6th August 2015British English editionIssue Number 255In this issueExperimenting with woodliceMeydan One in DubaiObama visits AfricaOnce in a blue moonExtra tasteDr Seusss new bookMexicos seaweed problemBush Blitz in AustraliaNikkei buys the FTMigrants in CalaisWater strider robotsMicrosofts Windows 10Jamestown founders identifiedDinosaur teethTrophy hunters in AfricaSuez Canal expansionSinkholes around the Dead SeaAfricas golden wolfTurkey, the PKK and the Islamic StateGlossary Crossword and Wordsearch Puzzle Messages for MH370 at Malaysian bookstore. Insets: missing plane and wreckage found on the island of RunionNajibRazakistheprimeministerof Malaysia.On5thAugustheannounced thatapieceofwreckagefoundonan islandintheIndianOceancamefrom FlightMH370.ThisMalaysianAir-linespassengerplanedisappeared17 monthsago.Until now there has been no evidence ofthemissingplane.Somedescribeit asthegreatestaviationmysteryofall time.Thewreckageisapartofoneof the airliners wings. Its discovery seems tosuggestthattheairlinerdidcrashin the Indian Ocean. On8thMarchlastyear,theMalay-sian AirlinesBoeing777tookofffrom KualaLumpur,thecapitalofMalaysia. It was just after midnight. On board were 230 passengers and crew. Flight MH370 wasgoingtoBeijing,Chinascapital city.Two-thirdsofthepassengerswere Chinese.OtherscamefromMalaysia, Indonesia, Australia, India, the USA, and nine other countries.Thepilotandco-pilotwereinthe cockpit.Soonaftertheplanetookoff, one pilot spoke to Malaysian Air Traffic Control (ATC). He said good night Ma-laysian three seven zero. The plane was about to leave the airspace over Malaysia. Its flight path would then be above Viet-nam. The pilots were supposed to contact Vietnamese ATC. They never did.Therewerenoemergencyordistress calls.Theweatherwasfine.Theplane did not seem to have technical problems. At first, everyone thought Flight MH370 crashedintotheSouthChinaSea.As thepilotsdidnotsayanything,people thoughtsomethingmusthavehappened verysuddenly.Somewonderedifa bombhadexploded.Shipsfrommany countries searched the South China Sea. They found nothing.MH370WRECKAGEF OUNDLearning English as a foreign language?Newsademic.comRecommended reading for EFL and ESLNewsademic.comThe informative easy to read introduction to world news6th August 2015Newsademic.com British English edition page2Afewdayslater,Malaysianof-ficialsmadetwoannouncements. Theysurprisedeveryone.Mili-tarycommandersinMalaysiahad checkedtheirradarrecordings. JustbeforeenteringVietnamese airspace,FlightMH370madea sharp,unexpectedturntotheleft. Bythen,twocommunicationde-vices on board had been turned off. If switched on, they could be used to track the plane.Later,informationrecordedby asatellite,highabovetheEarth, showedthattheairlinerhadcon-tinued to fly for seven hours. It had enough fuel to travel for eight hours. After studying the satellite informa-tion,expertsworkedoutthatthe airliner flew south. If true, the plane wouldhaveeventuallyrunoutof fuel while still above the ocean. So it probably crashed into the sea. Boeing 777 flaperonThe best way to find out what hap-pened to the plane and the people on board is to find the two flight record-ers. (Even though these are coloured orange,theyareknownasblack boxes.)These devices are kept on all aircraft. One records what the pilots say.Theotherstoresinformation about the planes mechanical equip-ment, engines and computers. If the plane crashed into the ocean, the two flight recorders are on the seabed.Soon after the airliner went miss-ing,shipsandplanesfrommany countriesbegantosearchalarge areainthesouthernIndianOcean. The search is being co-ordinated by Australia. Many thousands of square kilometresofoceanhavealready beencovered.Yet,sofar,nothing, not even any floating wreckage, has been found.On 29th July several beach clean-ers were walking along the shore on Runion. This island is 500 kilome-tres(310miles)fromMadagascar, onthewesternsideoftheIndian Ocean. The men noticed something largeinthewater.Theydraggedit onto the land. Realising that it might bepartofthemissingplane,they contacted the authorities. Newsofthediscoveryquickly spreadaroundtheworld.From photographs it looked like a Boeing 777 flaperon. This is a part of the aircraftswing.Itisabout1.8me-tres (six feet) long. No other Boeing 777shavebeenlostintheIndian Ocean. So many people were confi-dent that this piece of wreckage was from the missing plane.As Runion is a French territory, the wreckage was taken back to Tou-louse, a city in southern France. Here, there is a special air accident investi-gationorganisation.Officialsfrom Malaysia, Australia, and the Boeing CompanyalltravelledtoFrance. They were present when the air acci-dent experts inspected the wreckage.Oceanographers,orpeoplewhostudyoceancurrents,werenotsur-prised that the wreckage had reached Runion.Oceancurrentsinthe southern Indian Ocean move in an an-ticlockwisedirection.Thedistance from the search area, off the coast of Australia, to Runion is about 4,000 kilometres (2,480 miles). Oceanog-rapherssayitwouldtakeabout17 months for a piece of floating wreck-age to cross the Indian Ocean. Barnacles on the flaperon will be studied.Thesearesmallsaltwater creatureswithhardshells. Theyat-tachthemselvestopartsoffloating objectsthatareunderwater.The barnaclescouldconfirmhowlong thewreckagehasbeeninthesea. Different types of barnacle grow in differentseatemperatures.There-foreitmaybepossibletowork outthepaththewreckagetook,as itdriftedacrosstheocean.Trac-ingthisbackwardsmightleadtoa rough area of the crash site.KualaLumpurINDIAN OCEANSearch areaCHINAINDIAMALAYSIAINDONESIAReunion IslandPerthAUSTRALIAMADAGASCARBeijingPlanned flightpathSuspected flightpathOcean currentsOn its own, the flaperon will not solve the mystery of Flight MH370. Many people believe that an acciden-tal decompression is the most likely explanation. Oxygen inside the plane ran out. The pilots and passengers all became unconscious. The plane then flew on autopilot until all the fuel ran out. However, this does not explain the sudden turn, soon after take off, or why the communications devices were switched off.Someofthepassengersrela-tivesstillbelievedthattheplane had landed in a remote place. They thoughttheirfamilymemberswere being held as prisoners, but that they werestillalive.MrRazaksaidhe madetheannouncementaboutthe wreckagewithaheavyheart.This was because, after 17 months, it in-directly confirmed that everyone on the missing plane was dead. 6th August 2015Newsademic.com British English edition page3SHY AND BOLD WOODLICEScientistsintheCzechRepublic havedonesomeexperimentswith woodlice. Their results suggest that these small creatures may have per-sonalities.Dogs,catsandhorses areknowntohaveindividualchar-acters. The scientists say that wood-lice might be similar.Therearebelievedtobeabout 4,000speciesofwoodlouseinthe world.(Woodlouseisthesingular andiswoodliceistheplural.)The smallgreycreaturesarefoundin most countries. Woodlice like places thataredampanddark.Theylook like insects. Yet woodlice are a type of crustacean. So they are related to lobsters and crabs. From fossils, its knownthatwoodlicehaveexisted for at least 160 million years.WoodliceWoodlicehaveshell-likeouter coverings, or exoskeletons. As they grow, woodlice moult, or shed, their exoskeletons.Theyfeedmostlyon dead and decaying bits of plants. Fe-males keep their eggs attached to the underside of their bodies. When the eggshatch,theoffspringlooklike tinywhitewoodlice.Manysmall creatures,whichpreyoninsects, will eat woodlice. One type of spider eats only woodlice. Called the wood-louse spider, it does not make a web.Woodlicearewellknownfor rollingupintightballs.Theydo thiswhenthreatenedorindanger. Curlingupisnottheonlything thattheydo.Woodlicecanalso secrete,orproduce,abad-smelling liquid.Thisisbelievedtoputoff, ordeter,spiders. Thescientistscollectedsev-eralhundredwoodlice.Theywere picked up in parks and gardens. The woodlicewerethenkeptinplastic containers.Onebyonetheywere dropped from a height of ten centi-metres(3.9inches),gentlypushed, or picked up with a small pair of for-ceps, or tweezers. Each woodlouses reactionwasnotedandrecorded. Manycurledupinballs.Ifthey didthis,thelengthoftimethatthe woodliceremainedrolledupwas also recorded.Thesetestswererepeatedwith eachwoodlouseoveraperiodof weeks.Thescientistsnotedthat individualwoodlicedidthesame thingeverytime.Thereforeif,one curledupfor45secondsafterbe-ingdropped,itdidthesamewhen dropped again. The scientists called the ones that stayed curled up for a long time shy. Those that stayed in a ball for a shorter period were bold. The scientists changed the condi-tionsforeachexperiment.Yetthe reactionofthewoodlicedidnot alter.Shywoodlicewerealways shy and bold woodlice were always bold. Animals are thought to have a personalityiftheirbehaviouristhe sameindifferentconditions.This, the scientists say, is what the wood-lice seem to do. MEYDAN ONETheMeydanCityCorporationisa companyinDubai.On3rd August companyofficialsannouncedthat theyaregoingtobuildtheworlds tallest residential tower, or skyscrap-er. The building will be 711 metres (2,332feet)high.Insidetherewill be 885 apartments and a hotel with 350 rooms. The new tower has been approvedbyDubaisruler,Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid.Dubaiisoneofsevenemirates that make up the United Arab Emir-ates.TheothersareAbuDhabi, Sharjah,Ajman,Ummal-Quwain, Ras al-Khaimah, and Fujairah. Abu Dhabiisthelargestemirate.Itis estimatedtohaveaboutnineper-centoftheworldsknownoilsup-plies.So,oftheseven,itisalso thewealthiest.Model of Meydan One (Maydan City Corporation)Dubai has few oil and gas fields. In the early 1990s, Sheikh Moham-meddecidedtochangethesmall emirate into a wealthy international modern city. Large companies were setup.Theyborrowedlargesums ofmoneytopayforbigbuilding projects. This construction work in-cluded offices and apartments, large shoppingmalls,bigluxuryhouses, roads,andamodernrailway.One ofthesebuildingprojectswasthe BurjKhalifa.Completedfiveyears ago, it is the worlds tallest building. Some floors of the Burj Kalifah are residential, but much of the building is company offices.Thenewresidentialskyscraper hasbeennamedDubaiOne Tower. When full, it will be home to 78,300 people. The tower will also have an observation deck 655 metres (2,150 feet)abovetheground,thehighest in the world. From there visitors will 6th August 2015Newsademic.com British English edition page4have a 360 view. A restaurant, just above the observation deck, will be the worlds highest. Dubai One Tower is to be part of a large new complex called Meydan One. A huge shopping mall is to be attachedtothetower.TheMeydan OneMallwillcontain300restau-rants and the biggest fountain in the world. For most of the year, Dubai is very hot. Temperatures can be 45C (113F). The malls roof will have a moveable, or retractable, roof. This meansthatitcanbeopenedduring cooler months. Artists impression of the Meydan One MallOtherpartsofthecomplexin-cludeanopenarea,orplaza,with roomfor60,000people.Theplans includeamarinafor100boats,a four-kilometre(2.5mile)canaland 300-metre (984 feet) long artificial, orman-made,beach.Therewill beahugesportshallclosebyand, at1.2kilometres(0.75miles),the worlds longest indoor ski slope, or piste. Bicycle and jogging trails, and BMX and skateboard parks are part of the project.Thefirstpart,orphase,ofthe buildingworkisexpectedtobe completedwithinthenextfive years.Theplanistomakesure itisfinishedfortheWorldExpo 2020.Thisisbeinghostedby Dubai.Expoisshortfortheword exposition.Thisisalargepublic exhibitionofmanufactureditems orart.Exposarealsoknownas World Expos or World Fairs. World Expostakeplaceeveryfiveyears. Currently,theWorldExpo2015is beinghostedbyMilan,oneofthe largest cities in Italy. OBAMA IN AFRICABarack Obama, the president of the USA,arrivedinKenyaforatwo-dayvisiton25thJuly.The Ameri-can president is very popular in this Africancountry.Hisfather,who wasaKenyancitizen,isburiedin thecountry.Tensofthousandsof peoplelinedthestreetsofNairobi, the capital city, to welcome him.Duringhistimeinthecountry, MrObamahadtalkswithKenyas president,UhuruKenyatta.Heand theKenyanpresidentco-hostedthe 2015 Global Entrepreneurship Sum-mit(GES).Entrepreneurshipisthe setupofnewsmallbusinessesor companies.Theowners,ortheen-trepreneurs,thenhavetodevelop and make their business successful. Hopefully,thesebusinessesgrow, begintomakemoneyandhireex-tra workers. This process is usually hard work and not easy. Not all en-trepreneurs succeed.TheGESisoneofMrObamas ideas.Itwassetupfiveyearsago. Each year a summit, or large meet-ing, is held in a different host coun-try.Previoushostnationsinclude: Turkey,theUnitedArabEmirates (UAE),Malaysia,andMorocco. Duringthesesummitslocalentre-preneurscangethelpandadvice. Larger companies and wealthy peo-plethatinvestmoneyinnewbusi-nesses also attend. During the GES Mr Obama made a speech. He talked about the impor-tance of entrepreneurship. Econom-icgrowth,heexplained,wasim-portantforallcountries.Themore jobsthatarecreated,thewealthier a country becomes. Mr Obama said that economic growth often depends onthenumberofpeoplewhowant to be entrepreneurs. Uhuru Kenyatta and Barack ObamaMrObamawasborninHawaii, which is a part of the USA. His father had travelled from Kenya to study at Hawaiisuniversity.Itwasatthis universitythathemetMrObamas mother. She was a white American. Theymarried,butdivorcedafew years later. By this time, Mr Obamas fatherwasstudyingatanotheruni-versity in the USA. He then returned toKenya,whereheworkedforthe government.Hediedinacaracci-dent in 1982. Mr Obama only met his father once, when he was ten years old.MrObamasmotherdiedin 1995, after becoming ill with cancer.In his younger years, Mr Obama visitedKenyatwice.Duringhis visitasthe Americanpresident,he held a dinner for relatives who live inthecountry.Over30peoplear-rived.MrObamasaidmanywere distantrelations,whomhehad notmetbefore.Onhislastdayin Kenya, Mr Obama gave a speech to 6th August 2015Newsademic.com British English edition page5acrowdof4,500peopleinalarge sports hall. Many Kenyans watched itontelevision.Duringthespeech MrObamainsistedthatKenyahas a good future. However, he warned thatgovernmentcorruption,ordis-honesty,wouldneedtostop.He alsodeclaredthatwomenandgirls should have rights equal to men.Barack Obama speaking at the AUAfterleavingKenya,MrObama flewto Addis Ababa,thecapitalof Ethiopia. There, he met with Haile-mariamDesalegn,thecountrys prime minister. The headquarters of theAfricanUnion(AU)isinThe Ethiopiancapital.TheAUhas54 membercountries.AllareinAf-rica. The organisation was set up in 2001. Most AU summits take place in Addis Ababa. Mr Obama was the first Americanpresidenttomakea speech at the AU. He told the audi-ence that most AU countries would havetobemoredemocraticifAf-rica is to prosper. ONCE IN A BLUE MOONTherewasabluemoonon31st July.Normally,eachcalendar monthhasonefullmoon.Occa-sionally, one month has two. When thishappens,thesecondfullmoon iscalledabluemoon.Thefirst full moon in July was on the second day of the month. Nowadays,thephraseoncein abluemoonmeansarareevent, orsomethingthatdoesnothappen veryoften.Yetbluemoonsarenot that unusual. They occur every two tothreeyears.Noraretheyblue incolour.The Earth orbits, or goes around theSun.Asitdoes,theMooncir-cles the Earth. The Moon is held in itsorbitbytheforceoftheEarths gravity.TheMoondoesnotemit anylight.Whatcanbeseenisthe sunlightreflectingoffitssurface. OnehalfoftheMoonisalwayslit up,orilluminated.YettheEarth isnotalwaysinapositionwhere alltheilluminatedsidecanbe seen.Often,onlyaportionofthe Moonisvisible.Theremainderis indarkness. Full moonAsitcompletesitsorbit,the Moon appears as different crescent-shapeseachnight.Thecrescent graduallygetsbiggeruntilthereis a full moon. This is when the whole of the illuminated side can be seen. FullmoonshappenwhentheSun andMoonareonoppositesidesof theEarth.Thecrescentshapethen beginstogetsmallerandsmaller. TheMoonthengoescompletely dark. This is known as a new moon. Thisincreasinganddecreasing(or waxingandwaning)ofthevisible partoftheMoonisknownasthe lunar cycle.Ittakesabout29.5daysforthe MoontocircletheEarth.Ourcal-endarmonthsarebetween28and 31dayslong.Thereforethereis usually one full moon every month. Lunarcyclesandcalendarmonths arenotthesamelength.(Acalen-daryearhas11moredaysthana lunar year.) Over time, these extra daysaddup.Therefore, onceevery twotothreeyearsthereare13full moonsinonecalendaryear.This meansthatoneofthemonthswill havetwofullmoons.Today,when thishappens,thesecondoneis called a blue moon.In the past it was different. Then, thetermbluemoonreferredto howmanyfullmoonstherewere inoneseason,orwinter,spring, summer, and autumn. Farmers used thephasesoftheMoonasaguide forwhentheyplantedorharvested certain crops. Each season, or quar-terofayear,wouldusuallyhave threefullmoons.Theyweregiven namesthatdescribedthetimeof theyear.Forexample,theharvest moonoccurredatharvesttime. Whentherewerefourfullmoons inoneseason,theextraonewas namedthebluemoon.Farmers needed to know this. If they didnt, their plans for growing crops could bewrong.Nobody knows where the phrase blue moon comes from. It may be amispronunciationofbelewe. ThisoldEnglishwordisnolonger used.Itmeanstobetray.Soa bluemoonwasabetrayermoon. Thismeansitcoulddeceive,or makeapersonbelievesomething thatisnottrue.A blue moon is not blue in colour. Yet the Moon can look blue if there is lots of volcanic ash in the atmos-phere. The 1883 Krakatoa eruption, in Indonesia, gave the Moon a blu-ishcolourforseveralyears.Italso made sunsets a bright red. Krakatoa wasthebiggestvolcaniceruption inmodernhistory.Ashfromthis 6th August 2015Newsademic.com British English edition page6eruption,highintheair,quickly spread around the world.Thenextbluemoonwillbein January 2018. SIXTH TASTEResearchersintheUSAclaimto havediscoveredanewtaste.Until now, humans were thought to be able to recognise five basic tastes. These are:sweet,sour,salty,bitter,and umami.TheAmericanresearchers now believe that fat is a sixth one.We have thousands of taste buds inourmouthsandonourtongues. They contain cells called receptors. Eachtastebudcanhaveasmany as 100 receptor cells. The receptors recognise or detect basic tastes. Not allanimalshavethesamereceptor cells.Forexample,catscannotde-tect a sweet taste. Foralongtimetherewere thoughttobefourtastes.About 100yearsagoaprofessorfromJa-pan first suggested that umami was afifth.Thenamecomesfromtwo Japanesewords.Theymeandeli-ciousandtaste.Manypeoplesay umami is a mix of bitter and salty. It is often described as savory. Oth-ers say umami is a nice meaty taste. YoucantasteitinMSG(monoso-diumglutamate).Nowadays,MSG is added to many types of food.Allthebasictasteshavetheir ownchemicalsignature.Theyall havetheirownreceptorcellsto detectthem.Also,peoplecantell that they are a distinct taste, or dif-ferent from the other basic tastes. Itwasknownthatpeoples mouthshavereceptorcellsthat recognisefat.Italsohasitsown chemicalsignature.Inthemouth, fathasacreamyfeel.There-searcherswantedtomakesurethat it wasnt this creamy feel that made peoplerecognisefat.Tobeabasic taste, people had be able to separate the fat taste from the other five. To provethis,theresearcherssetup several experiments.Agroupofpeopleweregiven sweet,sour,salty,bitter,umami, andfatsamples.Thesampleswere notmixedwithotherfoodsandall lookedthesame.Thepeoplewere asked to taste the samples and place themingroups.Everyonecould easilydetectthesweet,sourand salty samples. These tastes are more pleasantbythemselves.Yetmost put bitter, umami and fat in the same group. The researchers say the peo-pledidthisbecause,ontheirown, these three do not taste nice.Forthenextexperiment,the samepeoplewerejustgivenbitter, umami and fat samples. Once again, theywereaskedtoplacethemin groups.Thistimethepeoplecould easily recognise that they were three distincttastes.This,theresearch-ersclaim,showsthatfatisabasic taste. Thingswithastrongfattaste includesmellycheeseandfood thathasbecomerancid.Whenthe people tried the fat sample, it made them feel sick. Good-tastingfoodisusuallythe resultofamixofflavours.Thisis similar to how mixing paints togeth-ercanmakedifferentcolours.Bit-ter, umami and fat on their own taste unpleasant.Theyneedtobemixed with other flavours. The researchers say that, in future, fat could be used tomakecertainfoodsbetter.Like saltandMSG(orumami),itcould add extra flavour.The researchers have suggested a nameforthefattaste:oleogustus (pronouncedoh-lee-oh-guhs-tuhs). ItsacombinationoftwoLatin words.Theymeanoilyorfatty andtaste.However,otherfood scientiststhinkthereisnoneedfor aLatinname.Theysaythetaste shouldjustbecalledfat.NEW DR SEUSS BOOKAnewlydiscoveredbookforchil-dren was published on 28th July. It was written and illustrated by Theo-doreSeussGeisel:betterknownas Dr Seuss.Dr Suess book covers (Random House)DrSeussdiedin1991.After hisdeathhiswidowputsomeof herhusbandsdrawingsandpapers inalargebox.Shethenforgot aboutthem.Sheisnow93years old.Recently,sheandafriend, whoworkedonpreviousDrSeuss books,foundthebox.Looking through the papers inside, they dis-covered some drawings with pieces of text stuck to them. They were an outline of a complete story that had never been printed. Its called What Pet Should I Get?Theodore Seuss Geisel was born in1904.Hebeganwritingforhis 6th August 2015Newsademic.com British English edition page7universitys newspaper. As a young man,Geiseldrewcartoonsforad-vertisements and worked for a New York City newspaper. His first chil-drensbook,calledAndToThink ThatISawItOnMulberryStreet, was published in 1937.DrSeuss,ashelaterbecame known,startedwritingadifferent type of childrens book at the begin-ning of the 1950s. A publisher asked himtocreateabookforchildren whohadjustbeguntoread.There were reports in newspapers that said childrenwerenotlearningtoread. Theproblem,thereportsclaimed, wasthatbooksforchildrendidnot interest younger readers.ThepublisherandDrSeuss workedtogether.Theylisted250 wordsthattheybelievedwereim-portant for young children to learn. ThepublisherthenchallengedDr Seusstowriteaninterestingchil-drensbook,whichusedthese250 words.NinemonthslaterDrSeuss completedTheCatInTheHat.It included236wordsfromthelist. First printed in 1957, The Cat In The Hatisstilloneoftheworldsbest-selling childrens books.The Cat In The Hat was the first ofaseriespublishedasBeginner Books for early readers. Dr Seusss Beginner Books became very popu-lar.Thousandsofcopiesarestill sold every year. The Cat In The Hat, like several of Dr Seusss books, has alsobeenmadeintoafilm.Some oftheotherbookshewroteatthe same time are How the Grinch Stole Christmas! (1957), and Green Eggs and Ham (1960).WhatPetShouldIGet?was probablywritteninthelate1950s or1960.Inthestorytwochildren visitalocalpetshop.Yetthey cannotdecidewhichpettobuy. Theboyandgirlarethesame brotherandsisterwhoareinan-otherDrSeussbook.Thisoneis calledOne Fish Two Fish Red Fish Blue Fish(1960). Likeallwell-knownDrSeuss books,thestoryistoldinrhyme. Forexample,oneofthechildren says Pick a pet fast! / Pick out one soon!/MotherandDadsaidtobe home by noon. This type of regular patternofsound,knownasmeter, and rhyme are common to all of Dr Seusss most famous books. The publishing company decided toprintonemillioncopiesofthe newbook.Moremaybeprintedat alaterdate.Somebookstoresar-rangedspecialeventsforchildren. Theseincludedaspecialreading ofWhatPetShouldIGet?andac-tivities based on some of Dr Seusss most famous characters. SEAWEED PROBLEMIn recent weeks large amounts of sea-weedhavewasheduponMexicos Caribbean shore. This type of float-ing seaweed is called sargassum. Sargassum seaweed in the Sargasso SeaTherearemanyhotelsalong partsofMexicosCaribbeancoast. The hotels are popular with visitors from other countries. These tourists visit this part of Mexico for the hot weatherandwhitesandybeaches. Themoneytheyspendhelpsthe localeconomy.Governmentof-ficialsarenowworried.Thisis becausesomeforeignvisitorshave cancelledtheirholidaysbecauseof theseaweed.Sargassum is not harmful. How-ever, piles of the seaweed on beaches do not look very nice. It also smells bad. In the sea, hundreds of species offishandothermarinecreatures live in or amongst the seaweed. Yet onlanditattractssandfleas.Bites fromthesetinyinsectscanbean-noying and very itchy.Sargassum seaweed on a beach on Mexicos Caribbean coast (Riviera Maya News)Itsthoughtthattheseaweed camefromtheSargassoSea.This is a large area in the North Atlantic Ocean. This sea is the only one in theworldthatdoesnothaveany coastlines.Oceancurrents,which have a circular motion, surround it. The Sargasso Sea is calmer than oth-er parts of the Atlantic Ocean. It also has less wind, rain and clouds. This iswhysomuchfloatingseaweed growsthere.ThenameSargasso comes from sargassum seaweed.Somepeoplebelievethatthe Sargasso Sea is a mysterious place. Thereareseverallegendsofships thathavedisappearedinthispart of the Atlantic. Jules Verne (1828 1905) is a famous French author. His well-known book Twenty Thousand LeaguesUndertheSeaisabouta submarine.Asittravelsaround theworld,thesubmarinescrew hasmanyadventures.Inthebook, Verne writes about the Sargasso Sea and how it was formed.6th August 2015Newsademic.com British English edition page8Mexicanofficialshavehired peopletoremovetheseaweed.It isbeingcollectedanddumpedfar-theraway.There,theseaweedis lefttorot.Somepeoplehavesug-gestedthatitshouldbeburiedon thebeaches.Sometimesthereare problems with seaweed on Floridas Atlanticcoast,intheUSA.There, itispushedintoholesdugonthe beaches and covered over. After two or three weeks, the seaweed rots and turns into sand. Officials in Mexico fearthatdoingthiswilldiscolour their beaches white sand. Clearing the seaweed away with rakesandshovelscancauseprob-lems. If beaches are damaged more sandmightbecarriedawaybythe waves. Sea turtles lay their eggs on some of these beaches. The females dig circular nests. After laying their eggs, the turtles cover them in sand. Theeggshatchtwomonthslater. The baby turtles then crawl down to the sea. Using trucks and tractors to removeseaweedcandestroymany turtleeggs.Whatsmore,thepiles of seaweed can stop the baby turtles gettingtothesea.Theseaturtles thatnestonMexicosCaribbean coastareanendangeredspecies. They need to be protected.One possible solution is to track the seaweed at sea. If it comes near the shore, boats could collect it. They can then take the seaweed to places where it wont cause problems.Scientistsdonotknowwhyso muchseaweedhaswashedupin Mexico. It might be because of ex-tra nutrients in the ocean. This could alterhowandwheretheseaweed grows.Changesinoceancurrents, seatemperaturesorwinddirection, are other possibilities.BarbadosandTrinidadandTo-bagoaretwoCaribbeanisland countries.Recently,theyhavehad similarproblemswithsargassum. Lastyear,alargeamountofthe seaweed washed up on the coast of Texas, in the southern USA. BUSH BLITZ SPIDERSAteamofscientists,teachersand rangers have found 13 new types of spider in Australia. Rangers are peo-plewhoworkforthegovernment. Theylookafterlargeareasofthe country that have few inhabitants. Bush Blitz team members (Bush Blitz)Themembersoftheteamtook partinaten-dayexpedition.They travelledtoanareaofQueensland called Cape York Peninsula. The tip ofthispeninsulaisthemostnorth-erlypartof Australia.Cape Yorkis oftendescribedasawilderness. Few people live there.The expedition was part of a sur-vey or project called the Bush Blitz. InAustraliauncultivatedland,or landnotusedforfarming,isoften called the bush. Blitz is a German word.Itmeanslightning.Nowa-days, in English, blitz is often used todescribesomethingthatisdone very quickly with a lot of energy. TheBushBlitzisanaturedis-covery project. It was set up in 2010. TheAustraliangovernmentand BHPBillitonpayfortheproject. BHP Billiton is based in Australia. It is one of the worlds largest mining companies. Each year there are five orsixBushBlitzexpeditions.The expeditions are to remote areas of the country.There,theteammembers record the known animals and plants they find and look for new species.Sofar,BushBlitzteamshave discoveredatleast900newanimal andplantspecies.Wildlifeexperts in Australia believe there are at least 566,500 species in the country. How-ever, 75% of them have not been re-corded, or identified. They estimate thatabout45%ofAustraliasland-mass and 90% of the seas around its coast are yet to be surveyed.BushBlitzsurveyexpeditions arenotinterestedinlargerknown animals such as kangaroos and wal-labies. They look for smaller things liketypesofinsectsandspiders. Someoftheirrecentdiscoveries includeblue-eyedfishthatlivein pools on top of waterfalls, a species of wolf spider that is able to walk on water, and a type of native truffle. A truffle is a fungus that grows under-ground. Some truffles found in Euro-pean countries are used for cooking. Theyarethoughttobeadelicacy and are worth a lot of money.New Bush Blitz species of tarantula (Bush Blitz)The Cape York expedition mem-bers found some new spiders in un-derground burrows. Others are new tarantula species. Some of these spi-dersareasbigasapersonshand. Another type, which the team mem-bers called a mouse spider, lives in a web shaped like a stocking. Therearethoughttobearound 10,000 types of spider in Australia. 6th August 2015Newsademic.com British English edition page9NIKKEI AND THE FTOn23rdJulyNikkeimadean agreement with the Pearson Compa-ny. Nikkei is a large media company based in Japan. Pearsons headquar-tersisintheUK.BossesatNikkei agreed to buy, or acquire, the Finan-cial Times newspaper for 844 mil-lion (US$1.32 billion). Pearsonhasownedthiswell-knownnewspaperfornearly60 years. The Financial Times special-isesinfinancialnews.Itisreadin many countries. Today, the newspa-per is usually called the FT. FT newspaperTheannouncementthatNikkei wouldbuytheFTsurprisedmany people.ManysuspectedthatPear-sonplannedtosellthenewspaper. Yetthelikelybuyerswerethought tobeBloombergor AxelSpringer. Bloomberg is a successful American financial news and media company. Axel Springer, a German company, is one of the largest digital publish-ers in Europe. It owns several well-knownnewspapersandmagazines in Germany. TheFinancialTimeswasfirst producedinLondon,thecapital oftheUK,in1888.Afewyears later its owners decided to print the newspaper on pink paper. Then, this typeofunbleached,ornon-white, paperwaslessexpensive.TheFT isstillprintedonpinkpaper.(The newspaperisnicknamedthepink un.)However,nowadays,aspe-cial ink has to be added to the paper. Thismakesitmoreexpensivethan newsprint,orpaperonwhichmost newspapers are printed.SamuelPearsonsetupthePear-son company in 1844. Then, it was a buildingandengineeringfirm.The construction business was closed in the 1920s. This was around the time thatthecompanyboughtanum-berofnewspapers.Later,Pearson acquiredseveralbookpublishing companiesandtelevisionbusiness-es.PearsonboughttheFTin1957. ItusedtoownMadameTussauds, afamouswaxmuseuminLondon, andAltonTowers.Thisisawell-known UK fun, or theme, park. Inrecentyears,thebossesof Pearsonhaveconcentratedonthe educationmarket.Itisnowthe largesteducationcompanyinthe world. Most of Pearsons education businessisintheUSA.Aspartof theirplan,bossesatPearsonhave soldpartsofthecompanynotin-volvedwitheducation.TheFTis an example. Pearsonalsoowns47%ofPen-guin Random House and 50% of The Economist. Penguin Random House is the worlds largest book publisher. The Economist is a famous interna-tional weekly political and business magazine. Even though it looks like amagazine,TheEconomistalways insists that it is a newspaper. Many peoplenowexpectPearsontosell itsstakeinbothPenguinRandom House and The Economist.Nikkeismainpublicationis calledTheNikkei.Itusedtobe known as The Nihon Keizai Shimbun (orJapanEconomicNewspaper). TheNikkeibeganin1876.Today, itistheworldsbiggestfinancial newspaper.Aboutthreemillion copiesofthenewspaperaresold each day. Nikkei owns several other newspapers. All report on financial, businessandindustrynews.The companyalsocalculatesanindex of share prices for the Tokyo Stock Exchange.Thisindexisknownas the Nikkei, or the Nikkei 225. The Nikkei newspaperThe newspaper business is chang-ing. More and more people are now readingdigitalversionsonmobile devices. So far, the FT has been suc-cessful in the digital market. Nikkei planstousetheFTtoincreaseits Englishlanguagesales.TheJapa-nese company will also help the FT with its new digital plans. These are to make the newspaper more acces-sible via smartphones. MIGRANTS IN CALAISDavidCameron,theUKsprime minister,andtheFrenchpresident, FranoisHollande,spokeonthe telephone on 31st July. They talked abouttheproblemofthousandsof migrantsintheFrenchportcityof Calais.Themigrantsarelivingin makeshift camps near the city. Most are trying to get to the UK by hiding on trucks and trains that go through the Channel Tunnel. Recently,atnight,thousandsof migrantshaveclimbedoverorun-derwirefencesthatsurroundthe tunnelsentrance.Somegetinside the back of trucks. Others try to hide 6th August 2015Newsademic.com British English edition page10ontopof,orunderneath,thevehi-cles.Thesetrucksandtheirdrivers arewaitingtobetakenthroughthe tunnelonshuttletrains.Mostmi-grants believe that government offi-cials will help them if they get to the UK. They also think it will be easy to find a job and somewhere to live. Part of the Jungle in CalaisTheChannelTunnelconnects theUKandFrance.Itis50.5kilo-metres(31.4miles)long.Thetun-nelwasopenedin1994.Millions ofpeopletravelontrainsthatpass throughiteveryyear.TheEurostar Companyoperatesthesepassen-gertrains.AfirmcalledEurotun-nelownsthetunnel.Itrunsshut-tletrains.Thesetakecars,trucks, andtheirdriversandpassengers, throughthetunnel.Otherfreight trains,runbydifferentcompanies, also use the Channel Tunnel.Inrecentweeks,tenmigrants havediednearthetunnelentrance inCalais.Theywerehitby,orfell off, trains and trucks. If a death hap-pens, or when thousands of migrants getnearthetunnelentrance,all trainsarestopped.Thiscausesde-lays. Long tailbacks of trucks build upatbothendsofthetunnel.The linesofhundredsoftrucksblock roadsandmotorways.Thiscreates trafficjamsandotherproblemsin nearby areas.WhatshappeninginCalaisis partofamigrationcrisis,whichis affecting many European countries. Sincethebeginningoflastyear, thousandsofsmallboats,fullof migrants, have set off from the coast of North Africa.Criminalgangschargemigrants largesumsofmoneyforaplace inoneoftheseboats.Thegangs saytheywilltakethemacrossthe MediterraneanSeatoaEuropean Union(EU)country.Thesegangs areknownaspeopletraffickers, orpeoplesmugglers.Theirsmall boatsareusuallyoverloaded.Most are old and in need of repair. There isalwaysadangerofthemsink-ing.Thousandsofmigrantshave drowned after boats have capsized.NavyshipsfromItalyandother EU countries have rescued many of them.MostarethentakentoItaly. There,themigrantsaresupposed tostayincamps.Yetmanytravel tootherpartsofEurope.Other migrantscrossfromTurkeyinto Greece.BothItalyandGreeceare EU countries.ParisLondonFolkestoneCalaisFRANCEBRITAINBELGIUMChannel TunnelEnglish ChannelThe migrants come from Afghan-istan, Iraq, Syria, and many African nationsincludingLibya,Somalia andEritrea.Somearetryingtoget awayfromfightingintheircoun-tries. Yet most just want to improve theirlives.Intheircountriesthere are few jobs and it is difficult to earn money. All plan to live and work in an EU country. Some migrants are asylum seek-ers. These are people who have left their homes because it is too danger-ous to stay. They may be in danger of persecutionorphysicalharm.This couldbebecauseoftheirrace,na-tionality,religion,orforbeingpart of apoliticalgroup. Thosewanting toworkinwealthiercountriesare calledeconomicmigrants.Bylaw, EUmembershavetohelpasylum seekers. Yet economic migrants can be sent back to their own countries. Trying to work out which people are real asylum seekers is difficult. ThemigrantsinCalaishaveset up several camps. Together they are known as the Jungle. About 5,000 migrants are now thought to be liv-ing in the Jungle. More arrive every month. If they get through the fences around the tunnels entrance, French policearereluctanttoarrestthem. Those who are caught are taken to a place about 20 kilometres (12 miles) away and released. They then return to the Jungle.After the telephone call between the French and UK leaders, officials frombothcountriesspoke.They agreedtoincreasesecurityaround thetunnelentranceontheFrench side.Morehighfenceswillbeput up.TherewillbeextraEurotunnel guardsandmoreFrenchpoliceof-ficers. However, many people think this will not solve the problem. They predict that the tunnels shuttle trains will continue to be disrupted. WATER STRIDING ROBOTSResearchersfromauniversityin SouthKoreahavebeenstudying flyingwaterstriders.Afterfilming theinsects,theresearchers,with help from scientists from an Ameri-canuniversity,builtsometinyro-bots. Like water striders, the robots can sit on the surface of a pond and jump into the air.6th August 2015Newsademic.com British English edition page11Therearemanytypesofwater striders. These insects are known by several names. These include: water bugs, pond skaters, water skimmers, and water spiders. Most species live onornearponds,streamsorlakes. There are a few marine water strid-ers. These are found close to the sea. Water striders (Cory)The head and body (or thorax) of a water strider is about 1.9 centime-tres(0.75inches)long. Theinsects havetwoantennaeandsixlegs. Their two front legs are shorter than theothertwopairs.Thefrontlegs have claws. These are used to catch theinsectsprey. Thebacklegsare longerthanthemiddlepair.Most waterstridershavewingsandare able to fly.Byspreadingtheirweighton theirlonglegs,thebugscansiton topofthewater.Waterstridersuse theirmiddlelegstoquicklymove, or skim, across the waters surface. Insectsthatsitorwalkacrosswa-terareheldupbysurfacetension. Thisislikeathinskinonthe waterssurface.Awaterdropletismadeupof manythousandsofmolecules. Thesemoleculesdonotwantto separate. Theythereforeholdonto eachotherverytightly. Atthesur-face, on one side, there are no other watermoleculestoclingto.Here, the molecules hold each other even moretightly.Thisiswhatcreates the skin, or surface tension, on top of water.Waterstridersfeedonother smallerinsects,includingmosquito larvae.However,othercreatures, suchasfrogsandfish,feedon them.Whenindanger,waterstrid-erscanjumpintotheairfromthe waterssurface.Theyareableto jumpashighoffwaterastheycan offtheland.TheSouthKoreanresearchers wondered how the bugs jump off wa-ter without breaking the surface ten-sion.Tofindouttheycaughtsome water striders in a nearby pond. The insectswereputinawatertankin their laboratory. There, the research-ers used high-speed cameras to film the bugs as they leapt off the water.Water strider with two water-striding robots (Seoul National University)Byslowingthefilmdown,the researchers could see what happens. The water striders pull their legs in-wards,pushingdownonthewater astheydoso.Asthishappens,the insects upturned feet turn, or rotate. Theyarethereforeinmaximum contactwiththewaterbeforetake off.Thewaterstridersneverpush down with a force that would break the surface tension.Theresearchers,togetherwith theAmericanscientists,thenused this knowledge to build several tiny robots.Theyweigh68milligrams and are about the same size as water striders.Therobotsaremadefrom an alloy, or mix of metals. This alloy canbestretched. Yet,whenheated, it quickly returns to its original size. Itthereforeactslikeaspring.The robotslegsaremadeofamaterial thatrepelswater.Likewaterstrid-ers,thetinyrobotscanrestonthe waters surface. In tests they jumped 14.2centimetres(5.6inches)into the air.Theresearcherssaythatsimilar types of very small robots might be of use in future. Searching buildings thathavebeenfloodedisonepos-sibility. WINDOWS 10The Microsoft Company released its latest operating system on 29th July. ItscalledWindows10.Thecom-panysaidthataround14million people downloaded the new operat-ing system within the first 24 hours. Windows10hasbeendesignedto workonPCs(personalcomputers) andmobiledevicessuchassmart-phones and tablets.Anoperatingsystemissoftware made up of different computer pro-grams.Itmanagesthecomputers hardwareandallowsthecomputer usertorundifferentprograms and applications.Microsoftistheworldslargest softwarecompany.About80%of the worlds PCs have Microsoft soft-ware installed on them. This means that over one billion people use the companyssoftware.Microsofthas made many millions of dollars from its Windows operating systems.Bill Gates and Paul Allen found-edMicrosoftin1975.In1983Mr Allen became seriously ill. He nev-erworkedforthecompanyagain. 6th August 2015Newsademic.com British English edition page12Today, Mr Gates is believed to be the worldswealthiestperson.Hewas Microsofts boss for many years. Mr Gatesdecidedtostepdownafew yearsago.SatyaNadellaisMicro-softscurrentboss.Nowadays,Mr Gates runs the charitable foundation heandhiswifesetup.Calledthe Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, ithelpspoorpeopleinmanyless wealthy countries.Laptop with Windows 10 (Microsoft)Microsoft created its first operat-ing system 30 years ago. It was named Windows 1.0. It took over from Mi-crosoftsMS-DOS,orMicroSoft-Disk Operating System. This system was based on typed commands, and not graphics or icons. Windows 1.0 wasthefirstMicrosoftoperating systemtousegraphics.Asitcould be used on computers made by lots ofdifferentcompanies,itquickly became very popular.Windows 1.0 included a calcula-tor, control panel, notepad, calendar and clock. However, open windows onthescreencouldnotoverlap. Theyhadtoappearside-by-sideor beloworaboveeachother.Only dialogue boxes could appear on top of open windows.Windows1.0wassoldfortwo yearsbeforetheWindows2.0op-eratingsystemwasproducedin 1987.Ithadseveralimprovements, includingoverlappingwindows. Thecompanyslastoperating system,Windows8,cameoutin 2012. There were complaints about Windows8.Somepeopleclaimed thatitwasconfusing.Soonafterit wasreleased,Microsoftproduced an upgrade, called 8.1. This changed manythingsthatpeoplewereun-happy about. For example, it had an improved start screen.Manypeoplewonderedwhy MicrosoftwentfromWindows8 to Windows 10. There was no Win-dows 9. (Many joked it was because 789(sevenatenine).)Most think 10 was chosen because it will probably be the last new Microsoft operatingsystem.Sotherewillnot beaWindows11.Instead,Micro-softwillproduceconstantupdates. This is similar to how Googles An-droidsmartphoneoperatingsystem and Apples iOS work.Unlike its rival Apple, Microsoft does not make its own PCs. However, last year, Microsoft bought Nokias mobile phone business. Now, world-wide, there are about 1.5 billion PCs in use. Yet around two billion people ownAppleiPhonesorothersmart-phones that use Android. Only about 80 million phones have the Windows Phoneoperatingsystem.Formany yearscomputingandinternetuse wasdoneonPCs.Nowmoreand more people are using smartphones to do what used to be done on PCs. This means that Microsoft needs to increase its mobile device sales.TheWindows10downloadis free for the next 12 months for peo-ple who use Windows 7, 8 and 8.1. JAMESTOWN GRAVESResearchersintheUSAhavedis-coveredsomeimportantgraves. Theycontaintheremainsoffour men.Alldied400yearsago.The menweresomeofAmericasfirst European leaders. On 28th July the researchersannouncedthatthey had managed to work out the mens names. Each skeleton has been iden-tified.Thegraveswereoriginally underneaththefloorofAmericas first church.In 1606 three ships left England. TheysailedacrosstheAtlantic Ocean.Manypassengersdieddur-ing the crossing. Six weeks later, in 1607,theshipsarrivedontheeast coast of America. About 100 people survivedthevoyage.Theybuilta triangular-shaped wooden fort. This wasthefirstEnglish-speakingset-tlementinNorthAmerica.Itwas named Fort James after King James the First of England (1566 1625). He was also James the Sixth of Scot-land. A wooden church was built at FortJamesin1608.Later,theset-tlementwasrenamedJamestown. Today,thesiteofJamestownisin the state of Virginia.The site of Fort James in Virginia with wooden fence and building reconstructionsLifewasdifficultforthe firstsettlers.Theywerenotwell equipped.Mosthadnoexperience offarming.Fightingwiththelocal nativetribesfrequentlybrokeout. TheEuropeanssufferedfromdis-eases,alackoffoodandverycold winters.Manydied.Moreships withextrasettlersarrivedin1609 and1610.Eventually,thepeople ofJamestownbegantogrowto-bacco.Thefirstshipmentofdried tobaccoleaveswassentbackto London,Englandscapitalcity,in 6th August 2015Newsademic.com British English edition page13This map shows countries to which news stories refer in this issue. Visit www.newsademic.com for more detailed world maps.ZIMBABWEReunion IslandUSAUKUAETURKEYSYRIASOUTHKOREAMEXICOMALAYSIALIBYAKENYAJAPANIRAQINDONESIAFRANCEETHIOPIAERITREAEGYPTCZECH REPUBLICCANADAAUSTRALIAAFGHANISTANISRAELSargasso Sea1614.Then,smokingtobaccohad onlyjustbeguninEurope.Itsoon becameverypopular.The four graves under the floor of Fort Jamess first church (Smithsonian Institution)Becauseoftobacco,Jamestown, orthecolonyofVirginia,became successful.Jamestownwasaban-doned in 1699. This was after a new town,orcapital,wasbuiltabout 19kilometres(12miles)away.Its called Williamsburg. The new town wasnamedafterKingWilliamthe Third (1650 1702). He and his wife, Mary, had become king and queen of England,ScotlandandIreland,in 1689. Queen Mary died in 1694. Jamestownisfamousforthe storyofPocahontas.Shewasthe daughterofthechief,orleader,of anativetribe.Boththechiefand thetribewereknownasPowhatan. The English settlers captured her in 1613.PocahontasbecameaChris-tianandmarriedJohnRolfe.He was the first settler to start growing tobacco.Theirmarriagetookplace inthechurchatFortJames.Rolfe and his wife sailed back to London. In1617,justastheywereaboutto leaveEnglandandreturntoVir-ginia, Pocahontas died. She was 21 or22yearsold. Anewchurchwas builtonadifferentsiteinJames-town in 1617. It was rebuilt in 1639. Muchofthischurchsbrick-built tower can still be seen today. FortJameswasbuiltnexttoa wide river. The settlers named it the James River. The river was thought to have washed away the remains of FortJamesmanyyearsago.How-ever, to many peoples surprise, the siteofthefortwasfoundin1994. Theriverhadonlywashedasmall partofitaway.ThesiteofFort Jamess first church was discovered in 2010.Thefourgravesweredugun-derthechurchsfloor.Therefore thepeopleburiedinthemmust havebeenimportant.There-searchershavestudiedthebones, theremainsofclothesandthe woodencoffins.Theyarenow surethatthemenwere:Reverend RobertHunt(apriest),Captain GabrielArcher,SirFerdinando Wainman,andCaptainWilliam West.HuntandArcherwere onthefirstshipsthatlandedin 1607.Theothertwomenarrived threeyearslater.6th August 2015Newsademic.com British English edition page14DINOSAUR TEETHPalaeontologists,orscientistswho studyfossils,havebeenstudy-ingdinosaurteeth.Thescientists, whoworkinCanada,believethat certaindinosaurshadanadvan-tagebecauseofthestructureof theirteeth.The scientists looked at the teeth ofeightmeat-eatingdinosaurs. These included: Tyrannosaurus rex, Allosaurus,Coelophysis,andGor-gosaurus.T.rexisoftencalledthe king of the dinosaurs. It is one of thelargestcarnivores,ormeat-eat-ers,thateverlived.Tyrannosaurus comesfromtwoAncientGreek wordsthatmeantyrantandliz-ard. Rex is Latin for king.Replica skull of Tyrannosaurus rexT.rexskeletonsshowthatsome were13metres(43feet)long.The dinosaurshadlargeheads,upright bodiesandlongheavytails.Their teethwerelongandsharp. Thisdi-nosaursbitewasthestrongestof any known creature. Its hind limbs, or back legs, were large and power-ful. Yet its forelimbs, or arms, were very much smaller.ThemostcompleteT.rexskel-eton in the world is in a museum in Chicago,intheUSA.Nicknamed Sue, after the woman who discov-eredit,thefossilisedskeletonwas dugupinthestateofDakota,in 1990.Sueisthoughttohavedied about 67 million years ago.Komodo DragonThescientistsmanagedtocut verythinslicesfromthefossilised teeth.Thesewerestudiedwitha powerfulelectronmicroscope.The scientistsdiscoveredthattissue structureintheteethwasimpor-tant. All animal teeth are made from thesamebuildingblocks. Yetthe structure, or the way in which these blocksfittogether,canmakeadif-ference to teeth. The tissue structure inteethcanaffecthowacreature eats its food.T.rexandtheothersevenmeat-eatingdinosaurshadsaw-likeser-ratedteeth.Thetissuestructurein theirteethwasunusual.Itmade theserratededgesevenstronger andmorepowerful.Sothesedino-saurs were able to rip through flesh andbonefareasierthanpreviously thought. This discovery may help to explain why these types of dinosaur were so successful.Thescientistssaythatonlyone animal alive today has similar teeth. Its the Komodo dragon. These crea-turesareverylargelizards.Some are three metres (ten feet) long. Ko-mododragonsaretheworldsbig-gestreptiles. Theyliveonafewof Indonesiasmanyislands.Komodo dragonsareanendangeredspecies. About 4,000 live in the wild.Komododragonsfeedonsmall mammals,monkeys,goats,deer, horses,andevenwaterbuffalo. Theyeatbyusingtheirsaw-like teethtoripofflargechunksof flesh.Thesearethenswallowed whole. TROPHY HUNTERSOn 31st July officials in Zimbabwe madeaformalrequesttotheUSA. They want an American man called Walter Palmer to be sent to Zimba-bwe.There,hewouldfacecrimi-nalchargesforkillingalioninthe country.Thelion,knownasCecil, was shot and killed at the beginning of July.MrPalmerisatrophyhunter. The killing of Cecil the lion was re-ported in newspapers in many parts of the world. The reports highlighted thesportoftrophyhunting.Now, many people are demanding that all trophy hunting be banned. Trophyhuntingisnotunlawful. Mr Palmer is believed to have paid US$61,000(39,500)toaprofes-sionalhunter,orguide,inZimba-bwe. The guide would then help him to track and kill a lion. After the lion was killed, Mr Palmer would be able to take its head and skin back to the USA. These could then be displayed as trophies.AfterarrivinginZimbabwe,Mr Palmer and the guide set off to find alion. Whenalargemalelionwas seen, Mr Palmer shot it with a bow andarrow.Thisonlywoundedthe animal. About 40 hours later the two men found the wounded lion. It was thenshotandkilled.Thelionwas skinned and its head removed. 6th August 2015Newsademic.com British English edition page15Cecil the lion usually lived with-inZimbabwesHwangeNational Park.Inthisparkallanimalsare protected.Thelionhadbeenfitted withatrackingcollar.Itwaspart ofawildlifeprogrammeorgan-isedbyresearchersatauniversity intheUK.Manytouristsvisitthe HwangeNationalParktoseethe wildanimals.Cecilwasanattrac-tion.Thelionwaseasilyrecognis-ablebythedistinctivedarkcolour ofpartofitsmane.Cecil the lionAfterCecilstrackingsignal stopped, park officials went to inves-tigate.Theyeventuallydiscovered theanimalsheadlessbody.Itwas outside the national park. The lions trackingcollarhasnotbeenfound. Theofficialssuspectthatsomeone deliberatelyluredCecilawayfrom the safety of the park. For example, someone may have tempted the lion with some raw meat. BothMrPalmerandhisguide said they did not know the lion had comefromthenationalpark.Nor didtheyrealiseitwaswearinga trackingcollar.Afewdaysafter theincident,MrPalmerreturned totheUSA.Heisadentist.After MrPalmersnamewasmentioned innewsreports,somepeoplepro-tested outside the building where he works. He apologised for what hap-pened. Yet Mr Palmer insists that he has done nothing wrong. He claims thathepaidforalegalpermitto hunt and kill a lion.OtherAfricananimalsthattro-phy hunters will pay to kill include: elephants,buffaloes,leopards,and rhinos.Somepeoplearguethat moneymadefromtrophyhunt-erscanbeusedtohelptoprotect otheranimals.Yetmanymorenow saythatalltrophyhuntingshould bebanned. SUEZ CANAL CEREMONYA special ceremony was held at the townofIsmailia,inEgypt,on6th August.Thistownisonthewest bankoftheSuezCanal.Thecere-mony was organised to celebrate the wideningofthecanal.Theexpan-sionofthewaterwaymeansmore ships will be able to use the canal at the same time.ThepresidentofEgypt,Abdel Fattah al-Sisi, led the ceremony. Mr Sisiisaformerarmycommander. HebecametheEgyptianpresident lastyear.Guestsfromothercoun-trieswereinvitedtowatchthecer-emony from the deck of an historic boat. This yacht was the first sailing vessel to pass through the Suez Ca-nal when it opened in 1869.Attheceremony,MrSisiwore hisarmyuniform.FranoisHol-lande,thepresidentofFrance,and DmitryMedvedev,theRussian primeminister,wereamongthe guests.Aspartoftheceremony militaryhelicoptersandEgyptian warplanes flew overhead.A French company built the Suez Canal. Work began in 1859. The wa-terway took ten years to complete. It was dug by tens of thousands of lo-cal workers. A saltwater lake makes up part of the canal. Called the Great BitterLake,itwasformedwhena largedryvalleywasconnectedto the waterway.Unlike the Panama Canal, which connectstheAtlanticandPacific Oceans,theSuezCanalhasno locks.Seawatercanflowthrough theSuezCanal.Thewaterinthe canal south of the Great Bitter Lake risesandfallswiththeRedSea tides. To the north of the lake, water usuallyflowsnorthwardsinwinter and south in summer.NewchannelSuezCanalSuezCanalIsmailiaPort SaidRedSeaMediterranean SeaSuezEGYPTSatellite picture of the Suez CanalTheSuezCanalis193kilome-tres(120miles)longandjustover 200 metres (655 feet) across. Much oftheoriginalcanalisonlywide enough for one ship. There are sev-eralpassingplaces.Thebiggestis theGreatBitterLake.Thecityof PortSaidisattheMediterranean entrance to the waterway. Suez is at the Red Sea end. It is from this city that the canal gets its name.InrecentyearsEgypthashad manydifficulties.Therehavebeen 6th August 2015Newsademic.com British English edition page16largestreetprotestsanddisagree-mentbetweendifferentpolitical andreligiousgroups.Traditionally, Egypt has made a lot of money from tourists, or foreign visitors. However, because of the troubles, fewer tour-istsnowtraveltothecountry.This has badly affected Egypts economy. AboutoneyearagoMrSisian-nounced that the canal would be wid-ened. Egypt makes large amounts of moneyfromtheSuezCanal.This comes from the payments that ship-ping companies have to make to use thewaterway.Bywideningtheca-nal,moreshipswillbeabletouse it.Thereforethemoneythecanal makes should increase. Anew35-kilometre(22mile) longchannelhasbeendug.Thisis alongside a part of the original canal. Some sections of the original water-wayhavebeenwidened.Shipscan nowtravelinbothdirectionsalong much of the canal at the same time. Beforethenewchannelwasbuilt, around 47 ships passed through the canal every day. Now 70 ships will beabletousethewaterwayeach day. Last year 18,000 ships used the canal.TheEgyptiangovernment hopes that this number will go up.LastyearMrSisisaidthenew widening work would be completed within 12 months. Then, few people believedhim.Tomakesurethatit was finished on time, 43,000 work-erswereemployed.Theyworked inshiftsdayandnight.Thework-ersstayedinfloatinghotels.These couldbemovedtowherethework was taking place.Othercelebrationstookplacein Cairo,Egyptscapitalcity.There, governmentbuildingswerelitup andhugeflagsandbannerslined themainstreets.Somebanners describedthenewwidercanalas Egypts gift to the world. DEAD SEA SINKHOLESThe number of sinkholes around the Dead Sea is increasing. Large holes have recently caused farmland to be abandoned, road closures and power cuts. Hundreds of sinkholes are ap-pearingeveryyear.Somearethe size of a two-storey house.Sink holes on the edge of the Dead Sea (Foeme)The Dead Sea is a large lake be-tweenJordan,IsraelandtheWest Bank.TheDeadSeasshorelineis about 422 metres (1,384 feet) below sea level. It is the lowest dry land on theEarth.Thewateris377metres (1,237 feet) deep.Nofishliveinthewater,which iswhyitiscalledtheDeadSea.It is one of the worlds saltiest bodies ofwater.Whenpeoplebatheinit, theyfloathigherinthewaterthan theywouldinaswimmingpoolor the sea. This is because the water is so salty. TheRiverJordanflowsintothe DeadSea. Thereisnooutlettothe sea, so no water flows out. The wa-terlevelhasbeengoingdownfor thelast40years.Duringthistime, the Dead Sea has shrunk by roughly 30%. Less water from the river has beenflowingintoit.Israel,Syria andJordanusetheRiverJordanas a supply of drinking water. Water is also taken from the river for irriga-tion, or watering crops.SinkholesaroundtheDeadSea are the result of the falling water lev-el. As the level has gone down, large areas surrounding the lake have be-comedryground.Deepbelowthis ground there is a 30-metre (98 feet) layer of salt. This was formed by the lakessaltwateroverthousandsof years. However, as the Dead Sea has shrunk,thissaltlayerisnolonger protected. Rainwater seeping under-groundgraduallydissolvesthesalt or washes it away. Asthesaltistakenaway,large underground spaces, or voids, form. Eventually,thetopofthesevoids cannolongersupporttheweight ofthelandandrocksabovethem. Then, they suddenly collapse, or fall into the void. The large holes left on the surface are sinkholes. MediterraneanSeaDeadSeaRedSeaPipelineJORDANJordan RiverWestBankEGYPTSYRIAISRAELAqabaForseveralyearsaprojecthas been discussed that would bring ex-trasaltwaterfromtheRedSeato the Dead Sea. As part of the project, a large water plant would be built at Aqaba, in Jordan. This city is on the Red Sea. The plant will turn seawa-ter into drinking water. This process is called desalination. Producingfreshwaterfromsea-watercreatesalotofbrine. Thisis water that is far saltier than the sea. Normally, desalination plants pump 6th August 2015Newsademic.com British English edition page17brine back into the sea. Yet, as part ofthisproject,apipelinewouldbe builtfrom AqabatotheDeadSea. After being pumped along the pipe-line,brinefromthedesalination plant could flow into the Dead Sea.Itsnotknownifthisproject willgoahead.Evenifitdoes,it willtakemanydecadestorefill theDeadSea.Untilthishappens, more and more sinkholes are likely toappear. NEW CANIDCanids (or Canidae) are a biological family.Theyareagroupofmeat-eaters, or carnivores. Canids include wolves,foxes,coyotes,jackals, anddogs.Therewerethoughtto be35livingspeciesinthisfamily. YetAmericanscientistshavenow worked out that there are 36. ThenewcanidlivesinAfrica. Thelasttimeanewspecieswas discovered in this biological family wasover150yearsago.Thenew speciesisnotananimalthathas never been seen before. Its a distant relative of the grey wolf that was al-ways believed to be a jackal.African golden jackal ((African golden wolf))Jackalsaresmallerthanwolves. The Eurasian golden jackal lives in South East Europe, Turkey, the Mid-dle East, and parts of southern Asia. The animals fur is a yellow, creamy ordarkcolour.Eurasiangolden jackalsarearound85centimetres (33.5inches)long.Theynormally liveinpacksorgroupsofbetween ten and 30 animals. However, gold-enjackalsprefertohuntontheir own. Adults are known to howl at sunrise, midday and sunset. Jackalswillliveincracksinthe rocksorotheranimaldens.Some may dig their own burrows. Breed-ing females normally have between four and six pups each year. Golden jackalscatchandfeedonrodents andbirds.Theywillalsoeatfruit. InIsrael,goldenjackalshavebeen seencatchingandeatingsnakes, evenpoisonousones.InIndiathe animals are known to follow tigers. They do this to feed on animals the tigerskill.Thejackalswaitforthe tigerstofinisheatingbeforethey dothis.For many years, Eurasian golden jackals were thought to live in East Africaaswell.Eurasiangolden jackalsandAfricangoldenjack-alswerealwaysthoughttobethe sameanimal.Theyhavethesame dietandbehaveinthesameway. However,thescientistsnowknow thattheyaredifferent.Theywere abletoprovethisbycomparing their DNA.TheDNAresultsshowedthat EurasiangoldenjackalsandAfri-cangoldenjackalsareverydiffer-ent. African golden jackals are more closely related to grey wolves. This wasasurpriseforacoupleofrea-sons.OneisthatAfricangolden jackals do not look like grey wolves. Theotheristhattherearenogrey wolves in Africa.TheDNAresultsshowthat EurasianandAfricangoldenjack-alshavebeendifferentspeciesfor over one million years. The two ani-malsareaprobablyanexampleof somethingcalledparallelevolution orconvergentevolution.Thisis whendifferentunrelatedcreatures evolve to look the same or have sim-ilar habits. So the two golden jack-als may look like each other because they both feed on the same prey and liveinsimilarplaces.Anotherex-ample of parallel evolution is sharks and dolphins. A shark is a fish and a dolphin is a mammal. Yet, both have evolved to be good swimmers. This explains why they look similar.Eurasian golden jackal Becauseitisanewspecies,the scientistssaytheAfricangolden jackal should have a different name. They have suggested that it be called the African golden wolf. TURKEY, THE PKK AND THE ISOn24thJulythreeTurkishwar-planesflewacrossthecountrys borderwithSyria.Theplanesthen attackedseveralIslamicState(IS) targetsinnorthernSyria.Thiswas the first time that Turkey had taken part in the fighting against the IS.TheISisamilitantIslamic organisation.Itisalsoknownas ISISandISIL.TheISiscurrently 6th August 2015Newsademic.com British English edition page18occupyinglargeareasofnorthern SyriaandnorthernIraq.Thesear-easincludeMosul,Iraqssecond largestcity,andRaqqa,acityin northernSyria.TheISusesRaqqa as its headquarters. Turkish f-16 warplane (MOD)TheTurkishairattackontheIS was welcomed by many other coun-tries.Thesecountriesareallpart ofananti-IScoalition.Thiscoali-tion,orgroup,isledbytheUSA. ItincludesmanyEuropeancoun-tries,suchastheUK,Franceand Germany, several Arab nations, and Australia. This group was formed to help Iraq in its fight against the IS. Noneofthesecountrieshavesol-diersfightinginIraqorSyria.Yet the warplanes of several, especially theUSA,havebeenfrequentlyat-tacking IS targets. In the past, some anti-IS coalition countries have tried to persuade Turkey to attack the IS.TheISwassetupaboutfour yearsago.ItssupportersareSunni Muslims.Theybelievethateve-ryoneshouldfollowverystrictre-ligiousrules.Hundredsofyoung Muslimmenhavelefttheirhome countriestojointheIS.Many peoplesaythatISfightersare fanaticswhoarepreparedtocom-mit genocide, or mass murder. They wearblackclothingandtreatShia Muslims,Christiansandpeople ofotherreligionsveryharshly.IS fighters have deliberately destroyed many Shia mosques and shrines and other religious buildings.Onthedaythat Turkeyattacked theISotherTurkishwarplaneshit PKKtargetsinnorthernIraq.The PKKsfullnameistheKurdistan Workers Party. The relationship be-tweentheTurkishgovernmentand the Kurds is complicated. Around 25 million Kurds live in the region where the borders of Tur-key, Syria, Iraq, and Iran meet. There are 14 million Kurds in Turkey. This isroughly18%ofthecountrys population.Somepeopledescribe the Kurds as a separate people with-out a country. Kurds have their own customs,cultureandlanguage.Yet there has never been an independent Kurdistan. Others have always ruled the areas where they live.BlackSeaMediterraneanSeaTURKEYEGYPTSYRIAIRAQ IRANSAUDIARABIACaspianSeaThePKKwassetupinTur-keyin the1970s.Atfirst,itssup-porterswantedanindependent Kurdistan.Inthe1990sfighting brokeoutbetweenthePKKand Turkishgovernmentforces.Over 35,000peoplediedintheconflict, whichlastedformanyyears.In 2013thetwosidesagreedtoa ceasefire.NowPKKleaderswant theKurdishpartofTurkeytobe autonomous.Thismeansitwould beaself-governingareawithinthe country.NotallKurdsinTurkey supportthePKK.InIraqtherearethreemain groupsofpeople:SunniMuslims, ShiaMuslimsandKurds.The KurdsinIraqliveinthenortheast partofthecountry. ForthelasttenyearsIraqhas hadademocraticallyelectedgov-ernment.Thenortheasternpartis nowcalledIraqiKurdistan.Even though they are a part of Iraq, Iraqi Kurds elect their own leaders. They alsohavetheirownarmy.Called thePeshmerga,itisnowfight-ingagainsttheIS.AnotherKurd-ishgroupfightingagainsttheIS iscalledtheYPG.Thisgroupis madeupofmainlyKurdswholive innorthernSyria.Turkeysleadershavebeenun-happyaboutwhathashappenedin northernIraq.Theybelievethat IraqiKurdistanencouragesthe PKKtodemanditsownself-gov-erningareainTurkey.ThePKK supporterswhowereattackedby theTurkishwarplaneswereinIra-qiKurdistan. Manyanti-IScoalitioncountries are pleased that Turkey has attacked theIS. Yettheyworryaboutitsat-tacks on the PKK. They think these attackswillrestartthefightingbe-tweenthePKKandTurkishforces that ended in 2013. Newsademic.comEditor: Rebecca WatsonAcknowledgements:News story photographs by gettyimagesFor further details about Newsademic and subscription prices visit www.newsademic.com Newsademic 20156th August 2015Newsademic.com British English edition page19ISSUE 255 GLOSSARY PUZZLEINSTRUCTIONS: Complete the crossword. The answers are highlighted in orange in the news stories. There are 25 words highlighted and you need 20 of them to complete the crossword. Once you have solved the crossword go to the word search on the next pageACROSS 1. VerbInvited or dared someone to do something difficult 3. AdjectiveDescribes something basic used for a short time when nothing else is available 4. VerbRejects or forces away 7. AdjectiveDescribes something that is easy to recognise because it is different from other things 11. AdjectiveDescribes a place or building where people live 13. AdjectiveUnwilling or not keen 15. AdjectiveHaving an unpleasant smell or taste of decomposing oils or fats 16. NounSomething rare, special, or very tasty to eat 17. VerbTo break a persons trust, often by siding with an enemy 18. NounRelieving air pressure 19. VerbTo leave a person, place or item behind foreverDOWN 1. VerbDirected efforts, or forces, towards succeeding at one particular thing 2. NounTreating a group or race of people cruelly or unfairly 5. NounOne or more reasons for believing something is, or is not, true 6. AdjectiveComing closer together 8. Noun PluralPeople who live in a specific place 9. VerbDrew pictures for a book or magazine 10. NounA group of people who gathered to listen to or see a debate, play, film or music concert 12. NounAn area in which groups of families or people live together 14. NounTo do with flying or aircraft6th August 2015Newsademic.com British English edition page20ISSUE 255GLOSSARY PUZZLE CONTINUEDINSTRUCTIONS: Find 19 of the 20 crossword answers in the word search. Words can go vertically, horizontally, diagonally and back to front. 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