new york university introduction - gil travel · moses lindo played a key role in the development...
TRANSCRIPT
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Discovering Jewish Civilization Around the Globe
The Jews of the American South: Charleston and Savannah
May 22 – 27, 2016
Revised December 2, 2015
Study Tour Led by
Hasia Diner
Paul and Sylvia Steinberg Professor
of American Jewish History
New York University
Introduction
The history of the Jews in North America and the histories of these two southern cities run along
parallel tracks. Jews were present from nearly the beginning of both of these port cities and in both
places Jews achieved, early on a set of rights and a public profile, unmatched by their fellow Jews in
the rest of the colonies. How did Jews experience the founding years of Savannah and Charleston
and why did they prosper there so easily? What aspects of the economic, social, and cultural
histories of these two colonial era cities shaped the Jews’ encounter with their non-Jewish neighbors
and how did the Jews build and sustain their Jewish institutions, not just during the decades of British
rule but beyond into the national era? Where did they live? What occupations did they pursue and
how did such momentous events as the American Revolution, the Civil War, Reconstruction, and the
birth of the “New South,” leave their mark on the Jews in these places? This tour will blend the histories
of two cities now considered tourist destinations known for their charm and historic significance and
that of the Jews, those who came there in the colonial era and those who migrated there later, from
elsewhere in the Atlantic world and from Europe.
Brief histories of the Jews of Savannah and Charleston will serve here as previews of the rich
experience that awaits the visitor in search of the Jewish past. The first Jews arrived in Charleston in
1670, not long after the town was founded.
As early as the 1690s the governor of the colony mentioned in a report that a Spanish-speaking Jew
served as his interpreter in his negotiations with Native Americans who had come north from Florida
and over the next few decades Jews lived in and around this thriving port city as shopkeepers,
merchants and traders. Moses Lindo played a key role in the development of the staple crop, indigo,
which became the bedrock of the colony’s economy and the basis for the plantations worked on by
slave labor. Lindo, in thanks for his service in commercializing the crop, so necessary in Britain’s textile
industry, earned the title Surveyor and Inspector-General of Indigo.NUntil 1749 Charleston Jews, all of
whom enjoyed full rights as white men, worshipped in each other’s homes and stores but that year,
under the leadership of Joseph Tobias, Michael Lazarus, Moses Cohen, and Isaac Da Costa who
would serve as the hazzan, or cantor, they formed themselves into a congregation, incorporated
under the name Kahal Kadosh Beth Elohim, the holy congregation the house of God, which adhered
to the Sephardic rite. In 1764, they likewise consecrated a plot of land as a cemetery on Coming
Street.
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Discovering Jewish Civilization Around the Globe
The Jews of the American South: Charleston and Savannah
May 22 – 27, 2016
Amid the ferment of the American Revolution, Charleston Jews in the main sided with the patriot
cause and twenty served in the army for the cause of national independence. Francis Salvador
served as a delegate to the several of the Provincial Congresses, held in South Carolina, which called
for independence from Britain, making him one of the first Jews to hold elective office in the
Americas. His devotion to the cause of American independence put him in harm’s way and on
August 1, 1776, just a month after the momentous declaration of America’s independence, a band
of Tory-sympathizing Native Americans killed and scalped him, thus making him the first Jew to die for
the nation.
In the first decades after independence KK Beth Elohim moved from rented space to its own building,
the second oldest synagogue structure in the United States. Built and dedicated in 1794, the grand
building succumbed to a fire in 1838, replaced by the still standing Greek Revival edifice.
The old building had witnessed an historic event in the annals of modern Judaism. In 1824, a handful
of members of KK Beth Elohim, nearly all of them like dramatist Isaac Harby, well-placed, civically
prominent Jews, resigned from the synagogue and formed themselves into the Reformed Society of
Israelites and while it lasted for only a few years, it stands as the first effort at reform on American soil.
KK Beth Elohim also occupies an important place in the history of Judaism.
A woman associated with the congregation, Penina Moise, penned a series of hymns which over
time became standard in the Reform liturgy, making her perhaps the first female whose words
entered the Jewish prayer book.
In the first decades of the nineteenth century more Jews lived in Charleston than any other
community in the United States. Numbering over 500 at its peak, the Jews of Charleston were
merchants, participated actively in the life of the city itself, and achieved a reputation for their
wealth and social standing.
Many owned slaves. Indeed a larger percentage of Jews owned slaves than other white people. In
those decades a number of Jews came to Charleston from various places in the Caribbean, such as
Jamaica, Barbados and other places which saw the abolition of slavery several decades before the
institution ended in the United States.
With the decline of Charleston’s economy in the decades immediately before the Civil War and
following it, the Jewish population began to seek opportunities elsewhere. After the Civil War,
however, a new Jewish community, unrelated to the Sephardi founders began to coalesce. Jews
from the Polish provinces and Lithuania began to head to the South and took up peddlers’ packs as
they sold domestic goods to farm families and later textile mill workers in the communities surrounding
Charleston.
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Discovering Jewish Civilization Around the Globe
The Jews of the American South: Charleston and Savannah
May 22 – 27, 2016
On weekends they made their way to Charleston for the Sabbath, to replenish their goods, pay off
their creditors and then go back out on the road. One by one as the peddlers saved their money,
they opened up shops either in Charleston or in the nearby small towns. These women and men
reinvigorated Jewish life, creating new synagogues, schools, and charitable enterprises, pushing up
the number of Jews and making it a city that now resembled so many other Jewish communities
around the country. The new Jewish institutions they created served their needs and many of these
survived into the twentieth century.
A third era in Charleston’s history and that of its Jews took place during and after World War II with a
renewed development of the port, investment in new industries, and the opening up of military bases,
all reviving the local economy and bring a new cohort of Jews to the city. As a way of circling back
to the first era in the city’s Jewish history, when Jewish leaders created in 1949 the Charleston Jewish
Welfare Fund, they absorbed into it the Hebrew Benevolent Society founded in 1784 and the Hebrew
Orphan Society of 1801.
Savannah had a different history as a colony and as a magnet for Jewish migration. Founded in 1733
as a debtor’s colony by George Oglethorpe, the original charter banned slavery. The same year that
Oglethorpe arrived and began this experiment in social planning, saw the docking of two ships
carrying 90 Jews, sent there by the Bevis Marks Congregation in London, eager to see the
transportation of poor and dependent Jews to the new colony in North America. Most of these Jews
who lived off the charity of the London congregations had come to the British Isles from German
speaking states and many were of Polish origin. Oglethorpe gave his personal permission to the Jews
to be able to settle and enjoyed the financial support of the London Jews who had been so eager to
get rid of them.
While the poor predominated among them, a physician, named Nunez won the admiration and
praise of Oglethorpe and the other colonists for his successful intervention during a particularly
dangerous epidemic. Despite Oglethorpe’s initial efforts and the backing of the king, the colony
barely survived and most of the Jews migrated further north in the 1740s, going to, among other
places, Charleston. But within ten years the colony’s fortunes reversed and the Jews and others
started coming back.
The 1750s records indicate Jewish membership in a local Masonic lodge and in a community wide
welfare association. Enough Jews had returned to make possible the establishment of a
congregation, Mickve Israel in 1790, led by Philip Minis.
Georgia Jews had all the rights in the colonial period that accrued to white men, with the exception
that they could not hold elective office unless they would take a Christian oath. The Georgia
Constitution of 1789 however got rid of that barrier and from then on individual Jews served in a
variety of capacities in the government and the state militia.
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Discovering Jewish Civilization Around the Globe
The Jews of the American South: Charleston and Savannah
May 22 – 27, 2016
In the decades after the 1820s, as emigration from Central Europe took shape, German speaking
Jews made their way to Savannah and other smaller communities in Georgia. As in so many other
American communities, they made a living in trade and the most successful among them integrated
into the local society while they also maintained their membership in Mickve Israel and subscribed to
a growing number of charitable and educational enterprises. The number of Jews in Savannah and
elsewhere in Georgia dipped during and right after the Civil War, but by 1877 and the end of
Reconstruction a reverse trend began. Young Jewish men from Lithuanian and elsewhere in Eastern
Europe came to peddle in the small towns and cotton plantations around Savannah and used the
city as their base.
One by one as they succeeded in their peddling operations, they settled down in the big city,
opened clothing, liquor, and grocery stores. Many invested in local real estate and created a small
but thriving Jewish community. Notably after the Civil War Atlanta eclipsed Savannah as the largest
and most important city in the state and the Jewish community of the latter grew little compared to
the growth of the former.
About Our Study Tours
JEWISH EXPLORATIONS study tours are exclusive small group learning experiences. In order to create
an exceptional program, we engage only top Judaic Studies scholars and expert guides in order to
craft and conduct programs that are content-rich and allow ample time for exploration on your own
in some of the world’s most beautiful locales. This study tour is limited to 25 participants.
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Discovering Jewish Civilization Around the Globe
The Jews of the American South: Charleston and Savannah
May 22 – 27, 2016
Temple Mickve Israel, Savannah
In addition to our focus on the Jewish past and present in Savannah and Charleston, we will also
concentrate on beautiful architecture and magnificent formal gardens that abound in both cities.
We have purposefully scheduled in free time so you can enjoy the charms of both these historic cities
on your own.
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Discovering Jewish Civilization Around the Globe
The Jews of the American South: Charleston and Savannah
May 22 – 27, 2016
Itinerary
The Marshall House
Sunday, May 22nd – Day One – Savannah
Morning: You will be met at the airport for your transfer to the hotel.
Arrive at Marshall House Hotel This historic hotel is the recently renovated
and located on East Boughton Street is steeped in the tradition of Southern
hospitality and elegance.
Afternoon: After lunch on your own, meet at 1:30 for Introductory Remarks by Hasia Diner,
your scholar. Afterwards, we will take a Walking Tour of Historic Savannah with
Harriet Meyerhoff, a local guide who is an expert on the city’s Jewish past and
present. This insightful and personalized tour will focus on the city’s history and its
Jewish heritage. We will learning about Savannah's extended Jewish heritage
from the first Jewish Colonists to the present, and tour the many significant points
of interest from the Revolutionary War era to the present. After the walking tour,
you will have time to settle in and relax at the hotel.
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Discovering Jewish Civilization Around the Globe
The Jews of the American South: Charleston and Savannah
May 22 – 27, 2016
Evening: We continue our journey into Savannah’s history with a Welcome Dinner at Vic’s
along the picturesque Savannah River. In 1858, John Stoddard had this building
commissioned to be designed and built by the famous New York architect, John
Norris. He was one of three major architects in Savannah at the time, along with
William Jay and Charles B. Clusky. Some of John Norris’ Savannah works include
the Andrew Low House, the Cotton Exchange, the Mercer House, and the
Meldrim-Green House. Completed in 1859, this building was originally used as a
warehouse and later housed Steven Shipping Company. The lower floors were
known as John Stoddard’s Lower Range and the top floors as John Stoddard’s
Upper Range. During the War Between the States, General Sherman’s lesser
officers used this building’s empty offices for housing and planning space.
Meals: Dinner
Overnight: Marshall House, Savannah
Monday, May 23rd – Day Two – Savannah
Morning: After breakfast, Hasia Diner will conduct our first of four study session on JEWS IN THE
NEW WORLD IN THE AGE OF COLONIZATION. We will then depart for a full-morning Tour
of Jewish Savannah.
We will visit Congregation Mickve Israel, an active synagogue affiliated with the Union
for Reform Judaism, located in the Historic District of Savannah, The congregation was
founded in 1733; just a few months after General James Oglethorpe founded the
Colony of Georgia. This historic sanctuary was designed by New York architect Henry G.
Harrison and built in 1876 in pure neo-Gothic style, reflecting the fashionable
architecture of the Victorian era. It is the only neo-Gothic synagogue in America. Their
three-story Sheftall Memorial Hall addition, opened in 2003, houses their world-class
museum and impressive library. Our tour includes a stop at The Mercer House featured
in the novel, Midnight in the Garden of Good and Evil, was designed by New York
architect John S. Norris for General Hugh W. Mercer, great grandfather of Johnny
Mercer. Construction of the house began in 1860, was interrupted by the Civil War and
was later completed, circa 1868, by the new owner, John Wilder.
In 1969, Jim Williams, one of Savannah’s earliest and most dedicated private
restorationists, bought the then vacant house and began a two-year restoration. This
house is one of the more than 50 houses Mr. Williams saved during his thirty-year career
in historic restoration in Savannah and the Low country.
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Discovering Jewish Civilization Around the Globe
The Jews of the American South: Charleston and Savannah
May 22 – 27, 2016
Throughout the house you will see furniture and art from Mr. Williams’s private collection
including 18th and 19th century furniture, 18th century English and American portraits,
drawings from the 17th century and a wide collection of Chinese export porcelain.
Afternoon The rest of the day is at leisure to explore Savannah on your own and sample
& Evening: some of its culinary delights.
Meals: Breakfast
Overnight: Marshall House, Savannah
Charleston
Tuesday, May 24th – Day Three – Savannah and Charleston
Morning: After an early breakfast and Professor Diner’s second learning session on
SAVANNAH AND ITS EARLIEST JEWS: ORIGINS AND COMMUNITY BUILDING, we will
depart for the continuation of our Tour of Jewish Savannah.
Though not Savannah’s oldest cemetery, Bonaventure is certainly its most famous and
hauntingly beautiful. Quintessentially Southern Gothic, it has captured the imaginations
of writers, poets, naturalists, photographers and filmmakers for more than 150 years. Part
natural cathedral, part sculptural garden, Bonaventure transcends time. Within
Bonaventure Cemetery lies a Jewish section, established by congregants of Temple
Mickve Israel, with many evocative inscriptions on the tombs of the many Holocaust
survivors buried here.
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Discovering Jewish Civilization Around the Globe
The Jews of the American South: Charleston and Savannah
May 22 – 27, 2016
Military generals, poet Conrad Aiken, Academy Award-winning lyricist Johnny Mercer
and Georgia's first governor Edward Telfair are among those buried at Bonaventure.
Another reason behind Bonaventure’s popularity is John Berendt’s book, Midnight in the
Garden of Good and Evil, which featured a cover photo of the now-famous "Bird Girl"
statue, formerly located in Bonaventure.
The next stop on our tour will be Congregation B’nai Brith Jacob, locally known as “BBJ.”
It boasts the largest membership of the three Savannah synagogues with about 400
active families. Many Jewish families pay tithe to more than one local congregation in
an effort to support the entire community. But BBJ is more than just another synagogue.
It is the spiritual and culture center of a deeply devout and close-knit community. A little
more than half of the active members live in the neighborhoods surrounding the
synagogue and walk to services on Shabbat.
Afternoon: After a break for lunch on your own, we will depart for our bus trip to Charleston.
Upon arriving to Charleston, we will check into hotel. Located in the charming Historic
District of Charleston, The Mills House Wyndham Grand Hotel is in the heart of it all. The
iconic hotel is close to the historic King Street shopping area and within walking
distance to Charleston's City Market, where you will find arts, crafts, and fine dining
Evening: The rest of the day is at leisure to explore your new surroundings.
Meals: Breakfast
Overnight: The Mills House Wyndham Grand Hotel, Charleston
Kahal Kadosh Beth Elohim, Charleston
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Discovering Jewish Civilization Around the Globe
The Jews of the American South: Charleston and Savannah
May 22 – 27, 2016
Wednesday, May 25th – Day Four – Charleston
Morning: After breakfasting at the hotel and Dr. Diner’s third learning session, CHARLESTON: A
JEWEL IN THE CROWN OF EIGHTEENTH CENTURY JEWRY, we will be greeted at the hotel
by Rhetta Mendelsohn, an expert guide on Jewish life in Charleston and begin our full-
day Tour of Jewish Charleston.
The final destination of our walking tour will be Beth Elohim (or KKBE). It is the
fourth oldest Jewish congregation as well as the second oldest synagogue
building in the United States. The synagogue building itself is the oldest in continuous
use. It was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1980. Once we arrive at KKBE,
Rhetta will introduce the group to Charleston and the local Jewish community. Here we
will discuss the early history of Charleston and incorporate the Jewish history. In the
beautiful Greek Revival style sanctuary, we will discuss the architecture as well as the
congregation.
We will continue our city tour by mini coach to include the College of Charleston, the
stately homes along Rutledge Avenue and around Colonial Lake. We will see out entire
residential waterfront before getting out at the Battery to discuss the harbor and the
important events that have occurred there. We will continue by mini coach past
Rainbow Row and the Exchange Building to the Four Corners of Law, where we will
again disembark to view the sites of Jewish interest around this important intersection as
well as the City’s iconic public buildings.
The City tour will be comprehensive – history, art, architecture, war, flowers, religion,
politics and more. We will see houses and gardens, public buildings and churches,
shops and galleries, waterways and alleyways. All along the way, will include points of
Jewish interest.
Afternoon: After a private luncheon at Magnolia’s Restaurant, the tour will continue with a visit to
the Coming Street Cemetery, the oldest and largest Jewish cemetery in the South, the
resting place of the largest and wealthiest Jewish community in colonial America. We
will conclude the day with a drive through the Citadel,
the Military College of South Carolina.
Evening: At leisure to enjoy one of the city’s great eateries and its nightlife.
Meals: Breakfast and Lunch
Overnight: The Mills House Wyndham Grand Hotel, Charleston
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Discovering Jewish Civilization Around the Globe
The Jews of the American South: Charleston and Savannah
May 22 – 27, 2016
Thursday, May 26th – Day Five – Charleston
Morning: After breakfast the final learning session with Dr. Diner, SOUTH CAROLINA JEWS: THE CIVIL
WAR, RECONSTRUCTION AND THE “NEW SOUTH”, our touring will begin with a short
escorted walk to the College of Charleston to meet with Dale Rosengarten, curator of
the Jewish Heritage Collection. Dale’s lecture/discussion will focus on her research that
resulted in an exhibition called a Portion of the People. She will also share with the
group some of the amazing items in the College’s collection.
After the lecture with Dale, you will be on your own for free time and lunch.
Evening: Our study tour will conclude with a Farewell Dinner at the Charleston Grill, one of
the city’s finest eateries.
Meals: Breakfast and Dinner
Overnight: The Mills House Wyndham Grand Hotel, Charleston
Friday, May 27th – Day Six – Return
Morning: After breakfast at the hotel, we will transfer to Charleston International Airport for your
flights home.
Meals: Breakfast
This Itinerary is subject to change.
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Discovering Jewish Civilization Around the Globe
The Jews of the American South: Charleston and Savannah
May 22 – 27, 2016
The Scholar
For Questions and to Register
For Travel Questions and Registration:
Samantha Sultzer of Gil Travel Group in
Philadelphia
215-568-6655 X 380
For Other Questions:
Moshe Margolin, Director
Jewish Explorations
866-898-0037
The Registration Deadline is February 12, 2016
Hasia Diner, Ph.D., is the Paul and Sylvia Steinberg
Professor of American Jewish History at New York
University where she directs the Goldstein Goren Center
for American Jewish History. She taught at the University
of Maryland at College Park and was a fellow at the
Davis Center for Historical Research at Princeton
University and the Bunting Institute at Radcliffe College.
Hasia holds degrees from the University of Wisconsin, the
University of Chicago and the University of Illinois-
Chicago. Hasia was a Fulbright scholar in Israel and
elected to the American Academy of Jewish Research
and the Society of American Historians.
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Discovering Jewish Civilization Around the Globe
The Jews of the American South: Charleston and Savannah
May 22 – 27, 2016
Special Features
Professor Hasia Diner will lead this study tour and present four learning sessions.
Harriet Meyerhoff of Savannah and Rhetta Mendelsohn of Charleston, both experts on the
Jewish communities in their respective cities, will be our local licensed tour guides.
Dale Rosengarten, curator of the Jewish Heritage Collection at the College of Charleston, will
take us on a tour of the collection and talk about her research.
Educational Materials
Professor Diner will prepare a complete Pre-Departure Bibliography.
Professor Diner will prepare a Resource Book designed to enhance your learning experience
throughout the study tour.
Price (per person)
EARLY BIRD DISCOUNT* REGULAR PRICE SINGLE ROOM
BY DECEMBER 31, 2015 FROM JANUARY 1, 2016 SUPPLEMENT
LAND ONLY LAND ONLY $1,195
$2,695 $2,795
*PAYMENT BY CHECK
REQUIRED
THE REGISTRATION DEADLINE IS FEBRUARY 12, 2016
$500 deposit required upon registration.
The experts at the Gil Travel Group stand ready to help with your flights from your local airport.
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Discovering Jewish Civilization Around the Globe
The Jews of the American South: Charleston and Savannah
May 22 – 27, 2016
The above prices include:
Hotels
Meals
Also Includes:
Sightseeing: As per itinerary with professionally guide.
Entrance fees to sites visited in itinerary.
DATE NIGHTS HOTEL CITY
MAY 22 to 23 2 THE MARSHALL HOUSE SAVANNAH
MAY 24 TO 26 3 MILLS HOUSE HOTEL CHARLESTON
DATE MEAL
MAY 22 WELCOME DINNER
MAY 25 LUNCH
MAY 26 FAREWELL DINNER
BREAKFAST DAILY AT THE HOTEL
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Discovering Jewish Civilization Around the Globe
The Jews of the American South: Charleston and Savannah
May 22 – 27, 2016
The above prices DO NOT include:
Travel Insurance This is highly recommended and suggested to be purchased with the deposit):
Basic – does not cover pre-existing conditions which have been treated within the last 60 days of
making deposit and the medical is only up to $15,000.
Select – if the participants takes the insurance within the 21 days of any initial deposit, pre-
existing conditions are waived and the medical is up to $50,000
Meals and Drinks Not shown in the Itinerary.
Tips
Tips to the guide and driver are not included. Tip suggestions to be advised.
Personal Expenses
All those expenses individual to each passenger including souvenirs, laundry services, valet service,
phone calls.
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Discovering Jewish Civilization Around the Globe
The Jews of the American South: Charleston and Savannah
May 22 – 27, 2016
Schedule of Payments
$500 deposit per person due with application. Balance due by March 8, 2016.
Cancellation Policy
1. Up to February 22, 2016 - $50.00 per person will be assessed
2. February 23-March 15, 2016 - $500.00 per person will be assessed
3. March 16-April 15, 2016 – $2,100.00 per person will be assessed
4. April 16, 2016 to departure –no refund.
5. There will be no refunds for unused services.
© 2015 Gil Travel Group and Adult Jewish Learning Programs | All Rights Reserved
Reproduction without permission is prohibited by law.