News from the WestLetters from oman to Batavia, ri98-1806

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Published at the occasion of the visit to Leiden universitl, Libraryby H.E. the Minister of Awqaf and Religious Affairs of the Sultanate of

oman, Shaikh Abdullah bin Mohammed bin Abdullah al Salimi.on Fridav I I Julv 2003

Presented by Jan Just Witkam

News from the west. Letters from oman to Batavi a, l79g-1906

Presented by Jan Just l4/itkam*

Contents:L The col lect ion of letters.2. Historical context3. Partial translation ofthe letters.4. Edit ion of the letters and lacsimiles.

1. The collection of lettersFrom the numerous letters which in course of time arrived in Batavia from all over theIndonesian archipelago many must have been stored in archives and should. ideally speaking,now still be kept in the Indonesian Arsip Nasional. But it also must be assumed that aconsiderabie number was lost, for all sorts of reasons. Other archival materials may have beensent to Holland. if deemed important enough, and nor,v form an Oriental treasure trove in theGeneral State Archive in The Hague. There is. hor,vever. a relatively small portion of lettersand documents. w'hich was sent to Holland. not to be kept in any archive, but in order to serveas educational niaterial for the training of Dutch civil servants to be sent out to the colony.The originals finall,v came into the holdings of Leiden's University Library. Forthe use ofstudents, lithograph editions w-ere produced fiom representative selections of such letters andolle mav imagine that several generations of adspirant governmental employees have brokentheir eves trving to decipher such documents.Recentll'. a large collection of such letters in lv{alav has. now for the first time. beenindividuallv described.l N,{ost of these documents date fi'om the periods of office ofGovernors-General Alting. van Overstraten, Siberg and Wiese, from the period betu'een 1780and 1808. Hou'eractll tirese docurnents r,vere selected is not know-n, but so much is evidentthat thel'' cover almost all areas which r.vere under control of the Dutch East india Company orr.vith r.vhich the Companl'had a regular relationship, including areas which are now part ofNfaiaysia. They range from r,ery simply made letters in Latin script (e.g. from the Moluccasand from Kupang and surroundings) to evidently royal documents written in impressiyeArabic cailigraphl, and provided with magnificent and impressive ornamentation. truly goldenletters. Apart from a selection bv area. the educational collection as it is now must have beenbrought together in a hapirazard rva.u-. It mav have been a privately made collection possiblybv one of the members of the Indian Councii.i but any concrete information is lacking. Mostprobably, part of the static archive in Batavia was just raided at the request of a professor ofeither of the Delft or Leiden academies by one of his former students.Among the letters which originate tiom the library of the Government Training College forIndian Civil Servantss there are a t-e',r'u,hich did not come from the archipetaeo. e few Arabic

x Prolessor of Paleoeraphl, and Codicoloey of the lslamic World. University of Leiden. Address: Universit l,L ibrarv, P.O. Box 9501, NL-2300 RA Leiden. The Nether lands ( rv i tkam@library. le idenuniv.n l ) . This is anexpanded version ofthe paper. presented bv the author under the same tit le in the 17th KITLV InternationalWorksltop on South-East Asian Studies 'Manuscripts fforn insular South-East Asia: E,pistolography,. Leiden.21-25 Januarir 2002. The il lustration on the cover is part of a Vierv of the Bav of Muscat. drawn by Dirk van derVelden on 20 August 1682 (Leiden University, Library,. Collection Bodel Nijenhuis No. 006- l;-007). see Dirk deVries. Uir de kaartenwinkel van de VOC. Catctlogus vnn :eekaarten ven de Verenigcle Oostindi,sche Compagniein cle Collectie Bodel !,, l i jenhuis. Alphen aan den Rijn 1996. p. 62. No. 7g.' In E.P. Wierinsa. Catalogtte of 'I,iatqv ancl ,Vinangkobat,,)nnt,scripts in the Library of Leiclen Univer.siD; qndother co/lections in the Netherlands. Vol. l. Leiden 1998. edited by Joan de Lijster-Streef and Jan Just Witkam.r 'Raad van Indie', in the East India Cornpany's tirne the highest gtuverning body, presided over by thegouvernor-general.' 'R i jks- lnste l l ing tot Ople id ing van Indische Arnbtenaren' . I t was founded in 1864 in Leiden. In lg77 i t wasreplaced by a munic ipal co l lese. but otherrv ise wi t l i the same purpose, and in l89l i t ceased to ex is t a l together .

and Persian documents from Oman and the Gulf were somehow included. These are thesubject of the present publication.aIn view of the purpose of the constitution of the collection of documents and letters, it isobvious that they camot, in any way, be a complete source for the history of the relationshipbetween the Western Quarters of the Dutch East India Company and the central go,r.**.niin Batavia. Yet they are not entirely without value either. The few documents u,hich arepreserved here give us useful information on several levels.5 That they are in fact quite rare isbome out by information kindly supplied by B.J. Slot. fbrmerly charter-master in the DutchNational Archive in The Hague.o in that Archive there is not a special 'Oman-coliection', butthere are documents about Oman, dispersed over different related files. There is only oneorigibally Arabic document. which is a letter from the v,akil of Muscat. Khalfan. dating fromi778. The Dutch East India Cornpany (VOC) had the habit to preserve Arabic letters in thearchives of the addressees" which in this case were the Directorate for Persia and the CentraiGovernment itself in Batavia. Translations of these documents r,vere sent to The Netherlandsas enclosures ll'ith the reports of the Company's director in Gamron and of the Governor-General. and these are preserved *{rere the.v should be. Ansrvers from the Govemor-Generalin Batavia are preserved as weli. and all in all there is an exchange of letters preserved inprobabl,v less than twent,v- documents in Dutch. Among tirese are the oldest know.n epistolarvexchanses betrveen Dutch instances and the ruling dvnasn' in Oman. Slot has searched forletters from Oman in the Arsip Nasional. the National Arcliive. in Jakarta. but to no avail. Hehad conducted that research because of remarks b,v made br.Count Gobineau on lV{uscat'srelationship with East- and Southeast-Asia./After the discontinuation of the Company's activities in Persia. there has been acorespondence betr,veen the gouvernor of the Malabar Coast in Cochin and Oman.Translations of these letters. some ten in all. have been sent to the Netheriands as enclosuresin tire Reports on the Malabar Coast. These are also a'u'ailable in the Dutch National Archivein The Hague. The comprise the period fi'om c. 1778 onu'ards. Slot has not fbLrnd the Arabicoriginais (but only translations) of this correspondence in lvladras. u,here a considerable parlof the Dutch archives from the Malabar Coast are presentll,peserved. Neither could he findArabic originals in Colombo. where the onl.v original Arabic correspondence avaiiabie comesfrorn the Maledives.'ul,ritten in a remarkable t-vpe of locai calligraphr'. As a parallel documentma1" be mentioned here a letter tiom the Sultan of the Comores and *'hich is preserved inCape Town. It has the outr.vard appearance of letters from Oman. u'l-rich is not so amazing ifoue realizes the close relationship. The oldest pubiished orieinai documents come fromFrench archives (Paris. Caen. Reunion) and have been publislied b1, Shaykh Sultan ofSharjah." The oldest Arabic ietter from Oman (albeit a cop). r.rot the orisinal document). fromaround 1700. is presen'ed in the archive of the English East h-rdia Compan.v. From Slot'sexhatistive enltmeration it is clear that Omani documents in European archives are rare iternsan)'\vav. A more thorough investigation of Omani docunlents in the Leiden Universitv Librar-vseenrs therefore in p lace.

* Thel 'have been f i rs t summari lv descr ibed by H.C. Kl inker t . 'Verzamel ingen van Male ische br ieven.voorhanden in de Rrjksbibliotheek te Le iden'. in Ttj ds chri/ i voor I ' iederlancls ch I ndie. Augusr I 8 82. pp. 8 I - I 03 .The documents here under d iscussion are descr ibed by Kl inker t on p. l0 l .5 On.rani docutnents in the General State Archive in The Hague are iare items. It seems that thel. are less than ten.IQL'ot .a. and t ransiated. in leneth f iorn a personal le t ter l iom B.J. Slot to the author , dated Febiuary2.2002.t A. de Gobinear-r . Tro i .v an.s en A.s ie (de 1855-1855). Par is 1859. The chapter on Muscat is on pp. 89-109.t sultan l ' luhatnmad Al-Qasirni, Les relations etltre Ontetl et ltt Frctnc.e, l7l5-1g05.Paris 1995 (trad. de I 'arabepar Abdel je l i l e t Mire i l le Ternimi) , not seen.

2. Historical contextOn both sides of the correspondence there was, politically speaking, a highly volatilesituation. In Europe and South-East Asia the consequences of the French conquest of theEuropean continent made themselves felt. The economic blockade of England by the Frenchcannot have been particularly favourable for trade. The quick succession of constitutions ofthe former Dutch Republic. which in 1795 had been succesfully invaded b.v the French, theend of the Dutch East India Company. the French expedition to Egypt. and the continuous andincreasing threat of English expansion in South-East Asia are but a few of the most importanthighlights. All these developments cannot but have been detrimental to the relationshipbetween Batavia and the Western Quarters. which were never real profitable venturesanyw-ay.Nor was the situation on the Omani side very stable. The Wahhabi threat up north in thepeninsula was very real. Medina was to be destroyed by the Sa'udi forces. In one of hisletters. the Imam Sultan b. Ahmad (reigned \792-1806) refers to ajihad which he is going toembark upon, and which is apparently directed against the Wahhabi's. In addition. he w,as thearchitect of Oman's expansion overseas. n'hich reached under his reign as far as Bahravn.Hormuz. Bandar Abbas and Kishm. But r.vhat is more: he had things to conceal for the Dutch.As a precaution against the Wahhabi threat he r,vas developinu a special relationship r,r-ith theBr i t i sh .and in l 798 . theve rv ) ' ea ro f the f l r s t t r vodoc tunen ts in thep resen tco i l ec t i on .heconcluded his first treary with the English East India Companl'.' Part of the deal u,as that hepromised not to allow the French and Dutch to establish t-actories in his territory as long asthev w-ere at war n'ith tl"re British.'0 H.n.". he must have bec'n easer to know about the Dutchor Dr-rtch-lndian reaction to this. and their continuous absence tlom Muscat. apparentl,v lorvears. must have been siightly r.vorrying to him.One r,vonders w"hether the calling of Omani ships in the ports of Calcutta and Bombar'. as ismentioned in the letters. w-as reallv fbr necessary repairs or for shelter against a tr.phoon. TheDutch may have come to knorv about their appearance in Indian ports. and the events are.therefore. explained befbre awkward cluestions could be asked and excuses be fbund. Theintended trade, the buying of supar, does not seem to be verl inrpressir e or ursent either.The dynamics of disruption witirin the Bu Sa'id familv \\'ere another sollrce of instabilit-v. TheIast letter in the collection completell, changes the tone of the conversation. The neu.Imam.Badr b. Sayf. who had gained the ascendancy with Wahhabr support atier the death of Sultanb. Ahmad in a sea battle in 1804. did not live long to enjol, his victon'. In i 806 he wasmurdered by Sultan's son Sa'id. He did send a letter to Batavia. hou'ever. It is a documententireiy different from the diplomatic letters which were sent br. Sultan b. Ahmad. Theideological shift is clear fiom both form and contents.A ferv r,vords ma-v be said about the making of the letters. To judge from the script. they n'ereevidentl.v written by professional secretaries. but it is at once clear that these $.ere notindi-senous Arabs. The language of the letters is full of formulaic niceties. butthe overallsyntax is rveak. All sorts of fatrlts are made asainst the rules of Arabic grammar. to such anextent that the letters cannot have been written by local scholars r,vith a traditional education.Tirese secretaries may have been Indians. a f-act which could expiain r,vhv t'uvo of the letters arein Persian. vvhich was, till 1857, the lingua franca of the indian subcontinent.The seals on the documents are modest. Both Sultan b. Ahmad ar-rd Sar.'f b. Bacir have chosenfor a Qur'anic quotation, in r,vhich the r,vord occllrs which is also their name. The tbrmer's

'See C.E. Bosrvor th, The Lslunic D),nast ies. EdinbLrrgh 1967, pp. 78-80. w, i th a shor t survey of the Al Bu-Sa' id

dvnast)'." ' c .F . Beck ingham. a r t . Bu Sa ' i d . i n E / . ne rv ed i t i on . vo l . I ( Le iden 1960 ) . pp . l 28 l -1283 .

seal reads: 'l come to you with a clear authority'tl. The latter's seal reads: 'God helped you atBadr ' .12

3. Partial translation of the letters.

The Omani and Oman-related documents pre.served in Leiden University Librar-v- are givenand summarized here in chronolosical order."

N o . 2 1 6 .Short note in Arabic. dated 29 August 1798. accompanying the gift of two horses.'Sent in the way of fiiendship and gift on the vessel Sib Badam with captain Abdul Rahman.two horses. Please, accept these. Peace be upon you. Done on 17 Rabi' I 1213.'

No .220 .Letter in Arabic. from Muscat. fiom the Imam to the Governor-General. dated 17 Aueustr198.'To the friend. the adviser, the General of Batavia. mav God safeguard him.After offering the necessities of greetings and the accessories of espect. the musk odotirspreads and the daisl' flolvers arise.The good friend . . .,'t may the Judging God.guard him against the vicissitudes of tate b1' theright of Him Who put Jonah into the'uvhale.''When it occurs to the mind to ask and to investigate holv things are going: we al'e. God bepraised. in the best situation and the most agreeable state of mind. The ner,r's from onr part isquiet in movements and increasing in blessings.It is now two \.ears that we have not seen someone from 1,'ou r isitinu our parts as \\'as )'ourhabit. earlier. We r.r,ish to knorv hor.v you are doing and u-h1' r'ou have for so lonu interruptedthe road of friendship and love betr,veen the parties. Theretbre u'e have directed our ship SibBadam. on board of n'hich is tlie skipper of our men. AbdLr Rahman. anci al-\lu'allim \\razir.We have sent the ship in order to find out the truth u,hv volr cr"rt otf tiom our port. \\1e askfiom God Almight that it u,ill safel.v arrive rvith you and that it rirll establish contact u'ithyou, as that is the purpose. And by rval-of friendship and unitv ne reqllesr to gir.e themrespect and care. as used to be done between the tw'o parties. and as used to be the lovebetween the two sides. That is why we have written the letter of ft'iendship. and we have sentit through the munif-rcence of God Almighty. We have put sorne car_so in the aforesaid ship,and we have ordered thern to buy sugar and otirer commodities uhich they w'ish. For them werequest that .vou take care of them concernins the purchased goods. and that you w.iii grant usexclusive permission and care. since r,ve and you are most special friends. and iikewise. when1'our ships come (?) to our port they rvill experience exclusive care from our part. So not al'ertyour eves fiom tirem. Whatever good .vou do to them is our obligation. We request that vou letthe vessel quickly come back to us. and you do not let it be late. and that \,ou ne\rer exclude usfiom vour benevolent thoughts. Greeting is the best closure 1...1.

" Qur 'an 43:19, in A.J. Arberr .v 's t ranslat ion. Here wi th a p la l ,wi th rvords bet ' , r 'een 'aurhor in ' and the proper

name Sultan."

]ur 'on 3:119. A p lay wi th words between Badr. the local i t -v of an ear lv Musl im banle asainst the parcns rndthe proper named Badr.' ' Tbe numbers of the documents are those eiven by the l ibrarian of the Rgks-lnstell ing. Wlien the docurnents'"vere registered in Leiden University Library they received the class-mark Or. 224 l-lV. Klinkert in his summarvdescription uses yet another set ofnurnbers.'" Space left blank. narne to be tl l led in later.' t The image, at t l rs t s ight unusual . is wel l -chosen in a rnar i t i rne conrext .

Thus done on77 Rabi' i ofthe year 1213.Sincerely, Sultan b. al-Imam Ahmad b. Sa'd.'

No. 262.Letter in Persian. from Muscat, from the imam to the Govemor-General, undated, received inBatavia on 23 May 1800. Most of the text is taken up by compliments and assuration offriendship, shaped in a flowery language. Mention is also made of the vessel Sib Badam. andof several persons: Almad Abduilah b. Hasan. Ibrahim b. Hasan.l6 Sa'd'Abbasi. Skipper(na kho da)' Uthman Abdullah.

No .270 .Letter in Persian. from Muscat, from the Imarn. dated 9 N4arch 1800, to the Shabandar ofBatavia, received in Batavia on 21 Jul1,' 1 800. Most of the text is taken up by compliments andassuration of fiiendship. shaped in a florvery language. Mention is made of several persons:Haji Hasan Shah. Shaykh Abdur Rahman. Mention is made of ]v1uscat. and mention is madeof a ship having gone to the port of Mumbai for sheiter a_eainst the typhoon.

No .273 .Letter in Arabic. from Muscat. fl'om the imam SLrltan b. Ahmad b. Sa'id. dated l4 Ausust1800. to the Shabandar of Baravia. received in Batavia on 2l october 1g00.17'Praise be to God alone.To our most respected friend, the Shabandar of Batavia. mav God safeeuard him.Greetings to our most respected f i iend. namely [. . . ] ' t .mal.God pr.r.r i . him against evi i and-erant him success in his endeavors.Whenever it comes to your mind to ask about us. we can can tell r'ou that r,ve are. God bepraised. doing w'eil. and hopefuily voLr are still prosperine in tliese da1-s and months. Thisietter is sent from lv{uscat.'" It gives us pleasure to mention that vour ietter has alived herervith Abdur Rahman. captain of the Sib Badam. and we u'ere delighted to read that \.ou aredoing well. as that it what is wished for. We have understood rihat vou have commnnicatedand have received vour esteemed present. for which you are thanked. Last vear we sent a shipof one of our men. the Sib Badam. and u'e did so bv rvay'of tiicndshrp. as *'e t-elt that youwere cut off from our port. and we thou-eht that the communication shor-rld not be interrupted.That is wh1' w.e sent the ship Ganjarvar rvith one of our men. Haji \lahmud b. Mashkur, firstlyin order to establish the connection and the interconrse. secondl1. in order to buy some susartiom your busy port. It is hoped that it receives the respect u,hich is customary between usfrom old. It is not necessarv to acquit the debt. because \.ou are or-rr friends fiom old. and sincethere has been no comtnunication betrveen us. \,ve send the aforesaid ship in order to renew theold friendship. Ail the -eood you w'ill do puts us under vour obligation. You may consider theship as your ship and tire money ,vour monev.Witir greetings.Frora the sincere t i iend Sultan. son of the lmam Ahmad b. Sa' id. Written on 23 Rabi ' I 1215.'

N o . 2 7 5 .Letter in Arabic. fiom Muscat, fiom the imam Sultan b. Ahrnad b. Sa'id. dated i-{ August1800, to the General of Batavia, received in Batavia on 21 October 1800. The tert of t ire letter

'o Who is a lso ment ioned in the le t ter f rom I 806. No. 5 i 6 . below.'t Here follor.ved by free translations. in which part of the florvery, laneuage is skipped.'* Space left open. fbr a name to be fi l led in later.' ' ' Here ' rvrongly spel led Maskad instead of Masqat . apparent lv by a c lerk of non-Omani or is in.

is almost identical to that in No. 274, the difference being that this letter is directed to theGovernor-General. Here too, space has been left open for the name of the addressee.

No. 244.Letter in Arabic, from Muscat, from the imam Sultan b. Ahmad b. Sa'id. dated2T Ayg.ttt1801, to the Govemor-General of Batavia. received in Batavia on 14 October 1802."

'We send olu warrnest greetings to the commander of the Company of the Government ofHolland. the General of Batavia, may God safeguard him.We are doing fine, and we hope that you are doing fine as well in these times and years. Yourletter has arrived here, which was sent through the vessel Ganjawar. We were glad lr'hen wewere aware that.vou are doing fine. and that there is a bond of love between us. Whatever.volltold us is now known lr,ith us. Also has safel-v arrived our friend al-Hajj Mahmud on the saidvessel. We remarked that he was full of praise about you and that he was grateful for the

friendly treatment r.vhich you had given him.We had decided to send him at your service in this season on board our ship Fath Islam. butwe saw that the ship needed repair and u'e understood that the materials needed therefor were

not available with 1'ou for some time. Therefor rve directed him first to the port of Calcutta for

the repairs on the ship. and we ordered him to proceed fiom there and to be place himself at

1'our service. We hope that when he has arrived you rviil provide love and assistance in

rvhatever thel'need. as you have done before. A11 the good rvith rifiich you treat him wiil be

our obligation to yor-t.It has come to ortr mind these days to go to the north. in order to \\'age a jihaclagainst a people

lvhich has car-ised conuption to appear in the land'' and rvho biock the road of the rightguidance. We hope to vanquish them and victor-v comes trom the Lord. becaltse He is

allpowerful.We request that the epistolary relationship is established and that u'e can rene\\' the friendll'

relationship bet*'een us.From the sincere fr iend Sultan. son of the Imam Ahmad b. Sa' id al-BLtsa' idi. \ \ ' r i t ten on 17

Rabi' II 1216.'

No .245 .Letter in Arabic. fiom lvluscat, frorn the imam Sultan b. Ahmad b. Sa'id. dated 27 August1801, to the Director of the port of Batavia. received in Batavia on 1-i October 1802. Theconrent of the letter is almost identical to No. 244. the diff-erence being the addressee.

No. 516.Letter in Arabic. tiom Muscat. from al-Say1,'id Badr b. a1-Sa1'f id Sa1'f. son of the late imamAhmad b. Sa' id al-Busa'idi. dated 4 Mav 1806. to the Governor-General Wiese.r2 received in

Batavia on 12 December i806.

'Praise be to God. who gives sllppol-t.From al-iuln'tasint bitlcthwal-lulttntasir bihi-' ai-Savvid Badr b. al-Sar*f'.id Sa1'f. son of the lateimam Ahmad b. Sa' id al-Busa'idi.

20 The large period of t ime betr,veen sending and receiving rnay be explained liour the detour via Calcutta. uhich

is mentioned in the letter.t ' A Qur'anic expression. which in the Qur

'ail is used in several contexts. Here the ref'erence is apparentil to the

Wahhabi threat l iorn the Najd.t t A lber tus Henr icus Wiese. lv l to f rom 1804-1808 rvas in funct ion as Governor-General ." The p ious t i t le meaning 'He who adheres to God and rvho is granted v ic tory by Him' . A l -Say."" id Badr had just

lr,on the struggle fbr succession with Wahhabi support. but rvas murdered shorrly afterwards. The religious

To our brother and friend, between whom and our fathers there was a bond of love andfriendship, the friend General Wiese, may God protect him against evil and disaster and granthim the fulfillment of his wishes. if God wills.The vessel of Hajji Anbar Dawud Khalil, called al-Khalili with skipper Ibrahim b. Hasan2a isa vessel which belongs to one of our subjects. You are requested to treat it r,vith full respec tand to act well, as used to be the case between our fathers and your fathers. All good what youwill say and do with them" is as if you say and do that to us. We request from God that therenewal of the friendship and love between us and you is stable, as it used to be from ourfathers to you, since the love between the fathers creates a bond between the sons. As -vouknow-r,vhat God has brought over alSay,vid Sultan. after his demise we have assumed hisposition in the treatv. It is requested from us and fiom you that this remains as it is any\\'avand at anl,time. The person whom you have sent to al-Sayyid Sultan has arrived here asalreadl,' said. News r,vili. God Almighty wiiling. arrive through another vessel so that it r.viilnot be hidden.Thus done on 15 Satbr 1221. '

correctrless in the fbrrrulas in this letters is in striking contrast rvith the benevolent and diplomatic tone of theletters trorn Sr-rltar.r b. Ahurad.t t Who is a lso ment ioned in one of the Pers ian le t ters (No.262). which arr ived in 1800 in Batavia.

-1. Edition of the letters and facsimiles

or .2241- IV( l1) . No.216 / K l inkerr No.11. one sheet of paper . 19.5 x 13 cm.na.skh script. Note'uvithout addressee. Text in Arabic. Document dated 17 Rabi'I 1213t29 August 1798). See Catalogue Wieringa, vol. I. pp. 408-409. The text in the sealrefers to Qur'an 44:19.

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I r acs in - r i l e o t 'O r . l l -+ l - lV ( l ) . No .210 .

or.224l-rY (3). No.262 / Klinkert No.3. one sheet of paper, folded once 42 x 30om, nasta'llg script (shekaste-amiz). Text in Persian, written on one side only. Notdated. Letter from Sultan b. al-Imam Ahmad b. Sa'id (because of the seal on the reverse sideof the paper), addressed to the Governor-General in Batavia, dated 2 Ramadan 12f41 I 2gFebruary 1800). The text in the seal refers to Qur'an 44:19. On the reverse. in an ineiperthand (the captain's?), what may be a date of receipt in Persian, 'on 10 Ramadan l2I4; 1: 5February 1800).

Also on the reverse an inscription in Dutch:I

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i Musquiette. Van den Imam. AanZljne Hoog Edelheid. ontvangen bat. den 23. N{aij 1g00.

U2

'2,/ '(From) Muscat. From the Imam. To His Excellency, received in Batavia on 23 jVlav ig00.''"))/J/rt

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or.224r-rv (4) No.270 / Klinkert No.4. one sheet of paper, foldedonce. 42 x 30cm, nasta'lig script (shekaste-omiz). Text in Persian, written on one side only. Letter fromSultan b. al-Imam Ahmad b. Sa'id (because of the seal on the reverse side of the paper.),to the Governor-General (Gandral Sahib), according to the text of the letter. On thereverse the addressee in Persian with many titles and referred to as Shahbandar Sahib.with address Bandar Bataw'iya. on the reverse an inscription in Dutch:

i 800.'(From) Muscat. From the Imam. to His Excellency. received in Batavia on 21 Juiv 1800.Dated l2 Shawr,r.aI 1211(9 Ivfarch I 800).

Also on the reverse a note in an expert hand (the captain's?). in lvlalav:

Jlr.u-- pL .-K )yOver the beginning of the texr is the seai. the texr of which refJrs to )ur'an 4d:19.

lseat: \Y\Y ;a" nUi*, f(:,T ;1,j:aJl t ' j i iJl . lJl ,*-: l

On the reverse the indication of the addresse:

<->JjJ ,: o*i ; i1>--,r tLl.-o

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Facs im i le o f Or . 12+ l - lV (4 ) . No . 170

or.224r-rY (7) lr[o.273 / Klinkert No.6. one sheet of paper, folded once. 41.5 x'^9:-' naskh script. Letter from Sultan b. al-Imam efrmaa b. Sa'id (because of the seal to theShabandar of Batavia. Text in Arabic, written on one side only. The document is dated 23Rabi' I I2l5 (14 August 1800). The seal is the same as in the other documents. and it containsthe year 1212.On the reverse the sender in Arabic, and also on the reverse is an inscription in Dutch:Musquiette. van den Imam. Aan den Sabandaar, ontv. bat. den 2l suei t goo.'(From) Muscat. From the Imam. received in Batavia on 2i october 1g00..

On the revel'se the name of the send^er and the date:

ir J:Yl C.:.r YY u- tr 4^-,# ..r-^--l pL"Yl # du.t- sJ;-Jl ,-.-.-.Jl

\ Y \ o

lseal: \ Y \ Y ;':+dl-tl-, fG T j-!l t'rl' .lJl---,1r l

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Transcript ion of Or.2241-lV (7). No. 273.

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Facsinri le. of Or. 2241-IV (7). No. 273.

ot' 2241-IY (6), No.275 / Klinkert No.5. One sheet of paper, foided once. 41.5 x 30 cm.naskh script. Letter from Sultan b. al-Imam Ahmad b. Sa'^id (because of the seal) to theGovernor-Generai, dated 23 Rabi' r l2l5 (14 August 1800). Text in Arabic, written on oneside only' The seai is the same as in other documints, and i contains the year 1212. In theItl:llt*lc:rner

is a note in Malay. possibl;i made by the captain. on the reverse the sender,rn Arablc. and an inscription in Dutch:

Musquiette. Van den Imam. AanZljne Hoog Edeiheid. ontvangen bat. den 21 gber ig00.'(From) Muscat. From the Imam. To His Exiellency, received in Batavia on 21 october 1g00,

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The addirion lvlalay:

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1;.1 1.c: L.,-'1 f L ,rr: or'j ti-{ ;r*, s'l: grl :-*,

6y* ctl-: .:q=i CL ,9{

Transcription of Or 2.241-IY (6). No. 275

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F a c s i m i l e o f O r . l l + 1 - l \ ' ( 6 r . \ r r . l l 5

Or.224l-IV (8), No.244 / Klinkert No.8. One sheet of paper, folded once. 37.5 x ?8 cm,naskh script. Letter from Sultan b. al-Imam Ahmad b. Sa'id (because of the seal) to theGovernor-General, dated 17 Rabi' Il 1216 (27 August 1801). Text in Arabic. written on oneside only. See Catalogue Wieringa, vol. I, p. 408. The text in the seal quotes from Qur'an44:19. The present seal is dated 1211 AH, whereas the other seals contain the year 1212 AH.Also visible on the upper part of the text of the letter is an offset of a lar-ee. somewhat ovalseal, the text of rvhich is illegible, horvever. On the reverse an inscription in Dutch:

Musquiette. Van den Imam. AanZljne Hoog Edelh., onfv. bat. den 14 8ber i802.'(From) Muscat. From the Imam. To His Excellency. received in Batavia on 14 October 1802'

lU" dUJl .l+ ellj;Yi, i:.1Y1 ,^u eJo ciL=*-Ji-o ,.1-!1 ,[.;t +r+

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Facsimi ie of Or . 12, t1- lV tg) . No.2_i l .

Or.224I-IY (9), No.245 i Kl inkert No.9. One sheet of paper, folded once. 37 x 26.5 cm.naskh script. Lefter from Sultan b. al-Imam Ahmad b. Sa'id (because of the seal) to theDirector of the port of Batavia. dated 17 Rabi'II 1216 (27 August 1801). See CatalogueWieringa. vol. I, p. 408. The text in the seal quotes from Qur'an 44:19, and contains the date1211 AH. Text in Arabic. written on one side only. On the reverse is an inscription in Dutch:

lvlusquiene. Van den Imam. Aan den wel. Ed. Groot Agtb. heer Directeur Generaal.ontvangen bat. den 14 8ber 1802.'(From) Muscat. From the Imam. To the hiehlv esteemed Director-General. Received inBatavia on 14 October 1802.'

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Or' 2241-IV (10), No.516 / Kl inkert No.10. One sheet of paper, folded once. 37.5 x 28 cm,naskh script. Letter from Badr b. Sayf to Governor-General Wiese. dated l5 Safar l22l (4May 1806). See Catalogue Wieringa. vol. I. p. 408. Text in Arabic, written on one side onlv.On the reverse an inscription in Dutch:

Misquiette. van den Imam. AanZijnHoog Edelheid, onrv. bat. den 6. dec ig06.'(From) Muscat. From the Imam, to His Excellency. received in Batavia on 6 December1806'. And on top of that is writ ten in Dutch: ,den 12. dec. 1g06'.

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COLOPHON

This annotated presentation of ietters sent from Oman to Bataviain the period between 1798 and 1806 rvas published on

l1 July 2003 at the occasion of the visit to LeidenUniversity Library by H.E. the lvlinister of

Awqaf and Religious Affairs of the

xffit.'xl."il:hH'sbin Abdul lah a l Sal imi .

in a printrun oftw.entv-flve

conies.