http://www.dec.ny.gov/chemical/8694.html
http://www.dec.ny.gov/chemical/29072.html
www.mjels.com
Jaclyn S. Hakes, AICP
M.J. Engineering and Land Surveying, P.C.
Sarah Quandt, P.E.
M.J. Engineering and Land Surveying, P.C.
THANK YOU!