NEWMAN S ERROR ANALYSIS PROCEDUREDONED BY: HANIFAH MARDZIHA SYUAIBAH NORHASIDALIANA

DEFINITION . The Newman Procedure is a method that analyzes errors in sentence problems. In the process of problem solving, there are many factors that support the students to arrive at a correct answer.

This method supposes that in the process of problem solving there are two kinds of obstacles that hinder students from arriving at correct answers: a) Problems in linguistic fluency and conceptual understanding that correspond with level of simple reading and understanding meaning of problems.b) Problems in mathematical processing that consists of transformation, process skills, and encoding.

NEWMAN S ERROR ANALYSISREADING LEVELCan the student read the question? (Simple recognition of words and symbols)

COMPREHENSION LEVEL

Can the student understand the meaning of the question? (Linguistic understanding of problems)

TRANSFORMATION LEVEL

Can the student select the appropriate mathematical operations or procedures? (Transformation from linguistic understanding to mathematical interpretation)

NEWMAN S ERROR ANALYSISPROCESS SKILLS LEVEL ENCODING LEVELCan the student perform the mathematical calculation or the procedure accurately? (Execution of mathematical processing)

Can the student represent the answer appropriately? (Representation of results from mathematical processing)

NEWMAN S ERROR ANALYSISCLASSIFICATION TYPICAL QUESTIONS ERROR Reading 1. Please read the question to me . (If you don t know a word or number, leave it out.) Do not recognise key words or symbols.

Comprehension 1. (Point to a word or symbol.) What does this word/symbol mean? 2. Tell me what the question is asking you to do. Transformation 1. Tell me how you are going to find the answer. 2. Tell or show me how you start to find an answer to this question.

Can read the problems well but cannot comprehend the meaning of the words, symbols or question. Cannot transform sentences into mathematical forms.

NEWMAN S ERROR ANALYSISCLASSIFICATION TYPICAL QUESTIONS ERROR

Process skills

1. Show me what to do to get the answer. 2. Tell me what you are doing as you work. (Let student work on a piece of paper.) 1. Now write down your answer to the question.

Can choose an appropriate operation but cannot complete the operation accurately.

Encoding

Can perform the correct operations but writes the answer incorrectly.

NEWMAN S HIERARCHY OF ERROR CAUSES

Example of process of interview..

Problem: A pizza of twelve pieces, costs five hundred twenty eight ringgit. How much will one piece of pizza cost?

Teacher Student Teacher Student Teacher

Student Teacher Student

: Can you read the question? (Reading level) : (Student reads the whole question.) : What does the question ask you do? (Comprehension level) : It s asking me to find a piece of pizza, and how much? : Then, what operation do you work out to find the answer? (Transformation level) : Using subtraction. (Error occurred at this level.) : Can you show me your calculation or write it on this paper? (Process skills) : There are 12 pieces of pizza, so a piece of pizza is 528 12 = 516

CONCLUSION . Teachers should use evidence of learning to analyze, diagnose and remediate errors. Error analysis involves the analysis of error patterns to identify difficulties that students may have with facts, concepts, strategies and procedures. Identifying the type of error allows the teacher to address learner needs more efficiently.

Teachers can analyze errors using the following steps:1) Collect evidence of learning by asking the student to complete a number of problems of the same type. 2) Look at the student s responses or record all responses that the student makes, particularly their comments. 3) Look for error patterns.

4) Look for exceptions to error patterns. 5) Analyze the types of errors and consider the causes. 6) If further clarification is required, encourage the student to talk through or demonstrate her/his approach or, in the case of word problems, interview the student.