IIMUllIIIMI)IIII)IIIHIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIINEWFOLDER

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@ Quiz 1

10 September, 2008PE 4113

1) List three factors (other than supply & demand) that affect the wellhead price ofcrude oil.

2) What is a Barrel of Oil Equivalent (BOE) and approximately how many scfofgas

areinaBO_? qT,_/m_

3) API gravity is a measure of the viscosity ofoil. (T

4) What are the 3 primary markets for natur_ gas in the U_7

&_5) What does the term "heat rate" mean when talking about natural gas usage?

6) Give a brief explanation of the terms "gas-oil ratio" and "water out".

_0_o_Ir_io i_ t_ C°PV_ _ d _s v_ o;_

7) Ira person describes oil or gas as sour, what are they referring to?

• I

8) When we use the term "unconventional gas" what type of gas are we talking

x/

9) What does NGL stand for?. Give a_'_mple of an NGL.

\10) When talking abofff refined products, what is the difference between a "light

//distillate" and a "middle distillate"7 Give an example ofeach.

Quiz20 Oct. 2008

@1. What is the effect (increase, decrease) on oil flow from awell if the variables shown

below change.Change in oil flow(increase or decrease)

a. Increase in viscosity _,(_-] /

b. Increase in reservoir pressure ; 'l_(-_'_O':C_ x///

c. Increase in well bore pressure i_n_Of'_r_] _/_

d. Increase in water saturation _)/'_':

e. Increase in gas saturation :

2. List the 3 most common artificial lift systems used in oil production and give 2 /advantages and disadvantages of each. / . .,c

_])a.i'-o.4x CO

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2nd mid-term exam "' .: _

Oct31, 2005 " " ePE 4113

'J 4o@ Vol'r

' e" Whatarethetwomostcommonmethodsof producedwaterdisposal?List twoadvantages& disadvantagesofeach. .-__._4,

_) ,_c c,v; ...... _,,o. I e.tZeca ¢_.. O ¢,&-H.':*7 .,',,,-.'..¢- ......

¢>. _.,,.,,4,:3:11 It ;, ,,,,-¢-.g.-,-!"_' ._'' ¢2_- _5 _¢_.¢¢ ."'_tr.,f:.,.,.q2. Which of the following statementsregardingnaturalgas productionin the US are 3

corcect?

__1_TheUS usesabout23Tcfofnaturalgasperyear.

c._I=,NG-is-asignificantcontributor(->-5%)to-lJS-gas'supply,today.---

i d. Most of the naturalgas producedin.the-US.todaycomes-from-Alaska. _ _,. c..Ingreased-drilling-activity-has-resulted-in.significant-inereases-in-domesticgas-production,over-the.past-5-years.'-Approximately85%of the drilling rigs currentlyoperatingin the US today ._--

, _ _)_ are drillingfor.naturalgas.

__j_(L_.(@ _ g sp cessingwhatdoestheterm 'shrinkage'referto andwhy is it importam? "-Z'z +'J":'_. -)_- ,JZ,, v,_h_e_ o-:-f/:.i*;;4' _o_..t._,'. +_.q_,_ej_e..'-L'_-a ;_

._,_

I _

4. Which of the following quality specifications would you expect to see in a gascontract?

_ Water content 6./.Hydrocarbon dew point

_ H2S and total sulfur concentration _ /

_) d_ Gross heating value ,

_" CO2 concentration J __4

b_hat are the steps in the LNG Value chain? _ I//_,5.

/, f ./ _ tL.

6. Which of the following statements regarding the surface processing of crude oil arecorrect?

An emulsion is a stablemixture of two immisciblefluids inwhich one fluid --". is dispersed in a second fluid as tiny droplets. ,)/_'f

L(_ _._._._._._._._._._.A gun barrel is a special tank used to dehydrate crude oil_..CPEmulsions make the dehydration of crude oil difficult')'gy._-_"-"

d_ieakB SfcW--specification-for-orade-oil-is-5-6% :-

(_ A typical vapor pressure specification for crude oil is less than oneatmosphere (14.7 psia). " _d"

f. You-would-expect to.see.higher..water_cuts in crude produce,d-fi'om-nsolution-gas-drivereservoir than.crude from a-water-drive reservoir.

7. Which of the following statements concerning renewable energy are correct?Currently the largest renewable energy source is hydroelectric.

b. Wind is the most reliable renewable energy source.

c. Most of the hydrogen lbroduced in the world today comes from renewable ""energy sources.

d. Geothermal energy relies on the heat in the oceans to generate electricity

._ Renewable energy accounts for about 6% of total energy use in the US.The most common application of solar power is passive solar to heat housesand buildings

s

8. Which of the following statements about unconventional gas are correct? _C_/_ Unconventional gas is fastest growing sector of U.S. natural gas production.

b. The-main-advantaga.of-tight-gas.is.theslow-initial declinerate: f_c. -VCater-disposal-is.a.minor-issue.in.CBM.preduction__-,_o,.,,

:_ A characteristicof tight gas reservoirs(sandor shale) is very low _ I_

permeability. _,ke.q_f, --_

e. "l:he-production-profile-(produclion-vs.-time)-fora-(_BMwelHsvery-similar"_ , to-a-shale-g_.well.,fi_, , :

"7_ .._ Methane is not stored in ih'"_ pore space in coal, it is actuallyadsorbed ontothe coal.

._:/_he-keyot o.producing-GBM4s.to.de=pressure.thecoal-bypulling-a.vacuum. - on.the wellwith.special-compressors./L/0

9. Which,ofthe following statementsconcerning greenhousegases, are'_forrect?

_. CO_._ one of several greenhouse gases. -There is n.o.scientific evidence to indicate,thai C02 levels in the atmosphere

have increagedover the past 100 yfears.":The US is by far the,largest emitter ofgreeahouse gases compared to other

d. lncreased reliance on coal/ ;'for,the generation ofelectricity is an imponantfactor in reducing_greenhouse_as.emissiona.

_i _ _ The USjs.on/e of several industrialized cguntries that havenot ratified the g.-----'--_ Kyoto'Protocol. " " .

I_ b_g_" _ "G/eanhousegases increase the temperature oftlie ear_'s surface by trapping

best that is normally radiated from the earthback to space.

_ _ [ |0.'_ 2qualityspecificationsforsaleofcrudeoilandtypicalnumericalvaluesforeach.

:./I

II.WhichofthefollowingstatementsregardingthedevelopmentofANWR arecorrect?(_ Thedrillingandfacilitiesfootprintwillbea smallpercentageofthatusedin i:

thePrudhoeBayfield.b. Ev.ended-reach-drilling-is.not-practical-ar-ANWR-duelothe'thicknessof

permafrost:._dT_,Thecalving _ou_fo_r the PoLcklpinere_indeerherd are.located.on the _

coas_ the area that would be deve oped,_)',Ifthe reserve estimates are accurate, ANWR would be oneof the largest c..,-"

oilfields ever discovered in North America.

(_)Only about 1.5million acres (Area 1002) is actually open fordevelopment L-"/in ANWR.

12. Which of the following statements concerning LNG arecorrect?LNG imports to the US are on the increase and are expected to continue to ,.../increase in the future.

b. -T-he-US-currently-has-$-LNG-import terminals, but several more areexpected to-be built'bythe.end.of-the-year.-

c. One..oLthc_ad_antages-of-LNG.is4hat.becauso.it-is.a.|iquid.it can be

transported-in oil.tankers.---- .,,,o.__.,F,_._ £'"_C,,_"rt,_:_J grT_b;-0 )./d. C-urrently, the'ieading L.NGimporter to the US-is-Venezuel& /zAv'q_/Qatar will be the largest exporter of LNG within 10 years

In-general,-t he.cost-to.produce,.liquefyr transport-and-ro-vaporize4.4qG issubstantially-higber- that-current-USgas-prices_-

/_]n a typical LNG project, approximately 88-89% of the gas produced at the IL.----'-"'-/" wellhead is actually delivered to the market in the receiving country.

_..) _/ I _ ") 13._ "['_thefour NGL products and give an example of a market for each.

,f

/L/e_'2"'_'t. 6:,.".0 _vl_'; _"4.¢:L,c,_;,¢.t :re./_._,,t. r-eF.,t,., dee/fi._ _ _

14. Which oft be followingstatement concerning gasoline production are correct:t_Ftt e_ on_nt-in-the-gasolim_is-the-e,ost-of-refining,_

Ethanol is rapidly replacing MTBE as an oxygenate additive to gasoline _ ]/]

_:>The. main purpose of an oxygenate is to promote cleaner burning and lower /....- ---emis$1orL_

(_The U.S. refining capacity is about 17 MMBbl/day ¢------e. "gho-average-opctafing-rate- for-refineries-in-the_ut.SOt/o.of.their

capacity--

15. Which of the following statement concerning gasoline production are correct:

a. The largest compone _,in the gasoline price is the cost ofrc,fi_g.

b. Ethanol is rapidlyf( tieing MTBE _/aff'_xygenate ad_ve tc/gasoli}_"_

c. emissio,./Themainpurp°/_cmoxyge_yerburni_.g/_xflowcr_,._d. Th"_I2I:S._i'ng C_ hcity is/_out 17 _iy " '_e. The a.ve/rdgeoperati

capa_ty g_or refineries in thU¢ .S. is about 5(F/o of their

J

• .*

16. Which of the following statements concerning Arctic gas are correct:_) Most of the estimated gas reserves in the Arctic are trapped in hydrates

Currently exportable proven gas reserves from the North Slope are approx J• 30-40 Tcf

pipeline routes, the most likely route will go south to Valdez and IJ

/_].. then along the coast to Vancouver.I ofthoo

d. The estimated pipeline cost is $1-2 billion -_ /

The Prudhoe Ba_"gas cap will be the source of most of the gas that if /..,..-"" .. .produced.

.(_ The Canadian gas is primarily in the McKenzie Delta area.

17. The primary purpose ofoil & gas surface f:a_ilities is to process the produced fluids to

[I meet sales and/or disposal specifications. _or F) L-.--"-

;\_,_ P ,/f_._'_l 18. Which of the following statements regarding gas processing are correct?Lqj--_'\ _- a. _on-is-economicaltTattractive-whetrgas-prices-are-high-relafive.

to-omde-oit-prices:. =_--'-

(_) _ Propane is often referred to as LPG.In addition to the recovery ofNGLs, a gas processing plant may also

(_ removewater, CO2, and sulfur compounds fi-om the gas._ The primary market for ethane is petrochemical feedstock.('T_ Shrinkage refers to the value of NOLs if,they were 'sold asnatural gas.

-,_The U.S. produces over 2 MMbbl/d of NGLs and is the largest NGL/ "_ producer in the world '

19. Which of the following statements regarding produced water disposal are correct7

a. T-he-most-common-method'ofproduced-water- disposal-offshore-is-.reinjection.hack.into.the.reservoir..

b. P_roduced.water disposal is a minor-issue.in-the development-of.an-oil-field:c. Disposal-of-produced'water-back.into.the.sea.isnot-allowed.in.the Gulf of

Mexico.--

_ Solids in the produced w_' can plug up injection wells and decreaseinjection rates. _/"

/_ The removal of hydr_u'bons from the produced water is a critical step in ithe processing Ot_l_,6ducedwater streams.

f. In-many-areas,.pPbduced wetercanbe-converted.into.highquality_drinkingwat_.

O,_.q_ ¢ _,_wt,,_

• _..,-.._

)

" Midterm Exam

Oet 22, 2007PE 4113

I. The mostcommon formof secondaryrecoveryis Wt_,¢t_oc>J

f--":(_) L_/ 2. List 3 methodsa reservoirengineermight use to estimate the amount of oil and/orgas in

- CO7__

3. Brieflydescribe the difference between a miscible and hn_sciblc gas injection project.Name a fluid that might be typically injected in an immiscible project? Miscible project?

J . •

v

. _-.__._; ,.. '?, . . /,__ ,Jl,,,-,r, rud,.,re# a,_-s

4. Which of the following quality specifications would you expect tosee in a gas contract?

CoLheating value t

C02concentration O-rg__ _,-_ "fO(Ocx,,Ag,_- 2..

Methane concentration pv.a_efr,_o "3-- '_'_ Co___q,_ to

5. Which of the following statements regarding the surface processingof crude oil are a_u ot_- _l_id,.,L correct?

(_ A_. ulsionisa stable_xtttrc of two immisciblefluids in w_ichonefluid is_-_L,di_t_rsed in a second fired as tiny droplets ,° \_c _<c_:_ .

A.heater treater is a special _ used to dehydra-_ 6rude oil ......k3

--. _._mulsinns make the dehydration of crude oil difficult y/f_ ..#

¢ _3 ' d_ A_,y_!calBS&W specification for crude oil is 5-6%."°('_A typ_ealvanor pressure specification for crude oil _sless thanone atmosphere (14.7x,_J/

" psm) PL-_ "If. In Oklahoma the watercut for mostoil production is less than I0%.

\

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6. Listthe 3 mostcommon artificial lii_systems used in oil productionand give 2advantagesand disadvantages of each.

-o_.._r_.f-E_:_,:_ "_ _'_°__'_"_'__'_'@C'o._, ,._,j/a,, . o,_...y_

__._C_ s L,'P_

(_led-,;_ , ,,Lie ,_,,b_,',_..,_

7. Which of the following statements regardingsecondaryand tertiaryrecovery ate correct?

_s._ soakana_t_..._ve=o_ery=etho_are_ic=lyusedtoin_=eth__,,,._iscosity of heavy oil. k(D

I/_.//A miscible flood proje_f'_ an example of tertiary recovery._ _

'_'d_.._Qa_exampleofamiseiblefloodistoh.jectN 2 into the reservom _',JC),(/d./f'Addingpolymersto the injected water m a wa_'loroodcan increase the sweep

et_K"eiencyby makingthe watermore viscous.Ci b_Adding surfaetantsor detergentsto the.injectedwater in a watertloodmakes the oil'_ and water miscible and may increase od recovery.

8. The term relative permeability refers to the permeability of a fluid (such as oil) in the

presence of ano/tl_erfluid (such as water or gas) compared to its absolutepermeability. (TorF) ./

( y¢"-_ .,,_

9. List the four NGL products as well as the most importsn._tmarket for each product, j.

10. The primary purpose ofoil & gas surface facilities is to pr_the produced fluids to

meet sales and/or disposal specifications. (T or _,7_e,1 i. Which of the following statements regarding produced water disposal are correct?

- a. The most common method of produced water disposal_is reinjection backinto the reservoir

b. Jh_duced water disposal is a minor issue in the development of an oil field "*

.,_Disposal of produced water back into the .sea is not allowed inthe Gulf of Mexico-*

_"_.) S.otfds in the produced water can plug up rejection wells and decrease injection rates

t>_"_ae removal of hydroearbons from the produced water is a critical step in theprocessing of produced water streams

f. In many areas, produced water can be converted into high quality drinking water "_

12, Which of the following statements concerning gas gathering facilities are correct:

_..C_ompressors are frequently used to lower the pressure on the well and to boost gas,_-,_nto4aro.ces.sing facilities Y_

_hydrate m an "ice like" solid that can form in gathering lines and block the flow ofgas

c. Hydrates are a bigger problem in the summer than in the winter _°d. Piggigg is a mainenance procedure that is used tO remove harmful bacteria from the

_ of the pipe ._

e(,.._ompanies that gather gas and process gas are referred to as "midstream" companies

13. In gas processing what is meant by the term "frae spread"?

ZT."

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F

A set inflowperformancecurves for an oil well areshownbelow:

Inflow Performance Curvesfor ExampleOil well600

50o400

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800

Production, BPD

Answer the following questions.

a. In year 1 the surfacepressureis 400 psi. What_ill be the approximateflow rate

ofoil fi'omthewell?_p_)rOX, ' LqO _/'_b. The well operatorwould like to maintain the 'year 1' flow rate for as long as

.... ' I 9 W

possible. What surface pressure would .bereqmred m year 2 to maintain the year I flow/rate? What pressure would be requiredm year37 "_e_r- _-"_ o,bo,.,d- _0 ?'_ _/'"

e. The pressure of the gas gathering system m the area Is 100 pSL This gathering

system is the only outlet forthe solutiongas prixlucedfrom this well. ffthe minimu_j_ f , tisurface pressure is 100 psi, at what timewould the well stop flowing? LLn _ L._(cg.-_-_ T'_

What are two things you could do at this point to make the well flow again? r,._, /_

d_'ing is not allow_

"...-" NAME:

OCTOBER 25, 2006

LOCA OONTHERIG:.,.B_'DOSVNLN'THE BOREHOLE

THE SUBSTRUCTURE

C.._T THE TOP OF THE MAST ""

2. THE MAIN SOURCE OF FORMATION EVALUATION DURING DRILLINGe '-_"

/OPERATIONS IS: ()to¢_- [_]e. )or,._'_¢u, O

3. WHY SHOULD YOU REMOVE SOLD1S FROM THE COMPLETION FLUID?

_O O SEAL THE WELLBORE .MII_qMIZE FORMATION DAMAGE

_TO MINIMIZE ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS_. TO PREVENT HEAT DAMAGE

4. WHICH COMPLETION WELLS WOULD REQUIRE PERFORATING IN THEPRODUCTION ZONE?

.:_ff_QPE N HOLE_EMENTED CASING_Y, PRE-PERFORATED OR SLOTTED LINER

5. WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING CAN CAUSE FORMATION DAMAGE? (SELECT ALLA.NSWE[_S THAT APPLY)

M)iONS_FINES MIGRATION

6. IF A NORMAL WIRELINE DEPLOYMENT IS USED, IN WHAT HYDROSTATICCONDI_ON WOULD A WELL BE PERFORATED?

( A. _LIGHTLY OVERBALANCED_'f" "A_f)EEP PENETRATION

_CJ.SLIGHTLY UNDERBALANCED_D(BALANCED

7. WHAT ARE THE TWO PR_a_ARy CLASSIFICATIONS OF PERFORATING GUNS?

('Af_._ ER

_/.B._BIG HOLE.C._DEEP PENETRATING

_APSULE

8. WHAT IS THE MOST COMMON PERFORATING CHARGE?

_ED JET..B_.CARRIER

_,,._ .C_BIG HOLE4_. HIGH EXPLOSIVE

9, THE MOST COMMON TYPE OF COMPLETION IS: fe_ _f_J ft. _ _, ,

10. OPEN HOLE LOGGING TOOLS MEASURE ALL OF THE FOLLOWINGCHARACTERISTICS OF THE FORMATIONS OR FORMATION FLUIDS EXCEPT:

a. ELECTRICAL _/

b. SONIC (ACOUSTIC),-"c. RADIOACTIVE ,./

_ P-V-T ANALYSIS,

! 1. A SPONTANEOUS POTENTIAL (SP) LOG IS USED TO IDENTIFY POTENTIALSANDSTONE RESERVOIRS AND TO ESTABLISH THEIR THICKNESS AND

RELATIVE QUALITY.

@'TRUEb. FALSE

12. POROSITY LOGS ARE IDENTIFIED AS ALL OF THE FOLLOWING EXCEPT:

SONIC (ACOUSTIC) ,

,..,-f (c.-')CALIPER ,/.__ts',__. NEUTRON /_ _"_'_'_

13.w___ ISUSED1"OPROVIDEWEIGHTONTHEBrr?.,(a.j_DRILL COLLAR )

_ NAVIGATION SUB,_" MWD MOTOR._. MUD MOTOR

14.,WHAT DEVELOPS COMM[JNICATION BETWEEN THE PRODUCING FORMATION

(J

15. WHEN DRILLING IN LESS THAN 350' OF WATER, YOU SHOULD USE:

...._.PLATFORM L_, '_ _ ")

"='- _RILLSH]P "e _o r_0",XWCAISSON

16.._VdlA.T,_P,URP,O SE, D_.O..ES_TI_E__t@EMENTFtSHF4A",__ITH,BE_a_WEEN -'FHES URFA _'E-CASI NG

ANDegHEHOLESEaVZ.tSELECTALLANSWERSTHAT_PLV)(,QKEEPSFLUlnSlrROMCOMINGUPTFIEA_ZmYLUS,_PREVENTS BOREHOLE CAV(NGS FROM FALLINGDOWN THE _US.._UPPORTS THE BOP's

_ISOLATESTNEARSUR_ACETRESHWATER ZONES"

17. WtlAT IS THE MAIN ADVANTAGE OF PDC BITS?._Y_HEY COST LESS.rl_..THEY RESULT IN MORE ROUND TRIPS.

• j_/._HEY ARE EASIER TO INSTALL.

_'_ CD._HEY LAST LONGER.)

18. THE SMALL DIA_METER PIPE THAI CAR_._. S FLUIDS TO THE SURFACE FROM_/OR INJECTS FLUIDS INTO TItE DESIRED INTERVAL IS: ,-'t%,_

19. WH_.T IS THE FIRST TYPE OF CASING TO BE CEMENTED?,<A..CONDUCTOR

//' SURFACE_._flNT EILMEDlATE

PRODUCTION

20. ROLLER CONE BITS DRILL ROCK BY ROTATION OF THE CONES AND Sff___G

THE.ROCK. _= _c._p,_,_ _ (__.,''_ A. TRUE

_ALSE_ _,'!,,,'.: ,:u e5

21. NAME FOUR SOURCES OF WELL INFORMATION REQUIRED TO DRILL A WELL:

22, WHAT ARE THE TWO MAIN TYPES OF DRILL BITS? (SELECT ALL ANSWERSTHAT APPLY)

j.._A:_OLLER CONE BITS/_NSERT BITS ......

_OLYCHRYSTALLINE DIAMOND COMPACT.

23:"["_1E , Do_'_'/ SEALS THE ANNULUS BETWEEN PRODUCTION CASING_'4"'AND PRODUCTION TUBING.

_2_VO TYPES OF PACKER TYPES ARE: _ _eV_C,_,vt.3r _ AND ,_e._-t_t,wi _t _,

25.fFHE bLa,iN FUNCTION OF THE COMPLETION FLUID IS: VAa_,F_ !_/l_[- co,._,_/_-_]h,lb, '- "

Midterm ExamNov 3, 2008PE 4113

i 1. The most common form of secondary recovery is [-,J']_ _ I0_)_1- _O

Cl n ro ect2. Briefly describe the difference.between a miscible and immiscible gas injdetfo p _j "9

. X ,, / Name a fluid that might be typically injected in an immiscible project? Miscible project.

• , , -' 0 "----

isimportant to fracture the coal to maximize production• )¢t6 t'grag(

I i b. The well density required to drain the reservoir is greater in conventional gas g4,_cvOfi"reservoirs than in tight gas reservoirs. g__') Horizontal drilling and advances in well completion techniques are primary

theO

,_/ _ factors that have increased shale gas production.(,,,d._ Tight gas reservoirs are essentially conventional reservoirs with very lowx,,..,/permeabilities.

e. The production profile for coalbed methane shows an initial steep decline followed byrelative steady production over a long period of time.

f. Dewatering is a critical step in tight gas production.

4. Which of the following statements regarding the surface processing of crude oil arecorrect?

_b n emulsion is a stable mixture of two immiscible fluids in which one fluid isdispersed in a second fluid as tiny droplets

A heater treater is a special tank used to meet produced water disposal specifications.c. Emulsions make the dehydration oferude oil easier. ,... _ --q

(_ A typical BS&W specification for crude oil is around 1%. (.,lgx,xqWla._ ._

_) A typical vapor pressure specification for crude oil is less than one atmosphere (14•7psia)

f. In Oklahoma the water cut for most oil production is less than 10%.

•(_mhmee e primary purpose of oil & gas surface facilities is to process the produced fluids tot sales and/or disposal specifications.

l

5. List the 3 most common artificial lift systems used in oil production and give 2

advantages and disadvantages of each.

I.

O, d_pv_fc_ _)do_-* C_ IVJ_ , _0 ION UOIU_O=_5kr_ll_

• I6. Which of the following statementsregardingsecondaryand tertiary recovery are correctY

/a_. Steaminjection is typically usedto increasetheviscosityof heavyoil. NOA miscible flood project isan exampleof tertiaryrecovery.

j¢. One exampleof a miscible flood is to inject N2 into the reservoir.

ff G/dG')Adding polymers to the injected water in a waterflood can increase the sweepff efficiency by making the water more viscous.

_/_ dding surfactants or detergents to the injected water in a waterflood makes the oild water miscible and may increase oil recovery.

e term "relative permeability" refers to the permeability of a fluid (such as oil) inthe presence of another fluid (such as water or gas) compared to its absolutepermeability.

7. Which of the following statements regarding produced water disposal are correct.'?

a. The most common method of produced water disposal offshore is reinjection backinto the reservoir tXlO

b. Produced water disposal is a minor issue in the development of an oil field k(0

t'V _ c. Disposal of produced water back intothe sea is not allowed in the Gulf of Mexico ti_f'd_Solids in the produced water can plug up injection wells and decrease injection rates

/(_The removal of hydrocarbons from the produced water is a critical step in theprocessing of produced water streams

f. In many areas, produced water can be converted into high quality drinking water _/0

8. What is the effect (increase, decrease) on oil flow from a well if the variables shownbelow change.

Change in oil flow ._j _ - eo.llel, 12..(increase or decrease) lcl0

_L Decrease in viscosity I_ _(_9__.,

f b. Decrease in reservoir pressure _ [_{V___.,Jc. Decreasein well bore pressure I _ (J_-_ "-_'

d. Decrease in water saturation ]_6 _rO_C_/

9. Which of the following statements regarding artificial lit_ are correct?

(_Plunger lift is commonly used on low pressure gas wells that have liquid in the tubing

_As the water cut in an oil well increases, the difference between the wellhead pressureand the reservoir pressure decreases

/_ Electrical submersible pumps are typically used on low productivity wells

(_ Gas lift works by decreasing the weight of the fluid in the tubing which reduces thebottom hole pressure

(_ Sucker rod pumping units are very popular in highly deviated wells.Gas lift is not very effective if the crude oil has a high viscosity

10. What does the term "productivity index" mean when talking about oil production?

? -foil - _

_'l. A set inflow performance curves for an oil well are shown below:

Inflow PerformanceCurvesfor ExampleOil well600

5o0

4OO

0 _"

0 100 200 300 400 SO0 600 700 800

Production, BPD

Answer the following questions.

3. In year 1 the surface pressure is 300 psi. What will be the approximate flow rate

ofoil fi'om the well? _ _ (._ _O jb. The well operator would like to maintain the 'year 1' flow rate for as long aspossible. What surface pressure would be required in year 2 to maintain the 'year 1' flow

rate? What pressure would be required in year 3? "_Ct-5"- _ _ I_O {::_!_qec_ 3_-Q/ Pglc. The pressure of the gas gathering system in tl_e area is 100psi. This gathering 11system is the only outlet for the solution gas produced from this well. If the minimum

_a_opress_is100psi,_whattimewoul_thewellstopno_ng_je0X_½d. What are two things you could do at this point to make the well flow again? Gas

flaring is not allowed. __0_,/,t_(._l_/_) CqL0_ _,__(_ _/_._'] r-- _ _

1) What was the 2007 world production of crude oil, condensate & NGL inBbl/d? Just give me the t.otal ofJhe three.

2) List the 5 largest oil producing countries in the world along with their approx.2007 production rates in Bbl/d.

t._a_i a,-c,_'_e-- to_t_13v',',_tl4 q.lvaa,a --t}q(31nh,j,_l_

3) List the countries in OPEC. What percentage of the total world oil and gasproduction was produced by OPEC in 2007?

4) What is the volume of c_de oil (in Bbls) stored in the Strategic Petroleum _J_'H_6_ &¥OJD

L_o Reserve (SPR) today? How much crude oil is held in inventory by companies _a'_i _:_t_5 Iin the normal business of production, transportation and refining? _/_P,_22.OJ_ o,.

5) From which 5 countries did the US import the largest quantities of oil in

2007? I. (./AI_¢,,_" _,_. _O_J /

"5. _._6) What was the approximate primary energy consumption in the US in 2007 in:

a) BOE per person and b) BOE per $1000 of GNP? How does this compare tothe following countries: UK, Germany, Japan, China, & India?

77"_ztlq_9

c_,_u,,,t, a4oO.,', 3 ._ I"5 .._ -_=, ,_ K_AI_a-"

-- __, - F_ ,.,V'n .r,,_ _CV_xJ -4, I._aT_ ._'hat is the approximate oil production (Bbl/d) per producing well in the US?

" ..

8) What is the approximate oil production (Bbl/d) per producing well in SaudiArabia? Norway?

9) What is the approximate oil and gas production (Bbl/d & Mscfd) perproducing well in Oklah--_ma?

10) Wha'tais the pric_ofthe following energy products on NYMEX for Oct 2008.a: Crudeoil ,,-_(Ol.lgb. Natural gas - "1 ,aJ4:t.#

c. Unleaded gasoline_2. -']_0

d Iaeatingoi- 939J

,JSuggested references are O&GJ, EIA, IEA, BP World Oil Review, OERB, API,Oklahoma Corporation Commission. Population and GNP data can be found onWorld Bank and/or CIA websites.

Midterm Exam

Oct. 8, 2008PE 4113

1. Which of the following statements regarding reservoir traps are correct?

a. A trap must seal the reservoir in the horizontal plane only.

A trap must be in place before migration of the oil. y

A salt dome is a classic example of a structuraltrap.)/

d./Structural traps occur due to the depositional envirofunent of the reservoir.A common rock found in reservoir traps is shale. /

2. Which of the following statements regarding types of reservoirs are correct?/

_'he difference between a 'wet' and 'dry' gas reservoir is whether condensate appearsin the production separator._/

b. A 'black oil' reservoir will likely have a higher GOR than a 'volatile oil' reservoir.

L_ In a 'retrograde gas condensate' reservoir you maximize the production of condensateby reinjecting gas into the reservoir to keep the pressure above the dew point. )/The rese/voir pressurelwill decline to the bubble point pressure more rapidly ifi a'solution'gas' driv_ereservoir than in a 'water drive' reservoir. _/

e. In an oil _eservoirlwith a strong water drive, you would expectlthe GOR to increasesignificantly over _me.

3. Which of the following statements regarding the natural gas industry in the U.S. arecorrect?

• The largest market for natural gas is the residential and commercial market.y il,,w/(_ The fastest growing segment of domestic production is unconventional gas. '(

_l,_ / c. The residential and commercial sector has a higher load factor than the indus'_trial

• _ sector _"There has been significant growth in gas demand for power generation over the past 5

,Nt_. "LNG accounts for about 15% of US gas supply.f Most of US gas supply by pipeline imports comes from Mexico.

q/

4. Which of the following statements regarding U.S. oil supply and demand are correct7

a. The middle distillate market is the largest market for refined products. N

TheU.S. imports most of its oil from Canada. N

_]_// " U.S. erude production has increased over the past few years. I',,l---" d. A crude oil with an API gravity of 15 is easier to convert into gasoline than a crude

oil with an API gravity of 40.._The average oil production perwell m the U.S. is significantly higher than in other

producing countries such as Norway and Saudi Arabia. _ _/

5. An integrated oil and gas company operates in what two sectors of the industry7

6. Natural gas is predominantly _ (chemical name)

7. Which of the following statements regarding reservoir drive mechanisms are _rrect?

Water drive reservoirs typically have the lowest recovery factor foroil. _/In gas cap reservoirs the expansion of the gas.cap helps to support the reservoirpressure and results in higher oil recovery, x_When the reservoir pressure falls below the b_tbble point the GOR at the surfacedecreases for a time and then increases. _/

Solution gas drive is typically the least efficient drive mechanism. _/ ,I

In a gas reservoir, gas expansion often has a higher recovery factor than a water drive.7

• 8. What is the purpose of including the formation volume factor 030, Bg)in the volumetricequation?

_ _ _ _i_ r_vav _)

9. Which of the following statements regarding oilfield terminology are correct?

_GOR refers to the Gas/Oil ratio and in the U.S. has the units scf/Bbl._'_ Water cut is the percentage of produced liquid that is water.d_A standard cubic foot (scO is the primary unit used in stating natural gas flow rates.

L/ d. 1000 scfofnatural gas is approximately equal to l000 Bm ofenergy. _ _0_ [_C_[[_0_ bTue. A barrel ofoil equivalent 03OE) is used to compare heavy crudes to light erudes._',/_' When people talk about a "light crude" they are referring to a crude oil with a low

_) API gravity. ],,1

Condensate will have a higher API gravity than crude oil. _/

.ti

10. What are the 4 conditions that must exist for the economic accumulation ofoil or gas in a

rerv°ir?OGOc U be

11. In oil and gas the word 'sour' refers to what?

* 12. Which of the following statements regarding me mtemataonal on ana gas maustry arecorrect7

/

•_). The United States is the largest gas consuming country in the world.

_} _ b.(/b.b...,.,'TheUnited States is also the largest gas prlxlucing c_unt_ in the world.[/_)The country with the largest gas reserves is Russia.

_/ t_d._audi Arabia is the largest oil producing country.

(e._ OPEC accounts for about 40% of world oil production. 7."fT. Most of the world oil reserves are located in China.

13. Which of the following statements regarding natural gas are correct?

_:) Natural gas will almost always contain water, CO2 and N2 when it leaves the

_ reservoir.Natural gas storage is used to balance natural gas supply with demand.

_)_ c, The highest demand months for natural gas are typically in the summer due to airconditioning load.

/_ Non-associated gas refers to gas produced from an oil reservoir.Most natural gas contains NGLs when the gas leaves the reservoir.

14. List two factors that can affect the price of crude oil at the wellhead?

15. When people refer to an R/P ratio what R/P ratiofor oil and gas in the US compare with a producing region like the Middle East?

" %" _ ' _ C _ l __ _ _ }' _ _ _ _ _

Volumetrics Calculation (I0 pts)

Your exploration team has been studying a prospective Oldahoma_eservoir thatappears to be 640 acres in area. The reservoir sand has a total thickness of 120 ft. which

can be broken _ to5_s_arate intervals as follows.

Zone Description Thickness, ft. Porosity S_1 Sand 20 12% 15%2 Shale 31 0% N/A3 Sand 26 14% 35%4 Shale 25 0% N/A5 Sand 18 8% 100%