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In The Name of Allah

Contents

Lessons Topics Page

Lesson 1 The verb be 3

Lesson 2 How are you? 6

Lesson 3 Demonstratives and Possessive Adjectives

This That These Those

8

Lesson 4 9

Lesson 5 Wh questions with be

What Where Who How

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Lesson 6 Have and has 14

Lesson 7 Simple present tense 1 17

Lesson 8 Simple present Wh-questions 20

Lesson 9 Adverbs of frequency 25

Lesson 10 Simple present tense 2 27

Lesson 11 Active and Passive 29

Lesson 12 Prepositions: under, in, on… 32

Lesson 13 Imperative 1 35

Lesson 14 Imperative 2 37

Lesson 15 Present continuous tense 1 39

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Lesson 16 Present continuous tense 2 41

Lesson 17 Past tense 1 42

Lesson 18 Past perfect tense 44

Lesson 19 Past tense 2 45

Lesson 20 Present perfect tense 50

Lesson 21 Will for future and to be going to future 57

Lesson 22 Past continuous tense 60

Lesson 23 The months 61

Lesson 24 A tour of Isfahan 63

Lesson 25 Isfahan at night 64

Lesson 26 Blood and its function 65

Lesson 27 What we eat and drink 68

Lesson 28 Round the – clock worker 70

Lesson 29 Computers 72

Lesson 30 The twelfth Imam 75

Lesson 31 Fasting 79

Lesson 32 The usurpation)Gasb( 83

Lesson 33 The personality of Imam Ali 89

Lesson 34 The totality of Islam 94

Lesson 35 The primary and the secondary principles of Islam 96

Lesson 36 Hadith 99

Lesson 37 Is Iran intending to occupy other countries 101

Lesson 38 What is the Muslims duty? 103

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The Alphabet

Capital letters

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W

X Y Z

Small letters

a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z

apple book cat center desk eye fat good hat ice jar kite lamp

map noon orange pencil queen right seller tea umbrella

vacation wool box yard zoo

Lesson One: The verb be

Singular form Plural form

It is a desk. They are desks.

Lesson 39 The exile of Imam Khomeiny to Turkey 104

Lesson 40 What are the duties of the Guardian council? 107

Lesson 41 After prophet’s migration to Madina 109

Lesson 42 Is Islam a religion of the sword? 111

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It is a map. They are maps.

It is a sentence. They are sentences.

It is a pencil. They are pencils.

It is a notebook. They are notebooks.

It is a book bag. They are book bags.

It is a pen. They are pens.

I am a teacher. We are teachers.

I am a student. We are students.

She is a nurse. They are nurses.

She is a girl. They are girls.

You are a boy. You are boys.

You are a Muslim. You are Muslims.

You are a doctor. You are doctors.

He is a boy. They are boys.

He is a porter. They are porters.

You are a painter. You are painters.

He is a carpenter. They are carpenters.

I am a mechanic. We are mechanics.

He is a seller. They are sellers.

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He is a fireman. They are firemen.

He is a fire fighter. They are fire fighters.

He is a shopkeeper. They are shopkeepers.

He is a soldier. They are soldiers.

He is a newspaperman. They are newspapermen

He is a reporter. They are reporters.

He is a newsman. They are newsmen.

He is a newspaper vendor. They are newspaper vendors.

He is an ice-cream vendor. They are ice-cream vendors.

I am a web site designer. We are web site designers.

He is an electrician. They are electricians.

He is a pilot. They are pilots.

You are a co-pilot. You are co-pilots.

She is a flight attendant. They are flight attendants.

I am a cab driver. We are cab drivers.

Change the following sentences to the plural.

It is a fire department.(American English)

It is a fire service. ( British English)

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It is a fire engine.(British English)

It is a fire truck.(American English)

Plural nouns

The rooms are dirty.

Javad and Ali are ill.

The roads are closed.

The children are still at home.

New potatoes are in the shops now

Several countries are now at war.

The bus drivers are on strike.

Some more examples

Ali and I are good friends.

He is a taxi driver.

Grass is green.

I am married.

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It is hot today.

It is warm today.

I am feeling Ok.

She is such a child.

I am tired but I am not hungry.

He is a really nice man.

The weather is nice today.

It is ten o’clock. You are late again.

It’s over 200 miles from London to Manchester.

The telephone is by the door.

Chris is 45 and still single.

It is sunny today but it is not warm.

Inflation is now at over 35%.

It’s a wonderful time of the year.

Milad is afraid of dog.

Jenny is 18 years old.

Subject pronouns

Singular I you she he it

Plural we you they they they

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The verb be

The verb to be is the most irregular verb in the English language. It is

normally a linking verb showing existence or the condition of the

subject. It can also be used as an auxiliary verb when making question

sentence. The forms of the verb to be in English are as follows:

Infinitive to be

Present am, is, are

Past was, were

Present Participle being

Past Participle been

Use the verb be to give information about the subject of a sentence.

The subject of a sentence can be a noun or a pronoun.

The teacher is Chinese.

We are from China.

Verb be

Present forms

Singular am is

Plural are are

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Affirmative sentences

There are three forms of the verb be in the present tense: am, is and

are.

I am a pilot.

You are a television reporter.

He is a murderer.

She is a dentist.

It is a cat.

We are married.

They are lawyers.

Contracted forms.

In speaking and informal writing, contract be with subject nouns and

pronouns.

I am a student. = I’m a student.

He is in the room. = He’s in the room.

She is a doctor. = She’s a doctor.

You are late. = You’re late.

Ali is a judge. = Ali’s a judge

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Negative sentences

He is not Brazilian.

She is not Iranian.

You are not American.

We are not Greek.

They are not teachers.

Negative contractions

There are two ways to contraction negative sentences.

He's not Brazilian. or He isn't Brazilian.

She's not Iranian. or She isn't Iranian.

You're not American. or You aren't American.

We're not Greek. or We aren't Greek.

They're not teachers. or They aren't teachers.

Note: There is only one kind of negative contraction for I am not: I'm

not.

Verb be: yes / no questions; affirmative and negative short answers

It's common to answer yes / no questions with short answers (or just

Yes or No). Don't use contractions with affirmative short answer.

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Yes / No question affirmative negative

Are you a salesperson? Yes, I am. No, I'm not.

Is he Italian? Yes, he is. No, he's not / he isn't.

Are they students? Yes, they are. No, they're not / they

aren't.

Are you married, single, or divorced?

Patterns: listen and repeat:

I'm from Iran. You're not late. She's from Isfahan. She Is

from India?

They are early. I am thirsty. You are kind. He is sad.

She is tall. We are ready. They are tired.

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Lesson Two: Verb be, Past form

Singular form plural form

I was a teacher. We were teachers.

I was a famous boxer. We were famous boxers.

I was a barber. We were barbers.

She was a nurse. They were nurses.

He was a porter. They were porters.

You were a student. You were students.

You were a doctor. You were doctors.

The past form of be:

Use was for singular and were for plural.

I was there last week.

They were ill yesterday.

She was here last year.

Singular was

Plural were

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He was my teacher.

We were at home last night.

They were at work.

questions and negative form:

Was your flight on time yesterday? Yes, it was. No, it wasn’t.

Were you late? Yes, I was. No, I wasn’t.

Were they at work? Yes, they were. No, they weren’t.

Was she a nurse? Yes, she was. No, She wasn’t .

Was he a doctor? Yes, he was. No, He wasn’t.

Were they barbers? Yes, they were. No, they weren’t.

Was he a writer? Yes, he was. No, he wasn’t.

Were they at home? Yes, they were. No, they weren’t.

Fill in the blanks

1- You …….. a barber.

2- They ………… lawyers.

3- Ali …………at home.

4- The president ……….in Qom last year at this time.

5- The watch ……….out of order.

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6- The school ………. off yesterday.

7- You………..sick yesterday.

8- I ………… in Karbala last year at this time.

Some more examples

I was very happy as a child (when I was a child).

It was very bold of you to ask for more money.

It was brave of her to go into the burning building.

She was out of breath after climbing the stairs.

He was a bright child – always asking questions.

He was bewildered by all the noises of the big city.

He was angry because I was late.

She was asleep in the bedroom.

Ali was a famous boxer.

The film was based on a true story.

The weather was sunny but cold.

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Lesson Three: Possessive Adjectives

Conversation He is a student.

Listen and practice

Ahmad: Who is that?

Saied: He is my brother.

Ahmad: What is his name?

Saied: His name is Sajjad.

Ahmad: What is his job?

Saied: He is a student.

Ahmad: Where is his school?

Saied: It is on Imam Khomeini street.

Some more examples

He is one of our regular customers.

He is very cruel to his wife.

My brother is very tall.

My brother is single.

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Amy is my big sister.

My father is a very religious man.

My friend and I are good tennis players.

It’s my birthday today.

His father is at home.

My favorite sports are football and swimming.

Her father is a very religious man.

Possessive nouns and possessive adjectives

Possessive nouns

Add 's to a name or a noun.

Where is Ali's father from?

What is your mother's name?

Heart disease is America’s number one killer.

Ali’s room is always neat and tidy.

Add an apostrophe (') to plural nouns that end in –s.

What are the students' names?

They are Ali and Javad.

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Possessive adjectives

Where is Ali's father from? Where is his father from?

What is Javad's last name? What is his last name?

What is Ali and Javad's address? What is their address?

Possessive adjectives:

Example

This is my book.

This is your shirt.

This is his ruler.

This is her dress.

These are our markers.

These are your pens.

These are their notebooks.

Singular: my your his her its

Plural : our your their their their

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Patterns: listen and repeat

My hands are clean but your hands are very dirty.

My father is a self-made man.

His brother is a clergyman but my brother is a doctor.

It is the last day of your holiday.

Mahmood is my friend.

Possessive Pronouns

Patterns: listen and repeat

This computer is mine.

This lap top is yours.

This Holy Quran is his.

This scarf is hers.

Singular: mine yours his hers its

Plural : ours yours theirs theirs theirs

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These bags are yours.

These newspapers are theirs.

These books are ours.

WH Question Words

We use question words to ask certain types of questions (question

words ). We often refer to them as WH words because they include the

letters WH (for example why, how).

question word function example sentence

what asking for information about something What is your name?

asking for repetition or confirmation What? I can't hear you.

You did what?

Where asking in or what place or position Where do they live?

Who asking what or which person or people (subject) Who opened the door?

Answer the questions

Where are you from?

Who is your best friend?

Is English his first language?

Is our teacher from Qom?

Are your classmates Iranian?

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What is your name?

Who is he?

What is he?

What is he like?

What is Qom like?

Where are your books?

Who is that young man?

What is your job?

Reading

My name is Ali Akbari. I am twenty one years old. I am Iranian. My

father's name is Ahmad and my mother's name is Zeinab . I am a

student at Imam Sadiq School.

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Lesson Four Types of verbs

Conversation I am from Iran.

Listen and practice

Ali: Are you from Iran, Reza?

Reza: Well, my family is in California now, but we are from Iran

originally.

Ali: Oh, my mother is Iranian – from Qom; Are you from Qom?

Reza: No, we're not from Qom. We're from Tehran.

Ali: So, is your first language Persian?

Reza: Yes, it is.

Using Verbs in Sentences:

To use verbs correctly in sentences you need to learn more about

the construction and use of the various verbs. And how they

change form according to tenses and use in a sentence. For

correct application verbs in written text you will need to know

about.

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Types of Verbs

Verbs are the most important component of any sentence. These

words talk about the action or the state of any noun or subject. This

means that verbs show what the subject is doing or what is the state or

situation of the subject.

For example:

- He ran to the store. - Here the verb ran describes the action of the

subject ‘he’

- She is a creative person. - Here there is no action being done. Instead

the auxiliary verb ‘is’ shows the state of the subject ‘she’ as being

‘creative’.

There are different types and classifications of Verbs; some of the

most important ones are listed below:

1. . Action Verbs

These verbs talk about what the subject is doing in the sentence.

Action Verbs are one of the most easily identifiable types of verbs. To

recognize them, you simply have to look for the word in the sentence

that answers the question ‘What is the subject doing?’

Ali is painting the kitchen walls.

The subject here is Ali, and what is Ali doing? Ali is painting. Hence

painting is our action verb.

Hadi is sleeping on the sofa.

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The subject here is Hadi, and what is Hadi doing? Hadi is sleeping.

So sleeping is our action verb.

There are two types of Action Verbs which describe the Verb and the

Subject doing the action and the Object on which the action is done,

they are -

2. Transitive Verbs

These Action Verbs have a definite object on which, or for which the

action is being performed. That means that the action has a definite

recipient or object. To identify them you can ask the question what is

the/did the subject -verb-?

Ali is painting the kitchen walls.

Here the verb is painting and the subject is Ali.

If we form the question - what is Ali painting?

The answer is- The kitchen walls.

Thus, we see that there was a specific object on which the action of

painting was being done.

Ali gave him a big hug.

Here we see that the action ‘gave’ is being performed by the subject

Ali. So the question is what did Ali give? And the answer is :A big

hug.

Here, we also have an indirect object as ‘him’. This indirect object

would be the answer to the question.

Who did [the subject=Ali]+[verb=give]+[the object=a big hug]to?

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3. Intransitive Verbs

These verbs also show an action but here there is no specific object on

which the action is being done. To recognize these verbs, we ask the

question what is[the subject]? / What did[the subject]+[the verb] ?

If there is no answer present, then the verb in the sentence is an

Intransitive Verb.

Ali is painting right now.

Here, we ask the question "What is Ali painting?"It is telling us

about the action of the subject. In this sentence painting is an

Intransitive Verb.

Javad sneezed repeatedly.

Here, the verb is sneezed. If we ask the question "What did Javad

sneeze?",there is no answer present, for it making sneezed an

Intransitive Verb.

4. Dynamic Verbs

These verbs denote an actual action or expression or process done by

the subject. They mean an action which can be seen or physically felt

or the result of which is seen or physically felt by the object or an

indirect object.

She buys new clothes every week.

Here the verb is buys which is an action done by the subject she,

hence it is a dynamic verb.

He is swimming at the beach.

Here again we have the definite action swimming done by the subject

‘he’, making ‘swimming’ a dynamic verb in this sentence.

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5. Stative Verbs

These verbs refer to the state of the subject or the situation of the

subject. Stative Verbs tell us about the state of mind of the subject, or

the relation between the subject and the object.

She prefers strawberry jam.

Here the Stative Verb is ‘prefers’ which shows the thinking of the

subject ‘She’ towards the object, which is ‘jam’.

The cupboard requires a new coat of paint.

Here the subject is ‘cupboard’ and the stative verb is ‘requires’ which

is telling about the relation between the subject ‘cupboard’ and the

object ‘paint’.

6. Linking Verbs

These verbs are unlike other verbs as they do not tell anything about a

subject themselves, instead Linking Verbs connect the subject to a

noun or adjective that helps in describing or providing additional

information about the subject. Those nouns or adjectives are called the

subject complements.

Hadi is fussy about food.

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Here we see the subject is Hadi and the linking verb is ‘is’ which is

connecting Hadi to the subject complement ‘fussy about food’ which

is giving additional information about Hadi’s preferences.

They are stubborn children.

Here the linking verb is are which is combining the subject They to

the subject complement of stubborn which is an adjective.

The best way to recognize linking words in a sentence is to see

whether the verb can be replaced by ‘is, am or are’. If the sentence

still sounds logical you know you have a linking verb.

The students felt relieved. - The students are relieved.

Hence ‘felt’ is a linking verb and not an action verb. As ‘felt’ here is

simply connecting the subject to the adjective.

7. Main verbs:

Main verbs are those verbs that can stand on their own in sentences.

They do not need the help of another verb to make a sentence

meaningful. A main verb directly tells you what the subject of a

sentence does. Main verbs are also called lexical verbs. They can be in

present or past tense forms. Here are some examples: cook, see, love,

eat etc.

Here are some examples of sentences made with the above lexical

verbs. The underlined words are lexical verbs. Each lexical verb tells

us what the subject of each sentence does/do or did.

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Example

Cook: My mother cooks well.[present tense]

See: I saw the teacher yesterday. [past tense]

Love: We love fish and rice. [present tense]

7.1 Regular Verbs:

Most verbs are regular verbs. Regular verbs are those whose past tense

and past participles are formed by adding a -d or an -ed to the end of

the verb.

"to wash" is a good example of a regular verb:

wash washed washed

Sometimes the last consonant must be doubled before adding the -ed

ending. For example:

plan planned planned

7.2 Irregular Verbs:

There is no formula to predict how an irregular verb will form its past-

tense and past-participle forms. There are over 250 irregular verbs in

English. Some of them are:

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cut cut cut

put put put

cost cost cost

run ran run

come came come

meet met met

send sent sent

get got got

give gave given

write wrote written

ride rode ridden

break broke broken

8. Helping verb

A verb which supports the main verb to form the structure of sentence

(according to a specific tense) and give us information about the time

of action expressed by main verb, is called helping verb or auxiliary

verb, i.e. is, am, have, was, had, is, will etc.The helping verbs all fall

into one of two groups: primary helping verbs and modal helping

verbs.

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8.1 Primary Helping Verbs

Primary helping verbs, in a sentence, can be used to modify the tense

or change the voice of the main verb. They can complete a sentence

even when not accompanied by another main verb. In certain cases,

the primary helping verbs themselves serve as the main verb and make

the sentences grammatically correct and complete. The primary

helping verbs are usually three viz., be, do and have. These three can

be used as helping verbs and even main verbs.

Otherwise known as primary auxiliaries, they also help in performing

the following functions that aid in building sentences.

List of Primary Helping Verbs

Be: is, are, am, were, was, being, been.

Do: does, did.

Have: had, has

Examples Based On Functions:

He is watching T.V. (be - used for continuous tense)

Games are played by children. (Passive voice)

I have finished my lunch. (have - used to express perfect tense)

I do not want to go. (do - used to make negatives)

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Do you want something?

I do want to go there, but feel awkward.

Are you sick?

Do wildflowers grow in your backyard?

8.2 Modal Helping Verbs

Modal helping verbs also tend to modify the tense as well as the

meaning of the sentence. Unlike the primary helping verbs, they

cannot replace the main verb or, rather they change the mood of the

main verb. They are also called as modal auxiliaries. Modal auxiliaries

emphasize the main verb and express the need for an action in a

sentence. They express possibilities in a statement, necessities in a

sentence and change the main verb accordingly. These verbs cannot

occur by themselves in a sentence, they have to be accompanied by

the main verb. They are basically ten in number. They are listed as

follows:

Can, Could, May, Might, Will, Would, Shall, Should, Must, Ought to

Some examples using modal helping verbs:

I can't speak Japanese.

You should go home now.

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It might rain today.

Would you mind a cup of coffee?

I will go talk to her today.

Could you lend me a book?

Shall I call a doctor?

You should have seen it yesterday, it was awesome.

She might be my class teacher next semester.

I shouldn't have taken Biology.

May I leave early today?

You may go now.

Will you help me with the preparations on tomorrow?

May I come in?

You ought to see the doctor.

Open the door that might be Henry.

Could you spare me some time?

He might be injured.

We could spend some time together.

I don't have enough money to buy lunch. Could you lend me some

money?

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It's way past my bedtime and I'm really tired. I should go to bed.

John is over two hours late already, he might be late to school again.

In order to get through, she should work harder.

May, I borrow this pen to fill the application form?

Would you mind speaking more softly?

What is the difference between primary and modal verbs?

The main difference between the two types is the ability to serve as

the only verb in a sentence. Primary helping verbs can independently

function as the only verb when they are used correctly. On the other

hand, modal helping verbs are never used without a main verb to

which they provide meaning. Think of them as a means of

transportation. They are the vessel through which meaning travels to

the main verb. Sometimes, modal and primary helping verbs are both

used to create the verb phrase. Consider the following sentences.

Example 1: She is not there (“is” is only verb, and is used correct

grammatically).

Example 2: She will like the gift (“will” is a modal helping verb,

removing the verb “like” makes the sentence grammatically incorrect

and nonsensical – “She will the gift”).

Example 3: She may be there tomorrow (“may” is a modal helping

verb and “be” is the main verb).

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Lesson Five: Simple present tense 1

Conversation He works in a hotel.

Listen and practice.

Ali: Where does your brother work?

Mahdi: In a hotel.

Ali: Oh, really? My brother works in a hotel, too. He's a front desk

agent.

Mahdi: How does he like it?

Ali: Not very much. He doesn't like the manager.

Mahdi: That's too bad. What hotel does he work for?

Ali: The Istiqlal.

Mahdi: That's funny. My brother works there, too.

Ali: Oh, that's interesting. What does he do?

Mahdi: Actually, he's the manager!

Fill in the blanks

He …….A dictionary.

I ……..English class today and the day after tomorrow.

My brother ……….a good teacher.

His friend ………..a computer.

They …………four brothers and two sisters.

She ………….a very nice car.

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Reading

Mr. Amini is our English teacher. He is about 40 years old. He has a

son and a daughter. He is very kind and likes his job. He teaches four

days a week. He usually speaks English in the classroom. He brings a

lot of beautiful pictures to the classroom and shows them to us. We

learn a lot of English. All the students like him very much.

Regular Verbs

Most verbs are regular verbs. Regular verbs are those whose past tense

and past participles are formed by adding a -d or an -ed to the end of

the verb.

"To roll" is a good example of a regular verb:

Roll rolled rolled

Work worked worked

Wash washed washed

Watch watched watched

Walk walked walked

Talk talked talked

Start started started

Like liked liked

Live lived lived

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Sometimes the last consonant must be doubled before adding the -

ed ending.

For example:

Plan planned planned

Irregular Verbs:

There is no formula to predict how an irregular verb will form its past-

tense and past-participle forms. There are over 250 irregular verbs in

English. Although they do not follow a formula, there are some fairly

common irregular forms. Some of these forms are:

Break broke broken

Cut cut cut

Run ran run

Meet met met

Come came come

Repay repaid repaid

Swim swam swum

Be was/were been

Go went gone

Send sent sent

Eat ate eaten

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Get got got

Have had had

have

Have is used with some pronouns and plural nouns:

I have a great English teacher.

You have toothpaste on your chin.

We have a meeting at 12.

Nurses have a difficult job.

has

Has is used with the third person singular. For example:

She has a great personality.

He has a new haircut.

The washing machine has a leak in it.

It has a hole near the door.

The simple present tense

Use the simple present tense to talk about facts and habitual actions in

the present.

1. Facts

Ali speaks English very well.

The sun rises in the east.

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I like Japanese food.

You study Korean.

We work at a restaurant.

They say prayer morning at 5:00 every day.

2. Habitual actions

I go to bed at 10:00 p.m. every night.

He runs every morning.

The simple present tense:

Add –s to the base form of the verb for third – person singular (he,

she, it).

Subject + first form of the base verb + ……..

He + recites + Holy Quran + in the morning.

He helps the poor every month.

It opens at 8:00.

Negative Sentences

Use don't (do not) and doesn't (does not) and the base form of the verb

to make negative statements.

I don't go to bed before 10:00 p.m.

He doesn't speak Spanish very well.

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The simple present tense: yes / no questions

Use do or does and the base form of the verb to ask information

questions.

A: Do you speak Portuguese?

B: Yes, I do. I speak Portuguese.

A: Does she live near here?

B: Yes, she does. She lives near here.

A: Does Mahdi have a bicycle?

B: No, he doesn't. He has a car.

A: Does Ali have a Laptop?

B: Yes, he does. He has a Laptop.

A: Do you have coffee for breakfast?

B: No, I don't. I have milk for breakfast.

A: Does he have a car?

B: No, he doesn't. He has a bicycle.

A: Do they work in a hotel?

B: Yes, they do. They work in a hotel.

A: Does your class start at 7:30?

B: Yes, it doesn’t. it starts at 8:30.

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Information questions: Use question words (wh) to ask information

question.

Where do your in – laws live? They live in Karbala.

When do you visit your parents? I visit them tonight.

What does your father do? He is a lawyer.

What time does he go to work? He goes to work a 7:30.

Who lives here? My parents do (live here).

Who do you work for? I work for a construction company.

Whose keys are those? They are my friend’s.

Whose daughter is she? She is Ali’s daughter.

Whose house is that? That is their house.

Whose keys are in my bag? His keys are in your bag.

Whose gun is it? It is my gun.

Whose is this? It is mine.

Whose book is it? It's Amir's book.

Whose car is it? It's his car.

Whose jacket is it? It is Amir's.

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Use How many with plural nouns and count nouns, How much with

singular nouns and non-count nouns.

How many children do you have?

How many brothers and sisters do you have?

How many books does she have?

How many languages does your teacher speak?

How much water is in the glass?

How much milk is in the bottle?

Some more examples

The current inflation rate stands at 15% =The current rate of inflation

stands at 15%.

He speaks five languages in addition to English.

He gets extra money from his parents.

I need some advice.

It gets very cold here in the winter.

The company makes 50000 (fifty thousand) cars annually (yearly).

I like all vegetables apart from carrots.

My family are anxious to meet you.

My parents don’t approve of my friends.

She doesn’t approve of smoking.

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Magnets attract metal.

She travels back and forth between London and Glasgow.

The film begins at 7.30.

The name John begins with a ‘J’.

I love the spring

Apparently it’s cheaper to fly than to go by train.

Does everyone have a knife and fork?

A square has four sides (= all squares have four sides ) .

A child needs love and affection.

The eggs cost $2 a dozen.

I get paid once a month.

It needs a good clean.

We have a problem.

The sign says ‘No smoking’.

Most birds build nests and lay eggs.

The president’s bodyguards all carry guns.

Water boils at 100 C.

The brain controls the rest of the body.

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I brush my teeth twice a day.

Where do you get off the bus?

She eats nothing but chocolate.

They live by the sea.

I go to work by train.

Do the police carry guns in your country?

I don’t know for certain (without any doubt) where she is.

Water changes into ice when it gets very cold.

You don’t look very cheerful today. What’s the matter?

They have a beautiful house in California.

Good luck in your new home.

Little boys love dinosaurs.

I don’t have many friends.

Some of the houses have bathrooms but many do not.

Many of our staff work part-time.

How many brothers do you have?

I really miss my mother's cooking.

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She makes great soup.

We get a lot of junk mail.

My parents always get the ‘Daily Telegraph’.

I like him because he makes me laugh.

My parents always make (force) me do my homework before I go out.

I think Alex likes me.

I like traveling by train.

The meeting begins at 10: 30 am.

Your shoes need cleaning.

Where were you? And don’t give me some story about working late!

I wonder where he gets these strange ideas.

No one wants to relinquish power.

We now have110 full-time employees (workers).

The first duty of a soldier is to obey orders.

All British citizens have the right to live in the UK.

Controlling inflation is the main aim of the government’s economic

policy.

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Lesson Six: Numbers

Conversation What color is it?

Listen and practice

Ali: Oh, look at those earrings, Maryam. They're perfect for you.

Maryam: These red ones? I'm not sure.

Ali: No, the yellow ones.

Maryam: Oh, these? Yellow isn't really a good color for me.

Ali: Well, that necklace isn't bad.

Maryam: Which one?

Ali: That blue one right there. How much is it?

Maryam: It's $42! That's expensive!

Ali: Let me get it for you. It's your birthday present. Happy birthday!

Patterns: listen and repeat:

I have a yellow shirt.

She has a black suit.

They have a gray car.

His eyes are brown?

You have a red taxi.

He has a brown shirt.

Hamid has a black cat.

I love wearing bright colors.

People tend to wear dark colors to work.

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prices

$42 = forty-two dollars

$59.95 = fifty-nine ninety-five OR fifty-nine dollars and ninety-five

cents

How much is this necklace? Which one? This one? The blue one. It’s $42.

How much is that necklace? Which one? That one? The blue one. It’s $42.

How much are these earrings? Which ones? These?

How much are those earrings? Which ones? Those?

The yellow ones. They are $18.

Note: Adjectives are words that describe or modify another person or

thing in the sentence.

Listen and repeat

Cardinal Numbers

One two three four five six seven eight nine ten

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Eleven twelve thirteen fourteen fifteen sixteen seventeen

eighteen

11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

nineteen twenty

19 20

Twenty one twenty two twenty three twenty four twenty five

twenty six twenty seven twenty eight twenty nine thirty

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Thirty one thirty two thirty three thirty four thirty five thirty six

thirty seven thirty eight thirty nine forty

Forty one forty two forty three forty four forty five forty six

forty seven forty eight forty nine fifty

Fifty one fifty two fifty three fifty four fifty five fifty six fifty

seven fifty eight fifty nine sixty

Sixty one sixty two sixty three sixty four sixty five sixty six sixty

seven sixty eight sixty nine seventy

Seventy one seventy two seventy three seventy four seventy five

seventy six seventy six seventy seven seventy eight seventy nine

eighty

Eighty one eighty two eighty three eighty four eighty five eighty

six eighty seven eighty eight eighty nine ninety

Ninety one ninety two ninety three ninety four ninety five ninety

six ninety seven ninety eight ninety nine hundred

Ordinal Numbers

First second third fourth fifth sixth seventh

eighth ninth tenth eleventh twelfth thirteenth

fourteenth fifteenth sixteenth seventeenth eighteenth

nineteenth twentieth twenty first twenty second twenty

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third twenty fourth twenty fifth twenty sixth twenty

seventh twenty eighth twenty ninth thirtieth.

Fortieth fiftieth sixtieth seventieth eightieth ninetieth one

hundredth.

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Lesson Seven: Days of the week

Conversation I get up at 5 every day.

Listen and practice.

Mahdi: Hi, Hamid, how are you?

Hamid: Fine thanks and you?

Mahdi: Great, what time do you get up?

Hamid: I get up at 5 every day.

Mahdi: Do you say your prayer first?

Hamid: Sure. First I say my prayer, then I go for a run, after that I

take a shower, after I eat breakfast, I brush my teeth and get dressed,

then I leave for school.

Mahdi: What time do you get home from school?

Hamid: I get home at 2 O'clock in the afternoon.

Vocabulary:

Fine: satisfactory or acceptable = Ok.

Run: to move very quickly, by moving your legs more quickly than

you walk.

Home: the house, apartment, or place where you live.

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Good luck in your new home.

Brush: an object that you use for cleaning, painting, making hair tidy

etc, made with a lot of hairs, bristles, or thin pieces of plastic, fastened

to a handle.

Prayer: words that you say when praying to God.

The children say their prayers and get into bed every night.

Our thoughts and prayers are with you at this difficult time.

Patterns: listen and repeat:

Ali gets up at 5:00 o'clock every morning.

He says his prayer at 5:30.

He often says his prayer in masjid.

He recites Holy Quran at 5:45.

He takes a shower at 6:00 O'clock.

He eats his breakfast at 7:00.

After he has breakfast, he brushes his teeth.

And then he gets dressed.

Then he leaves for school at 7:30 every morning.

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He has her first class at 8:00 O'clock every day.

He has English class at 10:00 every morning.

He gets home from school at 1:30 (one thirty) in the afternoon.

He has a meal at 2:00 o'clock every day.

He does his homework at 6:00 every day.

He goes to bed at 10:00 o'clock every night.

Before he goes to bed, she watches TV.

He listens to his parents.

Days of the week

Saturday Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday

Friday

Simple present Wh - questions

What time does Ali get up every morning?

He gets up at five o'clock every morning.

What time does he say his morning prayer?

He says his morning prayer at five thirty.

What time does he have English class on Tuesday?

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He has English class at ten O'clock on Tuesday.

What time does he go to bed?

He goes to bed at ten P.M.

Where does he usually say his prayer?

He usually says his prayer in masjid.

How does he like his prayer?

He really likes it.

Example:

A: What is she? B: She is a nurse.

A: What is he? B: He is a porter.

A: What are you? B: I am a lawyer.

A: What are they? B: They are lawyers.

LESSON EIGHT: ADVERBS

Conversation He usually speaks English.

Listen and practice.

Amir: Oh, look there, who is he?

Saied: He is our English teacher.

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Amir: What is his name?

Saied: Mr. Kabiri.

Amir: Is he a good teacher?

Saied: Yes, all the students like him very much.

Amir: Does he speak Persian in the classroom?

Saied: No, He usually speaks English.

Vocabulary:

Look: to turn your eyes towards something, so that you can see it.

The students all turned to look at the teacher as he entered the

classroom.

Like (1): to enjoy something or think that is nice or good = love

I like to recite holy Quran after saying my prayers every day.

Like (2): similar to something else, or happening in the same way.

His hair is dark brown like mine.

He eats like a pig!

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Patterns: listen and repeat

Adverbs of frequency

He always says his prayer at school mosque.

I usually go to Mash’had on summer vacations.

She often helps her mother at home.

We sometimes go for a run in the morning.

You always obey your father.

I usually go to holy shrine of Imam Ali(peace be upon him) on Friday

night.

We sometimes write our homework at school.

I often go to bed early.

My father is always at home on Friday.

He always goes to school by bus.

ADVERBS

Definition: Adverbs are words that modify:

1. a verb (He drove slowly. — How did he drive?)

2. an adjective(He drove a very fast car. — How fast was his car?)

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3. another adverb (She moved quite slowly down the aisle. — How

slowly did she move?)

As we will see, adverbs often tell when, where, why, how or under

what conditions something happens or happened. Adverbs frequently

end in -ly; however, many words and phrases not ending in -ly serve

an adverbial function and an -ly ending is not a guarantee that a word

is an adverb. The words lovely, lonely, motherly, friendly, neighborly,

for instance, are adjectives:

That lovely family lives in a friendly neighborhood.

Why is he suddenly so friendly towards you, Ali?

The local people are very friendly.

Kinds of Adverbs

Adverbs of Manner

She moved slowly and spoke quietly.

Adverbs of Place

She still lives there now.

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Order of Adverbs

Verb Manner Place Frequency Time Purpose Dad

walks impatiently into

town every

afternoon before

supper to get a

newspaper.

Adverbs of Frequency

She takes the boat to the mainland every day.

She often goes by herself.

Adverbs of Time

She tries to get back before dark.

It's starting to get dark now.

She finished her tea first.

She left early.

Adverbs of Purpose

She drives her boat slowly to avoid hitting the rocks.

She shops in several stores to get the best buys.

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Lesson Nine: Simple present tense 2

Conversation It sounds like fun.

Listen and practice.

Mahdi: Hey, Nice computer, What's this for?

Amir: That's a modem. It's used to connect the computer to the phone

line, so I can send faxes and access the Internet.

Mahdi: So you can go on-line and all that?

Amir: Yes. And I use the World Wide Web for finding information

on astronomy, movies, UFOs-(unidentified flying objects)just about

anything.

Mahdi: Sports? Cars?

Amir: And I can exchange information with people, too. I belong to a

"chat group" on astronomy.

Mahdi: Hmm. I just use my computer to write letters and reports.

Amir: Why don't you get on the Internet? It's not really expensive.

Mahdi: Maybe I will. It sounds like fun.

Vocabulary:

Astronomy: the scientific study of the stars and planets.

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Astronomer: a scientist who studies the stars and planets.

Astrology: the study of the position and movements of the stars and

how they might influence people and events.

Astrologer: someone who uses astrology to tell people about their

character, life, or future.

Connect: to join two or more things together.

We would like two rooms with connecting doors ( doors that join the

rooms).

Information: facts or details that tell you something about a situation,

person, event. I need more information.

Expensive: costing a lot of money.

Petrol is becoming more and more expensive.

Belong: if something belongs somewhere, that is the right place or

situation for it.

Exchange: the act of giving someone something and receiving

something else from them.

Find: to discover, see, or get something that you have been searching

for.

I can't find the car keys.

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Lesson Ten: Simple Past Tense

Conversation I missed my first class.

Listen and practice

Mahdi: Do you go to school by your bike every day?

Javad: Yes, but I went to school by bus yesterday.

Mahdi: Did you arrive on time?

Javad: No, I missed my first class.

Mahdi: Why didn't you arrive on time?

Javad: Because the bus had a flat tire.(had a puncture)

Patterns: listen and repeat:

The Iranian people voted in the election.

Many people entered the Jamkaran masjid last Tuesday.

Mr. Ahmadi got married last summer.

Many people went to the holy shrine of Imam Ali (p.h) last Friday

night.

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They decorated the school for twenty second of Bahman.

He prayed at ten last night.

I saw Mr. Sadeqi at Feizieh last Monday.

I cheered for the team yesterday.

They studied for their English test last week.

The use of simple past tense

Use the simple past tense to talk about a completed action in the

past and use it to talk about a definite time in the past.

My grandfather went to Paris last year.

We met Bell in 1999 and in 2004.

We played tennis and went swimming yesterday.

They had a good trip.

He went to his grandmother last week.

She said her prayer morning at 6:00 yesterday morning.

The servant entered the room, bowing respectfully.

The plane circled the airport before landing.

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Question form

Begin yes / no questions with Did. Use the base form of the verb.

1.Did your grandmother go to Paris last year?

2. Did you play tennis and go swimming yesterday?

3. Did they have a good trip?

4. Did he go to his grandmother last week?

5. Did she say her prayer morning at 6:00 yesterday morning?

6. Did you break the glass yesterday?

Yes, I did. I broke the glass yesterday.

7. Did the accident happen in front of your school?

Yes, it did. The accident happened in front of my school.

8.Did you take the bus yesterday?

Yes, I did. I took the bus yesterday.

Negative form

Use didn’t + the base form of a verb.

He didn’t go to his grandmother’s last weekend.

They didn’t have a good trip.

Did you play football yesterday afternoon?

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No, I didn't. I studied my English book.

Did you have an accident last week?

No, I didn't. I had an accident two weeks ago.

Did the police fine you yesterday morning?

No, he didn't. He fined me last night.

Begin information questions with a question word followed by did.

Where did you go shopping?

When did you leave?

What did you eat every day?

Some more examples

I voted for the Labor candidate in the last election.

The doctor advised him to stop smoking.

In 1918 British women got the right to vote.

We walked along the road.

She got loads of presents.

What did you get for Christmas?

We got a letter from Ali this morning.

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Sarah and I divided the cake between us.

I apologized to John for losing his book.

The children said their prayers and got into bed.

I got a few games free when I bought my computer.

They appealed for food and clothing.

He assaulted a policeman.

I turned the handle and opened the door.

Suddenly they heard a loud bang.

I took two aspirins for my headache.

There were ten people in the room, apart from me.

We avoided Park Street because of the traffic.

She paid me the money back.

I wrote her a letter, but she didn’t write back.

I was out when she phoned, so I phoned her back.

She backed the car out of the garage.

My brother baked a cake for my birthday.

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He banged his head on the ceiling.

A line of police barred the road.

I went to the barber’s shop to have my hair cut.

This dress was a bargain. It only cost $10.

The doctors battled to save her life.

We stayed at home because of the rain.

She became a doctor in 1982 (nineteen eighty two).

I said goodbye before I left.

The baby began crying.

They behaved very kindly towards me.

The children behaved badly all day.

I hid behind the wall.

We arrived in England on a cold wet Sunday in 1963.

The jet made a smooth landing.

He went outside for a quiet smoke.

It’s three years since I last saw her.

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I gave up smoking nearly ten years ago.

She begged me to stay with her.

He begged for help.

I didn’t see the beginning of the film.

They bound the prisoner’s arms and legs together.

His sister gave birth to her second child last week.

They blasted through the mountain to make a tunnel.

I asked her a question, but she just gave me a blank look.

The priest blessed the young couple.

The blind man had a dog to help him.

A fallen tree blocked the road.

The police found a body in the river.

I boiled some water for the pasta.

He gave a bow and left the room.

A child ran into the road and the driver braked suddenly.

He put his foot on the brake.

He fought bravely in the war.

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I had breakfast at seven o’clock.

We went to town by buss.

I went back into the office to get (bring) a pen..

I had a busy morning.

He paid by cheque.

I had a call from Ali.

He threw the ball to me and I caught it.

The man ran so fast that the police couldn’t catch him.

We met by chance at the station.

They didn’t enjoy their holiday.

Last night we stayed at home and watched TV.

A family of birds made their home (= started living) under the roof.

Jack left home when he was 16.

I lived there when I was a little boy.

We left the kids in the car.

His wife died in childbirth.

I had a very happy childhood.

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I didn’t know how many tickets to buy.

Where did you grow up?

I grew up in Iran.

He cleared his throat to get our attention.

Where did you get that jacket?

We didn’t get home until midnight.

They shouted at us to get back.

I got (achieved) 98% (percent) in my last math test.

I got flu last winter and was in bed for three weeks.

It took them 15 minutes to get the boat ready.

He took me to meet his parents.

Ali took a deep breath.

I waved, but he didn’t take any notice.

The communists took power (take control) in 1948.

She made (produce) her own wedding dress.

He made no attempt to apologize.

When was the last time you made a cake?

It was this movie which made him a star.

She didn’t even say thank you.

I began teaching in 1984.

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What did Ali give you for your birthday?

I didn’t steal it, Maria gave it to me.

He finally gave us permission to leave.

He gave her a big hug.

The judge gave her two years in prison.

Javad caught the fish and cleaned them himself.

She shook him to wake him up.

Democrats clashed with Republicans in a heated debate.

He married a young lady by the name of Sarah Hunt.

He didn’t want to do anything to damage the good name of the

company.

The restaurant got a bad name for slow service.

He died without a penny to his name. (=very poor)

They gave their children unusual names.

The country experienced its worst drought this century.

His parents got divorced when he was 17.

Hundreds of people gathered to mourn the slain president.

We received a very warm welcome.

She felt she had to obey her father.

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Adjectives

What is an Adjective?

Adjectives are one of the primary parts of speech. They are words

that describe or modify another person or thing in the sentence. In

other words the job of an adjective is to give more information about a

noun which is a person, object, animal, or idea. So it will describe the

noun by giving its size, composition, color, age, shape, weight, etc.

Adjectives can be a single word or a group of words and can also be

used with a verb, like “am, is, are” or “was, were”. Most adjectives

come before the noun they modify.They can be used before a noun (I

like Chinese food) or after certain verbs (It is hard).We can often use

two or more adjectives together (a beautiful young French lady).

List of Descriptive Adjectives

Descriptive adjectives can be divided into different categories such as

colors, sizes, sound, taste, touch, shapes, qualities, time, personality

and ages. The following lists provide a few examples of descriptive

adjectives in each of their categories:

Colors: black, blue, white, green, red

Sizes: big, small, large, thin, thick

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Shapes: round, square, circular

Qualities: good, bad

Personality: happy, sad, angry, depressed

Time: Yearly , monthly, annually

Ages: new, young, old, brand-new, second-hand

Sound: loud, noisy, quiet, silent

Touch: slippery, sticky

Taste: juicy, sweet

Types of Adjectives:

Adjectives have three forms called degrees of comparison:

Predicate, the positive, the comparative and the superlative

Positive Adjectives

The positive adjective is the simple form of the adjective without

expressing increase or diminution of the original quality: nice, large,

fat, big, small.

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Comparative Adjectives

A comparative adjective is used when comparing two nouns. One

noun will be better, bigger, or will have more of something than the

other.

Examples are:

Your car is faster than mine.

The red dress is more expensive than the blue one.

older than, more expensive than, bigger than, faster than, taller than,

nicer than etc.

How to make comparative adjectives?

The rules for making adjectives into comparative adjectives depend on

the number of syllables and the spelling of the word. They are as

follows:

1.One syllable - Add “er”, like warm: warmer, high: higher.

Sometimes the final consonant must be doubled like fat: fatter.

2. One syllable that ends with an “e”- Add “r” only, like fine to finer

or cute to cuter.

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3. Two or more syllables - Use the words “more” or “less” before the

words like, boring: less boring, difficult: more difficult, beautiful:

more beautiful.

4. Two syllables that end with “y” - add “er” and change “y” to “i”,

like happy to happier or early to earlier.

Example:

fresh becomes fresher hard becomes harder hot becomes

hotter

long becomes longer quick becomes quicker rich becomes

richer thin becomes thinner sweet becomes sweeter

smart becomes smarter old becomes older

nervous becomes more nervous perfect becomes more perfect

patient becomes more patient beautiful becomes more beautiful

heavy becomes heavier easy becomes easier

Superlative Adjective

A superlative adjective expresses the extreme or highest degree of a

quality, which used to describe the extreme quality of one thing in a

group of things.

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The superlative adjective is that form which expresses the greatest

increase or diminution of the quality between one and a number of

individuals taken separately: nicest.

How to make Superlative Adjectives?

The rules for making adjectives into Superlative adjectives depend on

the number of syllables and the spelling of the word. They are as

follows:

1. One syllable - Add “est”, like warm: warmest, high: highest.

Sometimes the final consonant must be doubled like, big: biggest.

2. One syllable that ends with an “e” - Add “st” only, like fine: finest,

cute: cutest.

3. Two or more syllables - Use the words “most” or “least” before the

words like, boring: least boring, difficult: most difficult, beautiful:

most beautiful.

4. Two syllables that end with “y” - Add “est” and change “y” to “i”,

like happy to happiest, early to earliest, crazy to craziest.

Ali is the richest man in Qom.

Paris is the most romantic city in the world.

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Predicate Adjective

Predicate is the part of a sentence that makes a statement about the

subject. It can be a noun, a verb or an adjective.

Predicate Adjective describes the subject and follows a linking verb

(be, seem, become, etc….)

Hadi is handsome. handsome is the Predicate Adjective.

Ali is watering the plants.

He is very strong.

He is a great singer.

New York and London are cities.

She will become a genius.

John used to be the manager.

I am a teacher.

He is my dad.

She remains my best friend.

Many adjectives are irregular in comparison.

The following adjectives are exceptions to this rule ( irregular

adjectives ):

bad becomes worse or worst

good becomes better or best.

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far becomes farther than or the farthest

little becomes less than or the least

many/much becomes more than or the most

Noun as Adjective

As you know, a noun is a person, place or thing, and an adjective is a

word that describes a noun. Sometimes we use a noun to describe

another noun. In that case, the first noun "acts as" an adjective.

Noun as adjective noun

history teacher

ticket office

race horse

coffee cup

bus station

research centre

Lesson Eleven: Prepositions: under, in, on…

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Lesson Eleven: Prepositions: under, in, on…

Conversation Some books.

Listen and practice

Reza: Are there any books in the shelves?

Amir: Yes, there are some books in the shelves.

Reza: Are there any notebooks in the shelves, too?

Amir: No, there aren't. There is only one notebook in the shelves.

There is and There are

We use there when we talk about something for the first time, to say

that it exists. There is/There are is a common phrase in English, used

to indicate that something exists or is in a certain location. The main

subject follows the verb when there is/are is used.

There is a new restaurant in King Street. (not: A new restaurant is in

King Street. )

I am sorry I’m late. There was a lot of traffic. (not: It was a lot of

traffic. )

There is an apple on the table.

There are some apples on the table.

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Other forms of "be" can also be used with there:

There will be a party at Ali's house on Saturday.

There were four witnesses at the crime scene.

There have been two robberies in the last five months.

Is there a flight to Paris this evening? There might be. I will phone

the airport.

Contractions are possible, but they are mostly used informally in

speech.

There's a fly in my soup.

There're plenty of oranges left.

Patterns: listen and repeat.

There is a book under the desk.

There is a map on the wall.

There are some boys in the school.

There are some books in the library.

There are four soldiers in the police station.

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There is a book on the table.

There are some prayer mats (rugs) in masjid.

There is not any prayer book in masjid.

There is no prayer book in masjid.

There are hundred cents in a dollar.

There are hundred centimeters in a meter.

There are thirty children in English class.

The house is in my wife’s name.

Question form

A - Are there four chairs in the classroom?

B - Yes, there are. There are four chairs in the classroom.

A- Are there five nurses in the hospital?

B- Yes, there are. There are five nurses in the hospital.

A- Is there a book under the desk?

B- Yes, there is. There is a book under the desk.

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Prepositions

Prepositions are short words (on, in, to…) that usually stand in front

of nouns sometimes also in front of gerund verbs (verb + ing like: for

learning).

Note: Advanced learners of English find prepositions difficult, so

translation is usually not easy. One preposition in your native

language might have several translations depending on the situation.

The only way to learn prepositions is looking them up in a dictionary,

reading a lot in English (literature), and learning useful phrases.

The following table contains rules for some of the most

frequently used prepositions in English:

Prepositions – Time

English Usage Example

on days of the week on Monday

in months / seasons

time of day

year

after a certain period of

time (when?)

in August / in winter

in the morning

in 2006

in an hour

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at for night

a certain point of time

(when?)

at night

at half past nine

since from a certain point of

time (past till now)

since 1980

for over a certain period of

time (past till now)

for 2 years

ago a certain time in the past 2 years ago

before earlier than a certain

point of time

before 2004

to telling the time ten to six (5:50)

past telling the time ten past six (6:10)

to / till /

until

marking the beginning

and end of a period of

time

from Monday to/till

Friday

till / until in the sense of how long

something is going to

last

He is on holiday until

Friday.

by in the sense of at the

latest

up to a certain time

I will be back by 6

o’clock.

By 11 o'clock, I had read

five pages.

Prepositions – Place (Position and Direction)

English Usage Example

In room, building, street,

town, country

book, paper etc.

in the kitchen, in London

in the book

in the car, in a taxi

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car, taxi

picture, world

in the picture, in the world

At meaning next to, by an

object

for table

for events

place where you are to do

something typical (watch

a film, study, work)

at the door, at the station

at the table

at a concert, at the party

at the cinema, at school, at

work

On attached

for a place with a river

being on a surface

for a certain side (left,

right)

for a floor in a house

for public transport

for television, radio

the picture on the wall

London lies on the

Thames.

on the table

on the left

on the first floor

on the bus, on a plane

on TV, on the radio

by,

next

to,

beside

left or right of somebody

or something

Jane is standing by / next

to / beside the car.

under on the ground, lower than

(or covered by) something

else

the bag is under the table

below lower than something else

but above ground

the fish are below the

surface

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Reading

Water

We drink it, we cook with it, we wash with it and we can't live without

it. It gives life to everything – to people, animals and plants. It is

everywhere: in the seas, in the rivers, in the air in our food in our

kitchen in our bathrooms and in our pools. Most of us don't think

about it very much. Water is there for us, we have to think very

carefully about it, and about our use of it.

Vocabulary:

Plant: a living thing that has leaves and roots and grows in earth,

especially one that is smaller than a tree.

Don't forget to water the plants.

Kitchen: the room where you prepare and cook food.

She is in the kitchen making a meal.

Bathroom: A small room for washing your body by a shower.

I really need to go to the bathroom.

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Lesson Twelve: Imperative 1

Conversation Let's take a taxi.

Listen and practice.

Hadi: Hi, Madjid, what time is it?

Madjid: It's seven thirty. Hurry up please.

Hadi: Why? We have plenty of time.

Madjid: It's late.

Hadi: Let's take a taxi.

Madjid: Ok.

Imperatives

An imperative sentence is a type of sentence that gives advice or

instructions or that expresses a request or command. (Compare with

sentences that make a statement, ask a question, or express an

exclamation.)

An imperative sentence typically begins with the base form of a verb,

as in "Go now!" The implied subject "You" is said to be "understood"

(or elliptical): (You) Go now!

An imperative sentence ends with a period or an exclamation point.

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Commands ask or tell people to do something.

Please pass the salt.

Get out of my way.

Both of those sentences are commands. The first one doesn’t sound as

commanding as the second one, but both of them are commands

because they both ask or tell someone to do something.

Some more examples

Please come here!

Please look at me!

Please close the window!

Please point to the picture!

Please go over there!

Please sit down!

Please look at your book!

Point to the blackboard please!

Please listen to your teacher!

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Please say your prayer!

Please be on time!

Please obey the law!

Shut the door!

Be there at 5:30!

Stay where you are!

Please accept my apologies!

Please pay attention to what I am saying!

Tell me beforehand if you are going to be late!

Be good; do and say the right things!

Take a look at this!

Open the window! I am boiling.

Take a deep breath!

Hold your breath!

Stop breathing for a short time!

Brush your hair!

Say a prayer for me!

Press this button to ring the bell!

Please listen carefully!

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Please make certain that window is closed before you leave!

Do the sums and then use a calculator to check your answers!

Be a good child and sit down!

Run upstairs and get a pillow!

Get out of my house!

Eat your dinner before it gets (become) cold!

Take a seat please (sit down)!

Let’s take a cab!

Take two tablets before bedtime!

Make a list of all the things you need1

Stop making such a fuss!

Give me the letter, please!

Let me give you some advice!

Keep the noise down, you are giving me a headache!

Wipe the worktop when you have finished cooking!

Shake the bottle before you open it!

Negative Imperatives: To say someone not to do something.

To form a negative imperative we use: Do not + the base form of the

verb

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Examples:

Do not come here.

Do not put your hat on the chair.

Do not drink it.

Do not park your car here.

NOTE: The contraction for do not is don’t.

Do not come here. = Don’t come here.

Do not speak Spanish in the class. = Don’t speak Spanish in the class.

Do not sit there. = Don’t sit there.

Do not lean out of the window. = Don’t lean out of the window.

Some more examples

Don’t blame me. It’s not my fault.

Don’t get (become) upset.

Don’t bang the door.

Don’t be so childish.

Don’t move until I give the signal.

Don’t let the milk boil over.

Don’t come too close, I don’t want you to give me your cold.

Don't open the door please.

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Don't write on the wall, please!

Don't sit on the desk, please.

Don’t worry – your e-mail address is totally secure.

Note: Negative Imperatives Using Never / Don't Ever

Never go there again! = Don’t ever go there again!

Never leave your keys in your car! = Don't ever leave your keys in

your car! Never steal from anyone = Don't ever steal from anyone!

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Lesson Thirteen: Imperative 2

Conversation Making requests.

Listen and practice

Mr. Karimi: Mahdi. Turn down the TV a little, please.

Mahdi: Oh, but this is my favorite program.

Mr. Karimi: I know. But it's very loud and I am saying my prayer.

Mahdi: Ok. I'll turn it down.

Mr. Karimi: That's better. Thanks.

Mrs. Karimi: Maryam, please pick up your things. They are all over

the living room floor.

Maryam: in a minute, Mom. I'm on the phone.

Mrs. Karimi: But do it as soon as you hang up.

Maryam: Sure. No problem.

Mrs. Karimi: Goodness, Were we like this when we were kids?

Mr. Karimi: Definitely.

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Patterns: Listen and repeat.

Turn down the TV.

Turn the TV down.

Turn it down.

Pick up your things.

Pick your things up.

Pick them up.

Please turn down the music.

Ok. I'll turn it down.

Pick up your clothes, please.

Sure. I'll pick them up.

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Lesson Fourteen: Present continuous tense 1

Conversation What are you doing there?

Listen and practice.

Ahmad: Hello.

Hadi: Hi, Ahmad. This is Hadi. I'm calling from Mash’had.

Ahmad: What are you doing there?

Hadi: I have come on pilgrimage to Imam Reza's shrine.

Ahmad: Pray for me please.

Hadi: Sure.

Patterns: listen and repeat.

She is making tea.

The tea is steeping.

He is making vodhu.

I am putting on my shirt.

They are going to masjid.

I am saying my prayer.

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It's 7 o'clock in the morning. My father is leaving home. He is going

to work.

It's 7.30 in the morning. I am going to school.

We are studying English now.

They are reciting Holy Quran.

Question forms

A- Is the teacher talking to the students?

B- Yes, he is. He is talking to the students.

A- Is she helping the old woman?

B- Yes, she is. She is helping the old woman.

A- Is the boy giving the poor man some money?

B- Yes, he is. He is giving him some money.

Negative forms

A- Are you listening to the tape?

B- No, I am not. I am reciting Holy Quran.

A- Is she eating breakfast?

B- No, she isn't. She is fasting.

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A- Is he singing a song?

B- No, he isn't. He is calling prayer.

A- Is he laughing?

B- No, he isn’t. He is crying.

The present continuous tense: an activity that is in progress at the

moment.

Form the present continuous with a form of be and the present

participle.

Subject + be + base form of the main verb + ing + ……

Ali + is + wash + ing + his socks.

Affirmative statements Negative statements

I am studying English. I am not studying English.

You are studying French. You are not studying French.

He is playing football. He is not playing football.

She is reading a newspaper. She is not reading a newspaper.

We are going home. We are not going home.

They are reciting Holy Quran. They are not reciting Holy

Quran.

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The present continuous: questions

Yes / no questions: place be before the subject.

Is he reciting Holy Quran?

Is she going to school?

Are you listening to the teacher?

Are they playing football?

Is it still raining?

Information questions: Use wh questions to ask information question.

When are you going?

What is he doing right now?

Who is talking on the phone?

Why are they making a noise?

Some more examples

The weather is becoming colder.

A million people are facing famine.

My cat is going (=becoming) blind.

She is wearing a red dress and carrying a black bag.

I am in no position to judge whether what she is doing is right or

wrong.

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Lesson Fifteen: Present continuous tense 2

Conversation What about you?

Listen and practice.

Mostafa: Reza, are you learning English these days?

Reza: Yes, I am. What about you?

Mostafa: No, I am not. I am learning Arabic. Which one is more

difficult, you think?

Reza: Well, I don’t want to compare these two. Sorry, my phone is

ringing, let me answer it.

Reza: ok. Let’s talk about it then.

Patterns: listen and repeat:

The bus is stopping for us now.

The baby is crying.

Listen, I think the telephone is ringing.

Look, it is beginning to rain.

These days leaves are beginning to fall.

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Listen, someone is knocking at the door.

The sky is getting very dark.

Madjid is cleaning the room now.

They are taking a walk in the park.

Remember: the following verbs are not normally used in the

present continuous:

like, love, hate, need, prefer, know, realize, suppose, mean,

understand, believe, remember, belong, fit, contain, consist, seem

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Lesson Sixteen: Active and Passive

Conversation What currency is used in Japan?

Listen and practice

Maryam: Hello.

Mona: Oh, hello. I need some information.

What currency is used in Japan?

Maryam: Where?

Mona: In Japan.

Maryam: I’m not sure. Isn’t it the yen?

Mona: Oh, yes. And do they drive on the left or the right?

Maryam: I think the left, but I’m not sure.

Mona: Oh. Well, is English spoken much there?

Maryam: I really have no idea.

Mona: Well, what about credit cards? Are American Express cards

accepted there?

Maryam: How would I know?

Mona: Well, you’re a travel agent, aren’t you?

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Maryam: What? A travel agent? This is Linda’s Hair Salon.

Mona: Oh, sorry. Wrong number.

Vocabulary:

Travel agent: someone who owns or works in a travel agency.

Travel agency: a company that arranges hotel rooms, plane tickets etc

for people who want to travel.

How to make passive sentences?

The passive is formed by be + past participle (whether the verb ending

in ed or an irregular verb). In a passive sentence, the object of an

active verb becomes the subject of the passive verb. The passive is

used when the person or the thing done is more important, or when the

agent (subject) who did the action is not known.

Active and Passive form of Simple present tense

A/ They use the yen in Japan.

P/ The yen is used in Japan

A/ They speak both Spanish and Portuguese in Latin America.

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P/ Both Spanish and Portuguese are spoken in Latin America.

A/ They grow a lot of coffee in Brazil.

P/ A lot of coffee is grown in Brazil.

A/ Maryam cleans the room every day.

P/ The room is cleaned every day

A/ Careless driving causes many accidents.

P/ Many accidents are caused by careless driving.

A/ They often invite me to parties.

P/ I’m not often invited to parties.

Active and Passive form of simple past tense

A/ A load noise woke us up during the night.

P/ We were woken up by a load noise during the night.

A/ The police caught her.

P/ She was caught by the police.

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ask offer pay show teach tell

Some verbs can have two objects such as give:

Somebody gave the police the information. (= somebody gave the

information to the police)

The police were given the information.

or

The information was given to the police.

Other verbs which can have two objects are:

I was offered the job, but I refused it. (= they offered me the job)

The men were paid $400 to do the work. (Somebody paid the men

$400)

They ask me a lot of questions.

I am asked a lot of questions. A lot of questions are asked me.

Ali teaches English to Italian students.

English is taught to Italian students. Italian students are taught

English.

She tells us some funny stories about her sister.

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We are told some funny stories about her sister.

some funny stories about her sister are told us.

Active and Passive form of Present Continuous Tense.

A/ Somebody is cleaning the room at the moment.

P/ The room is being cleaned at the moment by somebody.

A/ There is somebody walking behind us.

P/ I think we are being followed.

Active and Passive form of Past Continuous Tense.

A/ Somebody was cleaning the room when I arrived.

P/ The room was being cleaned when I arrived.

A/ There was somebody walking behind us.

P/ I think we were being followed.

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Lesson Seventeen Past Continuous Tense and simple past

tense.

Conversation I was saying my prayer.

Listen and practice.

Answering machine: Hi. This is Ali, and this is Ahmad.

We can't come to the phone right now.

Please, leave us a message after the tone!

Hadi: Hi. This is Hadi……

Ali: Oh, hi, Hadi. It's Ali. Sorry I didn't answer the phone right away.

I was saying my prayer.

Hadi: That's OK. Is Ahmad there?

Ali: No, he is in masjid now. Can he call you later?

Hadi: Yeah, thanks. Please, ask him to call me.

Ali: Sure.

Hadi: Thanks a lot, Ali.

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Past Continuous Tense and simple past tense.

1.. The past continuous shows an action that continued during a period

of time in the past.

What were you doing last night at eight? I was watching TV.

2.. The simple past tense shows an action that occurred and ended in

the past.

I saw a movie yesterday.

I didn't see a play yesterday.

Last year, I traveled to Japan.

Last month, I didn't travel to Korea.

Did you have dinner last night?

She washed her car.

He didn't wash his car.

When I finished work, walked to the beach, and found a nice place to

swim.

He arrived from the airport at 8:00, checked into the hotel at 9:00,

and met the others at 10:00.

3.. We often use the past simple and the past continuous together to

say that something happened in the middle of something else.

Ali phoned while we were having dinner.

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I hurt my back while I was working in the garden.

I was going too fast when I had the accident.

He was talking on the phone when the storm began.

While I was living in Chile, I got married.

4.. The past continuous also describes two continuing actions

occurring in the same period of time.

While she was driving, her husband was reading the newspaper.

They were eating, and the music was playing.

Question form

Were you talking on the phone when the storm began?

Were they eating, and the music was playing?

Negative form

No, I weren’t. I was studying when the storm began.

No, they weren’t. They were watching T.V, and the music was

playing?

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Lesson Eighteen Comprehension

Conversation It's on thirteenth of Rajab.

Listen and repeat.

Saied: Do you know next week is Imam Ali's birthday? It's on Rajab

(thirteen) 13.

Anar: What do you do on Imam Ali's birthday? We don't have that

holiday in our country Russia.

Saied: It's Father's Day. So lots of people buy a gift for their fathers.

Anar: Sounds interesting.

Saied: Would you like to buy a gift for your father?

Anar: Sure. I'd love to.

Reading:

PENCILS and PENS

No one knows who invented pencils or when it happened. A Swiss

described a pencil in a book in 1565. He said it was a piece of

wood with lead inside it. Pencils weren't popular, and people

continued to write with pens. They used bird feathers as pens.

Then, in 1795, someone started making pencils from graphite,

and they became very popular. Graphite is like coal. Today, people

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make pencils in the same way. They grind the graphite, make it into

the shape of a stick, and bake it. Then they put it inside a piece of

wood. One pencil can write 50,000 English words or make a line

55 kilometers long.

People wrote with feather pens and then used pens with metal

points. They had to dip the point into ink after every few

letters. Next, someone invented a fountain pen that could hold

ink inside it. A fountain pen can write several pages before you

have to fill it again.

Two Hungarian brothers, Ladislao and Georg Biro, invented the

ballpoint pen. They left Hungary and started making ballpoint

pens in England in 1943, during World War II. English pilots

liked the pens. They couldn't write with fountain pens in

airplanes because the ink leaked out. Later, a French company called

Bic bought the Biros' company.

Some people call ballpoint pens Bics. Australians call them biros.

Whatever we call them, we use them every day.

Vocabulary

Invent: to make, design, or think of a new type of thing.

Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone in 1876.

Lead: the central part of a pencil that makes the marks when you

write.

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Feathers: one of the light soft thing that cover a bird’s body.

Graphite: a soft black substance that is a kind of Carbon, used in

pencils, paints and electrical equipment.

Coal: a hard black mineral which is dug out of the ground and burnt to

produce heat.

Grind: to break something such as corn or coffee beans into small

pieces or powder, either in a machine or between two hard surfaces.

Shape: the form that something has, for example round, square etc.

Bake: to cook something using dry heat, in an oven.

I am baking some bread.

Baked potatoes.

Dip: to put something into a liquid and lift it out again.

Fountain pen: a pen that you fill with ink. = ballpoint.

Pilots: someone who operates the controls of an aircraft or

spacecraft.

Leak: if a container, pipe, roof etc leaks, or if it leaks gas, liquid etc,

there is a small hole or crack in it that lets gas or liquid flow through.

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God's order

After the Holy prophet reached Medina, he stayed in the house of one

of his followers for seven months and Imam Ali was staying with him.

When the Holy prophet finished the construction of a mosque, he built

houses for his wives around it and in the center of them he built a

house for Imam Ali. Then, many of the prophet's companions built

their houses around the mosque.

The doors of all the houses opened in the mosque. Once the Holy

prophet ordered to close all the doors except the door of his houses

and that of Ali. Some of the companions requested him to allow them

to keep a small window open. He replied "No, not a pin-hole, God so

willed it."

Vocabulary

Follower: someone who believes in a particular system of ideas, or

who supports a leader who teaches these ideas.

Prophet: a man who people in the Christian, Jewish, or Muslim

religion believe has been sent by God to lead them and teach them

their religion.

Followers of the Prophet.

Except: used to introduce only person, thing, action, fact, or situation

about which a statement is not true.

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The office is open every day except Sundays.

Requested: a polite or formal demand for something.

They have made an urgent request for international aid.

Allow: to let someone do or have something, or let something happen.

= permit.

Reply: to answer someone by saying or writing something.

I asked Ali where he was going, but didn't reply.

Sorry it took me so long to reply.

Pin – hole: a very small hole in something, especially one made by

something like a pin.

The first man who embraced Islam

The first man who embraced Islam was Imam Ali. Once while some

of his followers were sitting by him, the Holy prophet said to him, you

are the first man who accepted Islam.

"To me you are like Aaron was to Moses."

During the course of twenty three years Ali was the only one who

constantly supported the Holy prophet.

Vocabulary:

Embrace: to eagerly accept a new idea, opinion, religion etc.

We hope these regions will embrace democratic reforms.

Constantly: all the time, or very often. = continually.

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Lesson twenty Present perfect and past tense

Conversation That’s right.

Listen and practice.

Ali: So, how was your weekend?

Ahmad: Oh, really good. I went to see Mr. Ahmadi, the eulogist.

Ali: The eulogist?

Ahmad: That’s right. Have you ever seen him?

Ali: Yes, I have. I saw him in Mash’had last year. He is terrific.

Ahmad: Yeah. He does some incredible things.

Ali: Have you ever been to Mash’had?

Ahmad: No, I have never been there.

Ali: You should go sometime. It’s an interesting city.

Patterns: listen and practice

A: Have you ever said Friday prayer?

B1: Yes, I have. I said Friday prayers last week.

B2: No, I haven’t. I haven’t said Friday prayer yet.

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A:Have you ever been to Mash’had?

B1: Yes, I have. I went there in Rajab.

B2: No, I haven’t. I have never been there.

The present perfect tense

Use the present perfect to talk about an indefinite time in the past. It is

an action that began in the past and continues in the present (usually

with “for” or “since”)

Form the present perfect with have or has and the past participle form

of verb.

Subject + have/has + past participle (pp) +……

We + have + brushed + our teeth.

Your father + has + sent + your money.

He has a good chance of passing the exam because he has worked

hard.

Our youngest child, Sam, has just started university.

She has lived in Spain for many years.

You have caused a great deal of trouble.

They have seen this film before.

Questions form

Have you brushed your teeth?

Has she lived in Spain for many years?

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Have they caused a great deal of trouble?

Has she seen this film before?

Negative form

I haven’t brushed my teeth.

He doesn’t have a good chance of passing the exam because he hasn’t

worked hard.

Our youngest child, Sam, hasn’t started university yet.

She hasn’t lived in Spain.

You haven’t caused a great deal of trouble.

They haven’t seen this film before.

Use What or Which and present perfect to ask for information

about an indefinite time in the past.

What languages have you studied?

Which languages have you studied?

What countries have you visited?

Which countries have you visited?

The use and placement of yet and already in The Present Perfect.

Use yet in present perfect questions and negative statements. Put

yet at the end of the sentence. Don’t use yet in present perfect

affirmative statements.

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Have you read the book yet?

I haven’t read the book yet.

Use already in present perfect questions and affirmative

statements. Put already before the main verb or at the end of the

sentence. Don’t use already in present perfect negative statements.

Have you already read the book? I have already read the book.

Have you read the book already? I have read the book already.

Ever, never and before in present perfect tense.

We generally use ever in questions. Do not use ever in affirmative

statements. Use never for negative sentences and statements.

Have you ever made sushi?

Yes, I have. Yes, I have made it.

No, I never have. No, I have never made sushi.

He has never gone to Shiraz.

This is the third time I have seen this film. It’s the best movie I have

ever seen. My brother has only seen it once.

You can use before with or without ever and never in present

perfect sentences and questions.

I have been to South Africa before.

I have never tried fish without rice before.

Have you ever made chocolate before?

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Use since with a time or date in the past.

How long have you lived here? I have lived here since 2001.

Use for to describe a period of time.

How long have you lived here? I have lived here for five years.

You still haven’t seen Chicago?

I have seen it three times so far.

Have you seen a good movie lately?

Yes. I have just seen Star Wars.

I have always wanted to see Ali with you.

Some more examples

The flight has been cancelled due to mechanical failure.

The government has promised to reduce inflation to 3%.

In East Africa, three years of drought have left 10 million people in

urgent need of food and water.

Salaries have not always kept pace with inflation.

Who is that man? I have never seen him before.

We aren’t hungry. We have just had (eaten) lunch.

The house is dirty. They haven’t cleaned it for weeks.

She is anxious because her daughter hasn’t arrived yet.

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Farmers have appealed to the government for help.

I haven’t seen him for years.

I have seen this film before.

I have never met them before.

You have caused a great deal of trouble.

The new government has promised a smooth transition of power.

I have cut my hand and it’s bleeding.

God must have heard my prayer.

I am certain that I have seen her before.

He has a good chance of passing the exam because he has worked

hard.

The police have charged him with murder.

Our youngest child, Ali, has just started university.

She has known him since childhood.

She has known him since she was a child.

She has lived in Spain for many years.

She has just gone to get the kids from school.

He has just got a new van.

My job has taken me all over the world.

Someone has taken (remove) a pen from my desk.

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The cup has made a mark on the table,

He has never liked talking about people behind their back.

Police have clashed with demonstrators again today.

There has been no policy statement on this from the French

government.

There have been numerous policy changes in recent months.

Towns and cities all over the country have been flooded.

How long have you been married?

I have asked him to come back next week and report on his progress.

Present perfect continuous tense

The present perfect continuous tense is used to indicate the duration of

an activity that began in the past and continues to the present. When

the tense has this meaning, it is used with time words, such as for,

since, all morning, all day, all week.

I have been sitting here since 7 o’clock.

I have been sitting here for two hours.

It has been raining all day. It is still raining right now.

When the tense is used without any specific mention of time, it

expresses a general activity in progress recently, lately.

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All of the students have been studying hard. Final exams start next

week.

Question form

Have you been crying? Your eyes are red.

Negative form

No, I have not been studying for two weeks.

Reading

Ali has seen his God

A Jewish scholar came to Ali and asked him, "O Abu al-Hassan, have

you ever observed your Lord?" Imam Ali answered "I don't worship

the God that I have not observed, woe to you, the eye can't see the

Almighty God, but He sees eyes, and the hearts see Him by the

sincerity of belief"

Vocabulary:

Scholar: an intelligent and well-educated person.

Observed: to see and notice something.

Scientists have observed a drop in ozone level over the Antarctic.

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Worship: to show respect and love for a god, especially by praying in

a religious building.

Almighty: an expression used to talk about God that emphasize His

power.

Sincerity: when someone is sincere and really means what they are

saying.

Belief: the feeling that something is definitely true or definitely exists.

A strong belief in a god.

Reading

Cell phones

Millions of people are using cell phones today. In many places it is

actually considered unusual not to use one. In many countries, cell

phones are very popular with young people. They find that the phones

are more than a means of communication; having a mobile phone

shows that they are cool and connected.

The explosion around the world in mobile phone use has made some

health professionals worried. Some doctors are concerned that in the

future many people may suffer health problems from the use of

mobile phones.

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In England, there has been a serious debate about this issue. Mobile

phone companies are worried about the negative publicity of such

ideas. They say that there is no proof that mobile phones are bad for

your health.

On the other hand, some medical studies show changes in the brain

cells of some people who use mobile phones. Signs of change in the

tissues of the brain and the head can be detected with modern

scanning equipment. In one case, a traveling salesman had to retire at

a young age because of serious memory loss. He couldn't remember

even simple tasks. He would often forget the name of his own son.

This man used to talk on his mobile phone for about six hours a day,

doctor didn't agree.

What is it that makes mobile phones potentially harmful?

The answer is radiation. High-tech machines can detect very small

amounts of radiation from mobile phones. Mobile phone companies

agree that there is some radiation, but they say the amount is too small

to worry about.

As the discussion about the safety of cell phones continues, it appears

that it's best to use mobile phones less often. Use your regular phone

if you want to talk for a long time. Use your mobile phone only when

you need it.

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Mobile phones can be very useful and convenient especially in

emergencies. In the future, mobile phones may have a warning label

that says they are bad for your health. So for now, it's wise not to use

your mobile phone too often.

Vocabulary

Actually: used to emphasize the real or exact truth of a situation,

rather than what people may think.

Considered: a considered opinion, reply, judgment etc is one that you

have thought about carefully.

Unusual: different from what is usual or normal.

Unusual circumstances.

Popular: liked by a lot of people.

Ali was popular at school.

Shows: to let someone see something.

The children proudly showed me their presents.

Show your ticket to the woman at the entrance.

Explosion: a loud sound and the energy produced by something such

as a bomb bursting into small pieces.

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Several people were injured in a bomb explosion.

Health: when you have no illness or disease.

Worry: to be anxious or unhappy about someone or something, so that

you think about them a lot.

Suffer: to experience physical or mental pain.

She is suffering a lot of pain.

At least he died suddenly and didn't suffer.

Serious: a serious situation, problem, accident etc is extremely bad or

dangerous.

Luckily, the damage was not serious.

Issue: a subject or problem that is often discussed or argued about,

especially a social or political matter that affects the interests of a lot

of people.

Publicity: the attention that someone or something gets from

newspapers, television etc.

Signs: a piece of paper, metal, or wood with words or a picturethat

gives people information, warning, or instruction.

Tissues: the material forming animal or plant cells.

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Traveling salesman: someone who goes from place to place selling

their company’s products.

Retire: to stop working, usually because you have reached a certain

age.

Most people retire at age 65.

Own: used to emphasize that something belongs to or is connected

with a particular person or thing and not any other.

Used to: if something used to happen, it happened regularly or all the

time in the past, but does not happen now.

Potentially: something that is potentially dangerous, useful etc is not

dangerous etc now, but may become so in the future.

Radiation: a form of energy that comes especially from nuclear

reactions, which in large amounts is very harmful to living things.

Safety: when someone or something is safe from danger or harm.

Regular: happening or doing something very often.

Regular exercise helps keep your weight down.

Convenient: useful to you because it saves your time, or does not

spoil your plans or cause you problems.

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Label: a piece of paper or another material that is attached to

something and gives information about it.

Wise: someone who is wise makes good decisions, gives good advice

etc, especially because they have a lot of experience of life.

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Lesson Twenty one: The Future (will / be going to)

Conversation I feel awful.

Listen and practice.

Rasool: I feel awful. I really have to stop smoking.

Javad: So why don't you quit?

Rasool: Well, if I quit, I might gain weight.

Javad: A lot of people do.

Rasool: And if I gain weight, I will not be able to fit into any of my

clothes.

Patterns: listen and repeat.

I will leave at noon.

He will practice English.

She will go home.

It will finish five minutes later.

You will be in Hajj next year.

We will arrive at two.

A meeting will be held next Tuesday at 3 p.m.

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Some more examples

I will fetch you a cup and saucer.

You will be able to see it if you stand on this chair.

Will you open the door for me, please?

I will get a towel for you. = I am going to get a towel for you.

I will get (bring) you a chair.

Ali is going to get (buy) tickets for all of us.

What time will we get (arrive) there?

I will make you some sandwiches.

How much will you give me for these two games?

These policies will help to keep inflation down.

Grammar will

1. We use will when there is no prior plan or decision to do

something before we speak. We make the decision at the time of

speaking. Look at these examples:

Hold on. I'll get a pen.

We will see what we can do to help you.

Maybe we'll stay in and watch television tonight.

In these examples, we had no firm plan before speaking. The

decision was made at the time of speaking.

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We can use will with the verb think:

I think I'll go to the gym tomorrow.

I don't think I'll buy that car.

2. Use will or be going to for predictions about the future. The

meaning is the same.

It will rain tomorrow.

It is going to rain tomorrow.

3. Use will for predictions about the future. Use it (will) to talk about

the immediate future when you do not already have a plan.

Maybe I will go to the beach this weekend.

He will call you in a few minutes.

You will win the race. I know it.

Negative forms

You will not win the race. I know it.

I won’t call before noon.

Question forms

Will you come at 6:00? Yes, I will. Yes, I will come at 6:00.

When will Ali arrive? He will arrive at 7:00.

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4. Use be going to when you already have a plan for the future.

Are you going to come to class tomorrow?

No, I am going to go to the beach instead.

I am going to leave a message.

What is she going to do tomorrow?

She is going to work until five.

Note: You can also talk about the future with present continuous

tense or the simple present tense.

They arrive tomorrow.

We are meeting at 9:00.

What are you doing tonight?

I am going to masjid.

Are you doing anything tomorrow?

No, I’m not.

I am going to do.

I am going to do something = I have decided to do it (but perhaps not

arranged to do it):

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'Your shoes are dirty.' 'Yes, I know. I am going to clean them.'

(= I have decided to clean them, but I have not arranged to clean them )

According to the weather report, it is going to be sunny tomorrow.

Watch out! You are going to hurt yourself.

I am going to go Mash’had in July.

Future continuous tense

An action that will be continuing at a particular time in the

future.

This time next week I will be training for the race.

This time next week I will be on holiday. I will be lying on the beach

or swimming in the sea.

Reading 1

A Tour of Isfahan

Mr. and Mrs. Javadi and many other guests are sitting in the bus.

They're going to visit some new places. Now the tour guide, Mr.

Kazemi, gets on the bus and reaches for the microphone. He’s going

to tell them more about the tour.

“May I have your attention please? The bus is going to stop here in the

center of Isfahan for about three hours. We’re going to walk together

through the narrow streets of this old city. We’ll see many old houses

and shops, and then we’ll visit a famous mosque. The mosque has an

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interesting history. It is an old mosque. It dates from the Safavids

Dynasty. Then we’ll have lunch in one of the popular restaurants

here.”

“At 1:30 there will be a tour of other historical places in Isfahan. After

the tour, you may walk around the city and buy souvenirs from the gift

shops.

The bus will leave for the hotel at 4 O’clock. Please meet here, at the

center of

Isfahan, at 3:45. Enjoy your visit.”

Reading 2

Weather Conditions

Today it's going to be warm and sunny in the morning and cool and

rainy in the afternoon. The high temperature is going to be 82. This

evening, it will be cool and cloudy, with the low temperature around

60. Tomorrow it's going to be windy and stormy in the morning, with

the high temperature around 68.

Tomorrow afternoon and evening, it will be clear and cool. On

Wednesday, it's going to be sunny all day. The high temperature is

going to reach 85. The temperature on Wednesday evening will fall to

around 70. On Thursday, it's going to be hot all day _90. On Friday,

it's going to be hot, too, but it will start to cool off in the evening.

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Lesson Twenty Two: Past Perfect Tense

Conversation someone had stolen my wallet.

Listen and practice

Ali: Someone stole my wallet last night.

Reza: Oh, what happened?

Ali: I was working out, and I had put my stuff in my locker, just like I

always do. When I came back, someone had stolen my wallet. I guess

I had forgotten to lock the locker.

Reza: That’s terrible! Did you lose much money?

Ali: Only about $15. But I lost my credit card and my driver’s license.

What a pain!

Past perfect tense

The past perfect expresses an activity that was completed before

another activity or time in the past.

Subject + had + past participle +…….+ [ before/when + ….] +

[simple past/past continuous sentence]

Ali + had + gone + before + I got there.

She had just left when I arrived there.

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Someone had forgotten to lock the door.

The train had just left when I arrived at the station.

She had just left the room when the police arrived.

Patterns: listen and repeat

Sometimes we talk about something that happened in the past (I

arrived in masjid). This is the starting point of the story. Then, if we

want to talk about things that happened before this time, we use the

past perfect tense.

Event A Event B

John had gone out when I arrived in the office.

Event A Event B

I had saved my

document before the computer crashed.

Event B Event A

When they arrived we had already started

cooking.

Event B Event A

He was very tired because he hadn't slept well.

Some more examples

I didn’t know who he was. I had never seen him before.

We weren’t hungry. We had just had (eaten) lunch.

The house was dirty. They hadn’t cleaned it for weeks.

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At first I thought I had done the right thing, but I soon realized that I

had made a big mistake.

The man sitting next to me on the plane was very nervous. He hadn’t

flown before.

I was working out, and I had put my stuff in my locker.

When I came back, someone had stolen my wallet.

They were able to steal it because I had forgotten to lock the locker.

Past perfect continuous tense:

This tense says that something had been happening for a period of

time before something else happened.

We had been playing tennis for about half an hour when it started to

rain heavily.

At last the bus came. I had been waiting for 20 minutes. (before the

bus came)

James was out of breath. He had been running.

He looked tired because he had been running for six hours.

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Lesson Twenty Three: Modal verbs can, could, may for requests,

suggestion

Conversation I suggest a box.

Listen and practice.

Pharmacist: Good morning. Can I help you?

Maryam: Yes, please. Could I have something for a cough?

I think I’m getting a cold.

Pharmacist: Well, I suggest a box of these cough drops. And you

should get a bottle of vitamin C, too.

Maryam: Thank you. And what do you have for dry skin?

Pharmacist: Try some of this new lotion. It’s very good.

Maryam: Ok. Thanks a lot.

Patterns: listen and repeat.

Can/ May I help you?

Can I have a box of cough drops?

Could I have something for a sore throat?

May I have a bottle of vitamin C?

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Could

a. We use could in number of ways. Sometimes could is the past of

can:

Listen! I can hear something. (now)

I listened. I could hear something. (past)

b. Could is not only used in this way, we also use it to talk about

possible actions now or in the future (especially to make suggestions):

What shall we do this evening? We could go to the cinema.

They could stay at the Festival Hotel if there are no rooms at the

Milton.

c. We also use could (not can) for actions which are not realistic:

I am so tired, I could sleep for a week. (not I can sleep for a week).

d. Asking people to do things (requests)

We use can or could to ask people to do things:

Can you wait a moment, please?

Could you wait a moment, please?

Can you do me a favor?

Could you tell me how to get to the airport?

Note that we say Do you think you could ……..? (not can)

Do you think you could lend me some money until next week?

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e. Offering to do things

To offer to do something, you can use Can I:

Can I get you a cup of coffee? ‘That would be nice.’

Can I help you? ‘No, it’s all right. I can manage.’

Compare can and could:

I can stay with Julia when I go to Paris. (realistic)

Maybe I could stay with Julia when I go to Paris. (possible, but less

sure)

This is a wonderful place. I could stay here forever. (unrealistic)

f. We use can to say that something is possible or allowed, or that

somebody has the ability to do something:

We can see (we are able to see) the lake from our bedroom window.

A: I haven’t got a pen. B: You can use mine. (possibility)

Can you speak any foreign languages? (ability)

I can come and see you tomorrow if you like. (allowed)

Months of the year

January February March April May June July August

September October November December

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Follow the example

A-What is the first month of the year?

B-January is the first month of the year.

A-What is the second month of the year?

B-February is the second month of the year.

A-What is the third month of the year?

B-March is the third month of the year.

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Lesson Twenty Four: Reading Comprehension

Reading 1: Isfahan at Night

It is nearly 9 p.m. in Isfahan. But the city is not asleep. The sidewalks

are crowded with people. Some are leaving the movies and the

restaurants. Some are stopping to look at the bright store windows.

Some are waiting for buses and taxis. The restaurants are full of

people. The hotels are also full of tourists and businessmen from all

over the world.

Many people work at night in Isfahan. Bright lights are shining from

the windows of buildings. In hospitals, night nurses are making their

usual rounds.

The streets are noisy and crowded with traffic. Taxis are taking tired

people from the airport to the hotels. Trucks are bringing fresh fruits

and vegetables into the city. Towards morning the streets are quieter.

But they are never completely quiet.

Reading 2: Blood and its Function

Your blood is a transportation system. The liquid part of the blood,

called plasma, carries food to the body cells and carries waste

products away.

The red corpuscles in your blood carry oxygen from the lungs to the

body cells and carbon dioxide back from the cells to the lungs. As

your blood moves through your body, it keeps the body heat constant,

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so that your temperature normally remains at about 37°C (98.6°F). It

keeps the amount of water in the body constant, too, taking water

from the intestines and giving it to the lungs, sweatglands, and

kidneys.

The blood also has protective powers. When you are ill, bacteria enter

your body, and there is danger of infection. Then the white corpuscles

in your blood come to your aid by absorbing the bacteria and the

broken-down tissue cells.

Another kind of protective power is the ability of your blood to stop

flowing by clotting. You could bleed to death from a little cut on your

finger if your blood did not clot.

The blood is important to every part of the body. When the blood

supply is shut off from the brain, a person becomes unconscious.

Your blood is only about 8 percent of your body weight, but its correct

functioning can mean the difference between life and death.

Vocabulary

Transportation: a system or method for carrying passengers or goods

from one place to another =transport.

Liquid: a substance that is not a solid or a gas, for example water or

milk.

Waste: if something goes to waste, it is not used.

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Products: something that is grown or made in a factory in large

quantities, usually in order to be used.

Corpuscles: one of the red or white cells in the blood.

Lungs: one of the two organs in your body that you breathe with.

Smoking can cause lung cancer.

Temperature: the temperature of your body, especially used as a

measure of whether you are sick or not.

Glands: an organ of the body which produces a substance that the

body needs, such as Hormone, Sweat, or Saliva.

Kidneys: one of the two organs in your lower back that separate waste

products from your blood and make urine.

Protective: used or intended for protection.

Infection: a disease that affects a particular part of your body and is

caused by bacteria or a virus.

Absorbing: enjoyable and interesting, and keeping your attention for a

long time.

Clot: a thick almost solid mass formed when blood or milk dries.

Unconscious: unable to see, move, feel etc in the normal way because

you are not conscious.

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Reading 3: What We Eat and Drink

People in different parts of the world have very different ideas about

what is good to eat. 1f you were an Eskimo near the North pole, you

would enjoy the raw meat from seals. If you were a nomad in a desert,

you would prefer the

roasted meat of sheep and goats. We cook the meat of some different

animals, but perhaps our favorite food is Kebab. We also eat chicken,

as well as fish and other foods from the sea. Some people in India do

not eat meat or fish at all. They are vegetarians.

Even when people in different parts of the world eat the same food,

they often prepare it very differently. If you were in Germany, you

would find soup that is thick and heavy. If you were in China, you

would find soup that is thin and clear.

On holidays, most of us eat special foods. Year after year, even if

many other things change, the food is always the same. On Nowruz

Eve (the first day of the year), which is considered a very important

national holiday, people in Iran usually sit down to a dinner with fish,

rice, and vegetables.

People in different parts of the world also have different ideas about

what is good to drink. Among the most popular hot drinks are coffee

and tea.

Tea is very popular in Iran, Japan, England, and some other countries.

In Iran we drink tea with sugar. In England many people use both

sugar and milk in their tea.

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Vocabulary

Prefer: to like someone or something more than someone or

something else, so that you would choose it if you could.

Roasted: to cook something, such as meat, in an oven or over a fire, or

to cook in this way.(=grill, bake).

Reading 4: Round-the-Clock Worker

Your heart is a muscle about the size of a large fist. It weighs less than

a kilogram. Yet, your heart is one of the strongest organs in your

body. It has to be because it has a tremendous job to do. If you weigh

70 kilograms, you

have about 5½ kilograms of blood; but your heart is obliged to pump

that same amount of blood through the circulatory system of your

body so many times during an ordinary day that it amounts to

pumping several thousand liters of blood.

Fortunately, your heart does not work continuously. It rests about

twice as much as it works, taking its rest at the end of each heartbeat.

Here, for less than half a second, both the auricle and ventricle

chambers of the heart relax before the next begins.

Most of the time, your heart beats 70-80 times per minute. But

occasionally you work or exercise more strenuously than usual.

Sometimes the fever from an illness puts an added strain on your

body. At those times, your valiant heart beats as much as 120 times a

minute, so that the increased blood supply can help you cope with the

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emergency. An athlete's heart during violent exercise is capable of

pumping three times as much blood as it pumps when resting.

Vocabulary:

Muscle: one of the pieces of flesh inside your body that you use in

order to move, and that connect your bones together.

Relax your stomach muscles, then stretch again.

Weighs: to have a particular weight.

What (=how much) do you weigh?

The box was full of books and weighed a ton (=was very heavy).

Circulatory: relating to the movement of blood around your body.

The heart and circulatory system.

Chambers: an enclosed space, especially in your body or inside a

machine.

The heart has four chambers.

Ventricle: one of the two spaces in the bottom of your heart through

which blood pumps out to your body.

Reading 5: Computers

Today we use computers in factories and offices, in schools and

hospitals, and

in our homes. Our computers now are small enough for us to carry,

and some

computers are quite cheap. More and more people can use them at

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work or at

home.

But computers are not new. Where do they come from? What is their

history? The first step towards our modern computer was the abacus.

People

in China have used abacuses for hundreds of years.

An abacus is an ancient calculator. You can do many easy and many

difficult calculations with an abacus but it cannot work by itself: it is

not

automatic and it is not electronic.

A man called Charles Babbage made the first automatic calculator

nearly

170 years ago, in 1822. It had a lot of wheels inside it, with numbers

on them.

It was automatic, but it was not electronic.

120 years later, in the 1940s, some English scientists made the first

electronic computer in Europe. It was much too big to carry or move

and it

used a lot of electricity.

Scientists had to find new and better ways to make the electronic parts

of computers. They had to make computers small enough to carry and

move

easi1y. They had to make all the parts smaller.

Since the 1940s, computers have become smaller and smaller.

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Some small pocket calculators today can do more difficult

calculations than this first big electronic computer. Scientists can now

make a whole computer on one small silicon chip.

Now we use silicon chips in televisions and telephones, in some

cameras

and cookers, and in watches and washing machines, too. Soon perhaps

we will

not have to carry money in our pockets. We will always be able to pay

for

things in shops and supermarkets with plastic cards in small

computers.

Perhaps we will have robots in our homes.

Vocabulary

Carry: to hold something in your hand or arms, or support it as you

take it somewhere.

Gina was carrying a small bunch of flowers.

Abacus: a frame with small balls that can be slid along on thick wires,

used for counting and calculating.

Calculations: when you use numbers in order to find out an amount,

price, or value.

Scientists: someone who works or is trained in science.

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Reading 6: The Twelfth Imam

The promised Mahdi, who is usually mentioned by his title of Imam-i-

Asr (the Imam of the ‘Period”) and Sahib -al-Zaman (the Lordof the

Age), is the son of the eleventh Imam. His name is the same as that of

the Holy Prophet. He was born in Samarrah in 256 and until 260 when

his father was martyred, lived under his father's care and tutelage. He

was hidden from public view and only a few of the elite among the

Shi’ah were able to meet him.

After the martyrdom of his father, he became Imam and by Divine

Command went into occult (ghaybat). Thereafter he appeared only to

his deputies (na’ib) and even then only in exceptional circumstances.

The Imam chose as a special deputy for a time Uthman ibn Said

Umari, one of the companions of his father and grandfather who

washis confidant and trusted friend. Through his deputy the Imam

would answer the demands and questions of the Shi'ah. After Uthman

ibnSa’id, his son Muhammad ibn Uthman Umari was appointed

thedeputy of the Imam. After the death of Muhammad ibn

Uthman,Abu’l Qasim Husayn ibn Rüh Nowbakhti was the special

deputy, and after his death Ali ibn Muhammad Simmari was chosen

for this task.

A few days before the death of Ali ibn Muhammad Simmari in329 an

order was issued by the Imam stating that in six days Aliibn

Muhammad Simmari would die. Henceforth the special deputationof

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the Imam would come to an end and the major occult (ghaybat-i-

kubra) would begin and continue until the day God grants permission

to the Imam to manifest himself.

The occult of the twelfth Imam is, therefore, divided into two parts:

thefirst, the minor occult (ghaybat-I- sughra) which began in 260 and

ended in 329, lasting about seventy years; the second, the major occult

which commenced in 329 and will continue as long as God wills it. In

a hadith upon whose authenticity everyone agrees, the Holy Prophet

has said, “if there were to remain in the life of the world but one day,

God would prolong that day until He sends in it a man from my

community and my household. His name will be the same as my

name. He will fill the earth with equity and justice as it was filled with

oppression and tyranny.”

Vocabulary:

Remain: to continue to be in the same state or condition.

We remained friends.

Household: all the people who live together in one house.

Equity: a situation in which all people are treated equally and no one

has an unfair advantage.

A society run on the principles of equity and justice.

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Oppression: when someone treats a group of people unfairly or

cruelly and prevents them from having the same rights as other people

have.

Tyranny: cruel or unfair control over other people=cruel and unfair

government.

Authenticity: the quality of being real or true.

Prolong: to make an unpleasant or anxious time last longer, especially

when people are waiting for news.

I was trying to think of some way to prolong the conversation.

Community: a group of people who have the same interests, religion,

race etc.

Mentioned: to talk or write about something or someone, usually

quickly and without saying very much or giving details.

Some of the problems were mentioned in his report.

Martyr: if someone is martyred, they are killed because of their

religious beliefs.

Mr. Beheshty was martyred in 1360 for his faith.

Tutelage: responsibility for someone's education, actions, or property.

Under the tutelage……

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Hide: to keep someone in a place where other people cannot see or

find him or her.

We have to hide him from the soldier.

Elite: a group of people who have a lot of power and influence

because they have money, knowledge, or special skills.

Command: the control of a group of people or a situation.

Troops under the command of General Roberts.

Occult: magical and mysterious.

Thereafter: after a particular event or time. = afterwards.

Appeared: to start to be seen, to arrive, or to exist in a place,

especially suddenly.

Two faces appeared at our window.

Deputy: someone who is directly below another person in rank, and

who is officially in charge when that person is not there.

Exceptional: unusually good. = outstanding.

An exceptional student.

Circumstances: the conditions that affect a situation, action, event etc.

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Companions: someone you spend a lot of time with, especially a

friend.

Confidant: someone you tell your secrets to or who you talk to about

personal things.

Trust: a strong belief in the honesty, goodness etc of someone or

something.

At first there was a lack of trust between them.

Demands: the need or desire that people have for particular goods and

services.

The demand for new housing.

Appoint: to choose someone for a position or a job.

Task: a piece of work that must be done, especially one that is

difficult or unpleasant or that must be done regularly. = job.

Henceforth: from this time on. = henceforward.

Commence: to begin or to start something.

Work will commence on the new building immediately.

Reading 7: Fasting

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Why would someone decide to stop eating? We know that the body

needs food in order to function well. However, many people fast at

some time during their lives. Why is this?

Some people fast for political reasons. In the early 20th

century,

women in England and the United States weren't allowed to vote. In

protest, many women went on fast.

They hoped that fasting would bring attention to this injustice.

Mahatma Gandhi, the famous Indian leader, fasted 17 times during his

life. For Gandhi, fasting was a powerful political tool. In 1943, he

fasted to bring attention to hiscountry's need for independence. For 21

days, he went without food. Another famous faster was Cesar Chavez.

In the 1960s, he fasted for three weeks. Why? His goal was to bring

attention to the terrible working conditions of farm workers in the

United States.

Fasting is also a spiritual practice in many religions. Every year during

the month of Ramadan, which is a religious holiday, Muslims fast

from sunrise to sunset.

Many Hindus fast on special occasions, as do some Christians and

Buddhists. Of course, not everyone fasts for political or religious

reasons. Some people occasionally fast just because it makes them

feel better. The American writer Mark Twain thought fasting was the

best medicine for common illnesses.

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Whenever he had a cold or a fever, he stopped eating completely. He

said that this always made his cold or fever go away. Another

American writer, Upton Sinclair, discovered fasting after years of

overeating, indigestion, and headaches. His first fast lasted for 12

days. Sinclair said that fasting also made him more alert and energetic.

Choosing to go without food can be very dangerous. However, that

doesn't stop people from fasting for political, religious, or health

reasons.

Vocabulary:

Fast: to eat little or no food for a period of time, especially for

religious reasons.

Muslims fast during Ramadan.

Decide: to make a choice or judgment about something, especially

after considering all the possibilities or argument.

Function: to work in the correct or intended way. = operate.

Allow: to let someone do or have something, or let something happen.

= permit

Vote: to show which person or party you want, or whether you support

a plan, by marking a piece of paper, raising your hand etc.

In 1918 British women got the right to vote.

Reason: why something happens, or why someone does something.

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People give different reasons for wanting to change jobs.

Famous: known about by many people in many places.

The Eiffel Tower is a famous landmark (= a famous place or building

that is easy to recognize).

Bring: to take something or someone with you to the place where you

are now, or to the place you are talking about.

Protest: something that you do to show publicly that you think that

something is wrong and unfair, for example taking part in big public

meetings, refusing to work, or refusing to buy a company’s products.

Attention: when you carefully listen to, look at, or think about

someone or something.

Mahdi tried to pay attention to what I was saying.

Independence: the freedom and ability to make your own decision in

life, without having to ask other people for permission, help, or

money.

Having a job gives you financial independence.

Political freedom from control by the government of another country .

Injustice: a situation in which people are treated very unfairly and not

given their rights.

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Terrible: extremely severe in a way that causes harm or damage(

horrible, awful).

Their son had been injured in a terrible accident.

Condition: the situation in which people live or work, especially the

physical things that affect the quality of their lives.

Spiritual: relating to your spirit rather than to your body or mind. =

relating to religion.

Spiritual values.

Indigestion: pain that you get when your stomach cannot break down

food that you have eaten. = heartburn

Alert: able to think quickly and clearly.

Her face hadn't altered much over the years.

Dangerous: able or like to harm or kill you = harmful

Some of these prisoners are extremely dangerous.

Religious: believing strongly in your religion and obeying its rules

carefully.

A religious school.

A deeply religious person.

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Reading 8: The Ghasb (usurpation)

Taking the property of another person and owning it without any

legitimate reason of possession and forciblyoccupying the property of

another person in order to benefit from its profits without the intention

of legally claiming it as one’s own property is called ghasb

(usurpation) according to Islamic Shari ‘ah.

Thus, the ghasb means exercising control over the property of others

without having any legitimate means of control such as buy, rent, or

permission.

It becomes quite clear that the ghasb is an indecent act which violates

the very principle of ownership. Just as the principle of ownership

plays an effective role in the establishment and survival of the society,

the ghasb ruins and brings the society to a standstill.

Possession of a property and ownership will become invalid if the

influential people of a society decide to gain control over the produce

and output of the labor of the weak and the subordinates. Thus the

idea of the transgression of the influential people over the personal

rights of the helpless people would become predominant in the

society. Consequently, in this situation, the subordinates and the weak

will embark on any kind of submission, dishonor, and disrespect in

order to benefit from the output of their efforts and endeavors. Thus

the human society will be converted into a market in which the slaves

are brought and sold and the laws and policies of the society will

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become entirely invalid and will be replaced by coercion and

oppression.

This is why Islam has formulated strict policies for the usurper and

considers usurpation a mortal sin.

According to the explicit, wording of the holy Qur’an and ahadith, any

kind of sins other than shirk may be forgiven by Allah and any kind of

sins including shirk may be forgiven after, tawbah (repentance), but

whoever has a record of usurpation and infringement upon the rights

of the people, will never have any hope for salvation from being

called to account by Allah and from the remuneration of his deed

without being forgiven by the persons who possessed these properties

and rights.

Vocabulary

Usurpation: to take someone else's power, position, job etc when you

do not have the right to.

Property: the thing or things that someone owns.

Some of the stolen property was found in Mason’s house.

Possession: if something is in your possession, you own it, or you

have obtained it from somewhere.

That information is not in our possession.

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Legitimate: acceptable or allowed by law.

Their business operations are perfectly legitimate.

Legitimate: a legitimate child is born to parents who are legally

married to each other.

Occupying: to enter a place in a large group and keep control of it,

especially by military force. = invade.

Benefit: an advantage, improvement, or help that you get from

something. = beneficial.

Forcibly: using physical force.

Profits: to be useful or helpful to someone.

Intention: a plan or desire to do something.

Good intention: intentions to do something good or kind.

Legally: if something is legal, you are allowed to do it or have to do it

by law.

Exercise:to do sports or physical activities in order to stay healthy and

become stronger.

It is important toexerciseregularly.

Indecent: completely unacceptable.

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Violates: to disobey or do something against an official agreement,

law,principle etc.

34 protesters were arrested for violating criminal law.

Effective: successful, and working in the way that was intended.

Establishment:an organization or institution, especially a business,

shop etc.

Survival:the state of continuing to live or exist.

A lot of small companies are having to fight for survival. = ( work

hard in order to continue to exist).

Ruin: to spoil or destroy something completely.

This illness has ruined my life.

Standstill: a situation in which there is no movement or activity at all.

Traffic was at a standstill.

Invalid: a contract, ticket. Claim etc that is invalid is not legally or

officially acceptable.

Influential:having a lot of influence and therefore changing the way

people think and behave.

He had influential friends.

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Gain: to obtain or achieve something you want or need.

After gaining independence in 1957, it was renamed 'Ghana'.

Output: the amount of goods or work produced by a person, machine,

factory.

Korea's agricultural output.

Subordinates: someone who has a lower position and less authority

than someone else in an organization.

Transgression: to do something that is against the rules of social

behavior or against a moral principle.

Predominant: more powerful, more common, or more easily noticed

than others.

The predominant group in society.

Consequently: as a result. = therefore.

Embark: to go onto a ship or a plane, or to put or take something onto

a ship or plane.

Dishonor: loss of respect from other people, because you have

behaved in a morally unacceptable way.

Disrespect:lack of respect for someone or something.

Endeavors:to try very hard.

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We always endeavor to please our customers.

Convert: To change something into a differentform, or to change

something so that it can be used for a different purpose or in a

different way.

Slaves: someone who is owned by another person and works for them

for no money.

The slave trade = the buying and selling of slaves, especially Africans

who were taken to America.

Replaced: to remove someone from their job or something from its

place, and put a new person or thing there.

Coercion:the use of threats or orders to make someone do something

they do not want to do.

The defendant explained that he had been acting under coercion.

Oppression: when someone treats a group of people unfairly or

cruelly and prevents them from having the same rights as other people

have. = discrimination.

Formulated:to develop something such as a plan or a set of rules, and

decide all the details of how it will be done.

He formulated Labor Party education policy in 1922.

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Strict: a strict order or rule is one that must be obeyed.

Usurper: to take someone else's power, position, job etc when you do

not have the right to.

Mortal sin: something that you do that is so bad, according to the

Roman catholic Church, that your soul will be punished for ever after

death unless you ask to be forgiven.

Explicit: expressed in a way that is very clear and direct.

Be explicit when you talk about money with your family.

Repentance: when you are sorry for something you have done.

Infringement: to do something that is against a law or someone's legal

rights.

The infringement of human rights.

Salvation:something that prevents or saves someone or something

from danger, loss or failure

Remuneration: the pay you give someone for something they have

done for you.

Deed:Something someone does, especially something that is very

good or very bad.

After the morning's good deeds he deserved a rest.

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Reading 9: The personality of ‘Imam Ali

According to the testimony of friend and foe alike, ‘Ali had no

shortcomings from the point of view of human perfection. And in the

Islamic virtues he was a perfect example of the upbringing and

training given by the Prophet. The discussion that has taken place

concerning his personality and the books written on this subject by

Shi’ites, Sunnis and members of other religious bodies, are hardly

equaled in the case of any other personality in history. In science and

knowledge, ‘Ali was the most learned of the companions of the

Prophet, and of Muslims in general. In his learned discourses he was

the first in Islam to open the door for logical demonstration and proof

and to discuss the divine sciences” or metaphysics (ma ‘arif-i

ilahiyah). He spoke concerning the esoteric aspect of the Qur'an and

devised Arabic grammar in order to preserve the Qur’n’s form of

expression. He was the most eloquent Arab in speech. The Prophet

Muhammad (May peace be upon him and his descendants) said:“I am

the city of knowledge and ‘Ali is its gate”.

‘Ali was also without equal in religious asceticism and the worship of

God.In answer to some who had complained of ‘Ali’s anger toward

them, the Prophet said, “Do not reproach ‘Ali for he is in a state of

Divine ecstasy and bewilderment.” Abu Darda’, a companion of the

Prophet, one day saw the body of ‘Ali in one of the palm plantations

of Medina lying on the ground as stiff as wood. He went to ‘Ali’s

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house to inform his noble wife, the daughter of the Prophet, and to

express his condolences. The daughter of the prophet said, “My

cousin (A1i) has not died. Rather, in fear of God he has fainted. ‘This

condition overcomes him often.”

There are many stories told of ‘Ali’s kindness to the lowly,

compassion for the needy and the poor, and generosity and

munificence towards those in misery and poverty. ‘Ali spent all that

he earned to help the poor and the needy, and himselflived in the strict

and simple manner. ‘Ali loved agriculture and spent much of his time

digging wells, planting trees and cultivating fields. But all the fields

that he cultivated and wells that he built he gave in endowment

(waqf) to the poor. His endowments, known as the alms of ‘Ali,” had

the noteworthy income of twenty-four thousand gold dinars towards

the end of his life.

Vocabulary:

Testimony: a formal statement saying that something is true,

especially one a witness makes in a court of law.

Foe: an enemy. Iran’s friends and foes.

Alike: very similar. My mother and I are alike in many ways.

Shortcomings: a fault or weakness that makes someone or something

less successful or effective than they should be.

Perfection: the state of being perfect.

My father expected perfection from allof us.

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Virtues: moral goodness of character and behavior.

Upbringing: the way that your parents care for you and teach you to

behave when you are growing up.

Discussion: when you discuss something.

The topics suggested for discussion.

Concerning: about or relating to.

Discourses: to make a long formal speech about something or to

discuss something seriously.

Demonstration: an act of explaining and showing how to do

something or how something works.

Proof: facts, information, documents etc that prove something is true.

Esoteric: known and understood by only a few people who have

special knowledge about something.

Aspect: the appearance of someone or something.

Devised: to plan or invent a new way of doing something.

He devised a method for quicker communication between offices.

Preserve: to save something or someone from being harmed or

destroyed.

Eloquent: able to express your ideas and opinions well, especially in a

way that influences people.

Asceticism: living without any physical pleasures or comforts,

especially for religious reasons.

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An ascetic life.

Descendants: someone who is related to a person who lived a long

time ago, or to a family, group of people etc that existed in the past. =

ancestor.

Complain: to say that you are annoyed, not satisfied, or unhappy

about something or someone.

Reproach: to blame or criticize someone in a way that shows you are

disappointed at what they have done.

Ecstasy: a feeling of extreme happiness.

She was in an ecstasy of love.

Bewilderment: a feeling of being very confused. = confusion.

Palm: a tropical tree which grows near beaches or in desert, with a

long straight trunk and large pointed leaves at the top.

Plantations: a large area of land in a hot country, where crops such as

tea, cotton, and sugar are grown.

Lie: to be in a position in which your body is flat on the floor, on a

bed etc.

Noble: morally good or generous in a way that is admired.

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Condolences: sympathy for someone who has had something bad

happen to them, especially when someone has died.

A letter of condolences.

Fainted: to suddenly become unconscious for a short time. = pass out.

Compassion: a strong feeling of sympathy for someone who is

suffering, and a desire to help them.

Overcome: to successfully control a feeling or problem that prevents

you from achieving something.

Generosity: a generous attitude, or generous behavior.

Munificence: very generous.

Misery: great suffering that is caused for example by being very poor

or very sick.

Poverty: the situation or experience of being poor.

Millions of elderly people live in poverty.

Strict: obeying all the rules of a religion or set of principles.

Cultivate: to prepare and use land for growing crops and plants.

The land was too rocky to cultivate.

Dig: to move earth, snow etc, or to make a hole in the ground.

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Endowment: a sum of money given to a college, hospital etc to

provide it with an income, or the act of giving this money.

Alms: money, food etc given to poor people in the past.

Noteworthy: important or interesting enough to deserve your

attention.

A noteworthy achievement.

Reading 10: The totality of Islam

Islam is not a religion in the common distort meaning of the world,

confining itself to the private life of man. It is a complete way of life,

dealing with all fields of human existence. Islam provides guidance

for all walks of life – individual and social, economic and political,

legal and cultural, material and moral, national and international. This

is the most important characteristic of this faith. Because of this

characteristic, Islam cannot be compared with any of the other

religions in the world.

Islam is not merely a way of worship. It is a total and unified way of

life, both spiritual and secular. Islam is the most complete and unique

faith presented by Prophet Mohammad (May peace be upon him and

his descendants)

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Vocabulary

Totality: the whole of something.

Distort: to change the appearance, sound, or shape of something so

that it is strange or unclear.

Confine: to keep someone in a place that they cannot leave, such as a

prison.

Characteristic: a quality or feature of something or someone that is

typical of them and easy to recognize.

Faith: belief and trust in God.

My faith in God.

Merely: only = just

Worship: to show respect and love for a god, especially by praying in

a religious building.

They all worship the same God.

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Reading 11: The Primary and the Secondary Principles of

Islam

a. The Primary

According to the Shia faith the religious doctrines of Islam are

categorized into two main classes:

A-The "Usool-i-ddeen" [Basic Article of Faith] meaning the roots or

the Fundamental Principles of the Religion.

B-The "Foroo-i-ddeen" [Branches of the Religion] meaning the

offshoots or the secondary principles of the faith.

The following are the fundamental principles or the roots of the Shia

dotrine:

1-"Tawheed" meaning the Divine Unity of Allah.

2-"Nobuwwah" [Prophecy] meaning the "Apostleship" which refers

to the designation of 124000 Apostles by Allah, the last of whom is

prophet Mohammad.

3-"Maad" meaning resurrection which refers to the belief in the Day

of Judgment when all the dead will be restored to life to face Divine

Judgment.

4-"Adl" meaning the Divine Justice wielded by Allah.

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5-"Imamah" [Spiritual Leadership] meaning Divine Guidance

bestowed by Allah through the Prophet's true successor – the Imams.

b. The secondary principles or the offshoots are ten:

1-"Salat" or the daily ritual prayers.

2-"Sawm" or fasting which is performed during the lunar month of

Ramadhan.

3-"Haj" or the pilgrimage to the holy shrine of Mecca called Kaaba.

4-"Zakat" meaning the annual tax levied upon domestic animals

(camels, sheep and goats), gold and silver savings. It is not based on

the total assets of a person.

5-"Khoms" the quintet tax or the 20 percents annual tax on one's

additional income.

6-"Jihad" meaning fighting or struggling for the enhancement of the

cause.

7-"Amr Bi Maaroof" [enjoining what is good] which means

preaching others to act in accordance with Allah's ordinances, and to

walk in the path of Allah.

8-"Nahy az Munkar"[forbidding what is evil] meaning giving

warning to those who tend to do evil things.

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9- "Tavalla" meaning befriending the true followers of Allah.

10"Tabarra" which means being at enmity with the enemies of Allah.

These, in brief, are the primary and the secondary principles of the

Shia doctrine. He who does not believe in the first three primary

principles is not considered a Moslem. He who believes in those three

but not in the fourth and the fifth primary principles is not a Shia.

Vocabulary:

Primary: most important. = main

Principle: a moral rule or belief about what is right and wrong, that

influences how you behave.

Doctrine: a set of beliefs that form an important part of a religion or

system of ideas.

Marxism doctrine.

Fundamental: very necessary and important.

Offshoots: a new stem or branch on a plant.

Resurrection: a situation in which something old or forgotten returns

or becomes important again.

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Wielded: to have a lot of power or influence, and to use it.

Bestowed: to give someone something of great value or important.

Ritual: a ceremony that is always performed in the same way, in order

to mark an important religious or social occasion.

Lunar: relating to the Moon or to travel to the Moon.

Pilgrimage: a journey to a holy place for religious reasons.

Levy: to officially say that people must pay a tax or change.

Enhancement: to improve something.

Preaching: to talk about how good or important something is and try

to persuade other people about this.

Reading 12: Traditions

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Imam Sadiq(May peace be upon him) said: "The one who loves

for Allah, hates for Allah, and donates (things) for Allah, thus the

one is of those whose Faith is complete."

Imam Hassan –al-Askari, (May peace be upon him)said: "There

are no qualities above these two: Faith in Allah and being

beneficial to Muslims."

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The holy prophet (May peace be upon him and his descendants) said:

"The most (important) things that cause people to reach Heaven are

divine piety and a good temper."

The holy prophet (May peace be upon him and his descendants) said:

Honor your children and train them well, you will be forgiven by him.

Imam Amir-ol- Mo'mineen Ali (peace be upon him) said:" The right

of a child upon his father is that he should give him a nice appellation,

train him well and teach him the Qur'an (with its rules)."

The holy prophet (May peace be upon him and his descendants) said:

Have your children to learn swimming and shooting.

Imam Sadiq( peace be upon him) said: The best deeds are: Punctual

Prayers, kindness to parents, and contributing to the Holy War

(against the pagans) in the path of Allah.

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Reading 13: Is Iran intending to occupy other countries?

This is one of the poisonous propaganda which is made by America.

We do not want to invade other countries because the nature of

Islamic Revolution isanti-oppressive and anti-exploitative.

If it’s so, then what do you mean by "Exporting the Revolution"?

Exporting the Revolution means awakening the Muslim countries and

making them aware of their destiny, know their friends and their

enemies, it doesn’t mean fighting with anyone and we are not

expansionist.

If we introduce Islam to the world as it is, we have export edit.

When different nations get to know and understand Islam, they will

naturally turn to it. Because there is a relationship between Islam and

human nature.

Vocabulary

Invade: to enter a country, town, or area using military force, in order

to take control of it.

The Romans invaded Britain 2000 years ago.

Poisonous: containing poison or producing poison.

Propaganda: information which is false or which emphasizes one just

part of a situation, used by a government or political group to make

people agree with them.

Occupy: control by force, to enter a place in a large group and keep

control of it, especially by military force. = invade.

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An occupying army.

Submit: to agree to obey someone or something or to go through a

process, especially when you have no choice.

Submission: the state of being completely controlled by a person or

group, and accepting that you have to obey them.

Humiliate: to make someone feel ashamed or stupid, especially when

other people are present. = embarrass.

Co-exist: if two different things co-exist, they exist at the same time or

in the same place.

Reading 14: What is the Muslims duty against the criminal

actions of the U.S?

All independent and justice-seeking countries of the world, specially

the Islamic and Arab states must take practical measures against the

United States barbaric action.

The Islamic world is responsible for taking a serious and fundamental

step.

They should impose an all-out economic political sanctions upon the

U.S.

Muslim countries’ silence vis-a-vis the criminal actions of the U.S.

would undoubtedly merely serve to encourage it to continue its raids.

It is clear that the policies of America and other Western countries are

based on terrorism, massacre and plundering of other nations.

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Therefore, only the adoption of a firm stance and taking the practical

measures against them, like an oil embargo would affect future policy

of such aggressors.

Vocabulary:

Justice: the system by which people are judged in courts of law and

criminals are punished.

Acts of terrorism must not escape justice.

Seek: to try to achieve or get something.

Fundamental: very necessary and important.

All-out: done in a very determined way, and involving a lot of energy

or anger.

Silence: complete absence of sound or noise. = quiet

Vis- a -Vis: in relation to or in comparison with something or

someone.

The bargaining position of the UK vis-à-vis the rest of Europe.

Firm: a business or company, especially a small one.

Reading 15: The exile of Imam Khomeini to Turkey

What was the cause of the exile of Imam Khomeini to Turkey?

It was because of his protest against a bill in the Majles(assembly)

thatproposed political immunity for American advisors in Iran.

According to that bill every U.S. citizen in Iran was exempt from any

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prosecution in any Iranian court regardless of what crime they might

have committed.

They supposedly were to be prosecuted in U.S. courts!

What did the Imam say against America in his speech?

Imam Khomeini declared that the president of America was the person

most hated by the people of Iran.

He warned the heads of the Islamic countries that Islam was

endangered and that the superpowers intended to achieve their goals in

the region by destroying Islam and the influence of the clergy.

Vocabulary

Exile: to force someone to leave their country, especially for political

reasons.

The exiled former president.

Declare: to state officially and publicly that a particular situation

exists or that something is true.

The court declared that Brown's case should be reviewed.

Because: used when you are giving the reason for something.

Bill: a written proposal for a new law, that is brought to a parliament

so that it can be discussed.

Propose: to suggest something as a plan or course of action.

In his speech he proposed that the UN should set up an emergency

center for the environment.

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Immunity: the state or right of being protected from particular laws or

from unpleasant things.

Parliamentary immunity.

Advisor: someone whose job is to give advice because they know a lot

about a subject, especially in business, law or politics.

A financial adviser.

Exempt: to give someone permission not to do or pay something.

Children are exempt from the charge.

Suppose: used to say you think something is true, although you are

uncertain about it. = I guess

I suppose you are right.

Warn: to tell someone that something bad or dangerous may happen,

so that they can avoid it or prevent it.

Be careful, the rocks are slippery, 'Alex warned'.

Travelers to Africa are being warned about the danger of HIV

infection.

Hate: to dislike something very much.

He hates his job.

He hates his wife. = He can't stand his wife.

Head: a leader or person in charge of a group or organization.

You should discuss the matter with your head of department.

Endanger: to put someone or something in danger of being hurt,

damaged, or destroyed.

Smoking during pregnancy endangers your baby's life.

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Intend: to have something in your mind as a plan or purpose.

I intend to spend the night there.

Achieve: to successfully complete something or get a good result,

especially by working hard.

Ali achieved very good exam results.

Region: a large area of a country or of the world, usually without

exact limits. = area.

Reading 16: What are the duties of the Guardian Council of the

Constitution?

Some of their duties are:

1. Supervision of the acts of the Islamic Consultative Assembly.

2. Interpretation of the Constitution.

3. Supervision of Presidential elections and the elections of the

deputies to the Islamic Consultative Assembly.

4. approval of the competence of the Presidential candidates.

How many persons are they and what qualifications do they

have?

The Guardian Council of the Constitution is compose of ?

1. Six jurisprudents who are well versed in Islamic

jurisprudence and who are aware of the virtues and needs

of the time. The appointment of such persons is the

responsibility of the Leader.

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2. Six lawyers who are qualified in various branches of law

from among Muslim jurists, they are introduced to the

Assembly by the Chief of the Supreme Court and their

nomination must be approved by the Assembly.

Vocabulary

Supervise: to be in charge of an activity or person.

Supervision: when you supervise someone or something.

Act: one thing that you do. The new president's first act

should be to end the car.

Consultative: providing advice and suggesting solutions

to problems. A consultative document.

Interpret: to translate spoken words from one language

into another.

Presidential: relating to a president.

Approve: to officially accept a plan, proposal etc.

Approval: when a plan, decision, or person is officially

accepted.

Qualification: if you have a qualification, you have passed

an examination or course to show you have a particular

level of skill or knowledge in a subject.

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Compose: to be formed from a number of substance, parts,

or people.

Verse: a set of lines that forms one part of a song, poem, or

a book such as the Bible or the Quran.

Versed: to know a lot about a subject, method etc.

Aware: understanding a lot about what is happening

around you and paying attention to it.

Appointment: an arrangement for a meeting at an agreed

time and place, for particular purpose.

Qualify: to have the right to have or do something, or to

give someone this right.

Branch: one part of a large subject of study or knowledge.

Jurist: someone who has a very detailed knowledge of

law.

Nomination: the act of officially suggesting someone or

something for a position, duty, or prize, or the fact of being

suggested for it.

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Reading 17: After Prophet’s migration to Madinah, the Prophet

(SA.)laid the foundation of the Islamic state and enacted the pact

of brotherhood between the Muhajireen (migratory) and the

Ansar (those living in Madinah).

He signed treaties of peace with the leaders of different

Jewishtribes and made peace between them and various Muslim

tribes.

He sent his representatives as governors and judges top laces that

had come under the banner of Islam.

He made war against the non-believers and those who broke the

peace treaties.

Historian have reported over seventy wars took place in his

lifetime.

In some wars He took part and led the Muslims Himself and in

some, His representative did so.

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Migration: when large numbers of people go to live in another

area or country, especially in order to find work.

Lay: to put someone or something down carefully into a flat

position.

Foundation: a basic idea, principle, situation etc that something

develops from.

Enact: to make a proposal into a law.

Pact: a formal agreement between two groups, countries, or

people, specially to help each other or to stop fighting = treaty.

Brotherhood: the relationship between brothers.

Treaty: a formal written agreement between two or more

countries or government.

Banner: a flag

Report: a written or spoken description of a situation or event,

giving people the information they need.

Ordinary: average, common, or usual, not different or special.

It's just about ordinary people.

Epicenter: the place on surface of the Earth that right above the

point where an Earthquake begins inside the Earth.

Confer: to discuss something with other people, so that everyone

can

Express their opinions and decide on something.

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Emergence: when someone or something comes out of a difficult

experience.

Reading 18: Is Islam a religion of the sword?

Some people believe that Islam is a religion of the sword, do

you agree with it?

Well, the Islamic jihad or the holy war of Islam is one of the

points that the world of Christianity, in its own view, considers to

be a weak point of Islam.

It says that war is totally bad and peace is good, and any religion

that is divinely founded must advocate peace which is a good

thing, and not advocate war which is a bad thing.

We also agree that peace is good and war is bad. But what about

submission, humiliation and misery? Are these also good?

If one power is faced with another power and both advocate

peace, both of them desire, in today’s term, to live in peaceful co-

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existence and both of them willing to live in peace with

reciprocal rights and mutual respect, then it is called peace and is

good and essential.

There is a time, however, when one group is the aggressor. For

example, while you are passing a desert, an armed bandit attacks

you suddenly and ordered you to "get off your car quickly, raise

your hand and give him anything you have." Do you submit

yourself and say to him: "I am an advocate of peace and opposed

to war completely, I'll accept anything you order"?

This is not advocate of peace. This is the acceptance of

humiliation. Islam never gives permission to be humiliated, while

at the same time it strongly advocates peace.

That which is bad is aggression. But all war on all sides, is not

always aggression.

War can be aggressive and it can also be a reply to aggression,

for sometimes the reply to aggression must be given by force.

Any religion, if it is a complete religion, must have thought about

what it will do on that day when it is faced with aggression, or,

let us suppose, it is not itself faced with aggression but another

people are.

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It is for such a day that religion must have a law of war, a law of

Jihad.

Vocabulary:

Misery: great suffering that is caused for example by being very

poor or very sick.

The miseries of war.

Enact: to make a proposal into a law.

Believe: to be sure that something is true or that someone is

telling the truth.

I believe him, even though his story sounded unlikely.

I don't believe a word of it. ( = I think it is completely untrue)

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Agree: to have or express the same opinion about something as

someone else.

Disagree: to have or express a different opinion from someone

else.

Christianity: the religion based on the life and beliefs of Jesus

Christ.

Christian: a person who believes in the ideas taught by Jesus

Christ.

Advocate: to publicly support a particular way of doing

something.

Submit: to agree to obey someone or something or to go through

a process, especially when you have no choice.

Submission: the state of being completely controlled by a person

or group, and accepting that you have to obey them.

Humiliate: to make someone feel ashamed or stupid, especially

when other people are present. = embarrass.

Co-exist: if two different things coexist, they exist at the same

time or in the same place.

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Active and Passive Verb Forms

Sentences can be active or passive. Therefore, tenses also have

"active forms" and "passive forms." You must learn to recognize

the difference to successfully speak English.

Active Form

In active sentences, the thing doing the action is the subject of the

sentence andthe thing receiving the action is the object. Most

sentences are active.

[Thing doing action] + [verb] + [thing receiving action]

Passive Form

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In passive sentences, the thing receiving the action is the subject

of the sentence and the thing doing the action is optionally

included near the end of the sentence. You can use the passive

form if you think that the thing receiving the action is more

important or should be emphasized. You can also use the passive

form if you do not know who is doing the action or if you do not

want to mention who is doing the action.

[Thing receiving action] + [be] + [past participle of verb] + [by] + [thing

doing action]

Active and Passive forms

Active Passive

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Simple

Present

Once a week, Tom

cleans the house.

Once a week, the house is

cleaned by Tom.

Present

Continuous

Right now, Sarah is

writing the letter.

Right now, the letter is

being written by Sarah.

Simple Past Sam repaired the car. The car was repaired by

Sam.

Past

Continuous

The salesman was

helping the customer

when the thief came into

the store.

The customer was being

helped by the salesman

when the thief came into

the store.

Present

Perfect

Many tourists have

visited that castle.

That castle has been

visited by many tourists.

Present

Perfect

Continuous

Recently, John has been

doing the work.

Recently, the work has

been being done by John.

Past Perfect George had repaired

many cars before he

received his mechanic's

license.

Many cars had been

repaired by George before

he received his mechanic's

license.

Past Perfect

Continuous

Chef Jones had been

preparing the

restaurant's fantastic

dinners for two years

before he moved to Paris.

The restaurant's fantastic

dinners had been being

prepared by Chef Jones

for two years before he

moved to Paris.

Simple

Future

WILL

Someone will finish the

work by 5:00 PM.

The work will be finished

by 5:00 PM.

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Simple

Future

BE GOING TO

Zienab is going to make

a beautiful dinner

tonight.

A beautiful dinner is going

to be made by Zienab

tonight.

Future

Continuous

WILL

At 8:00 PM tonight, John

will be washing the

dishes.

At 8:00 PM tonight, the

dishes will be being

washed by John.

Future

Continuous

BE GOING TO

At 8:00 PM tonight, John

is going to be washing the dishes.

At 8:00 PM tonight, the

dishes are going to be

being washed by John.

Future

Perfect

WILL

They will have

completed the project

before the deadline.

The project will have been

completed before the

deadline.

Future

Perfect

BE GOING TO

They are going to have

completed the project

before the deadline.

The project is going to

have been completed before the deadline.

Future

Perfect

Continuous

WILL

The famous artist will

have been painting the

mural for over six

months by the time it is

finished.

The mural will have been

being painted by the

famous artist for over six

months by the time it is

finished.

Future

Perfect

Continuous

BE GOING TO

The famous artist is

going to have been

painting the mural for

over six months by the

time it is finished.

The mural is going to

have been being painted by the famous artist for

over six months by the

time it is finished.

Used to Jerry used to pay the

bills.

The bills used to be paid

by Jerry.

Would My mother would The pies would always be

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Always always make the pies. made by my mother.

Future in the

Past

WOULD

I knew John would

finish the work by 5:00

PM.

I knew the work would be

finished by 5:00 PM.

Future in the

Past

WAS GOING

TO

I thought Sally was

going to make a

beautiful dinner tonight.

I thought a beautiful dinner

was going to be made by

Sally tonight.

Conditional Sentences / If-Clauses

Conditional Sentences are also known as Conditional Clauses or

If Clauses. They are used to express that the action in the main

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clause (without if) can only take place if a certain condition (in

the clause with if) is fulfilled. There are three types of

Conditional Sentences:

Conditional Sentence Type 1(First Conditional: real possibility)

It is possible and also very likely that the condition will be

fulfilled.

Form: if + Simple Present +will + infinitive

Example: If I find her address, I’ll send her an invitation.

We are talking about the future. We are thinking about a

particular condition or situation in the future, and the result of

this condition. There is a real possibility that this condition will

happen. For example, it is morning. You are at home. You plan

to play tennis this afternoon. But there are some clouds in the

sky. Imagine that it rains. What will you do?

If condition result

present simple will + base verb

If it rains I will stay at home.

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Notice that we are thinking about a future condition. We use the

present simple tense to talk about the possible future condition.

We use WILL + base verb to talk about the possible future result.

The important thing about the first conditional is that there is a

real possibility that the condition will happen. Here are some

more examples:

If condition Result

present simple will + base verb

If I see Mary I will tell her.

If Tara is free tomorrow he will invite her.

If they do not pass their exam their teacher will be sad.

If it rains tomorrow will you stay at home?

If it rains tomorrow what will you do?

result If Condition

will + base verb present simple

I will tell Mary if I see her.

He will invite Tara if she is free tomorrow.

Their teacher will be sad if they do not pass their exam.

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Will you stay at home if it rains tomorrow?

What will you do if it rains tomorrow?

Sometimes, we use shall, can, or may instead of will, for

example: If you are good today, you can watch TV tonight.

Conditional Sentence Type 2 (Second Conditional: unreal

possibility or dream)

It is possible but very unlikely, that the condition will be

fulfilled.

Form: if +Simple Past, + would + Infinitive

Example: If I found her address, I would send her an invitation.

The second conditional is like the first conditional. We are still

thinking about the future. We are thinking about a particular

condition in the future, and the result of this condition. But there

is not a real possibility that this condition will happen. For

example, you do not have a lottery ticket. Is it possible to win?

No! No lottery ticket, no win! But maybe you will buy a lottery

ticket in the future. So you can think about winning in the future,

like a dream. It's not very real, but it's still possible.

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If condition result

past simple would + base verb

If I won the lottery I would buy a car.

Notice that we are thinking about a future condition. We use the

past simple tense to talk about the future condition. We use

WOULD + base verb to talk about the future result. The

important thing about the second conditional is that there is an

unreal possibility that the condition will happen.

Here are some more examples:

If condition Result

past simple would + base verb

If I married Mary I would be happy.

If Ram became rich she would marry him.

If it snowed next July would you be surprised?

If it snowed next July what would you do?

result If Condition

would + base verb past simple

I would be happy if I married Mary.

She would marry Ram if he became rich.

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Would you be surprised if it snowed next July?

What would you do if it snowed next July?

Sometimes, we use should, could or might instead ofwould, for

example:

If I won a million dollars, I could stop working

Conditional Sentence Type 3 (Third Conditional: no possibility)

It is impossible that the condition will be fulfilled because it

refers to the past.

Form: if + Past Perfect, + would + have + Past Participle

Example: If I had found her address, I would have sent her an

invitation.

The first conditional and second conditionals talk about the

future. With the third conditional we talk about the past. We talk

about a condition in the past that did not happen. That is why

there is no possibility for this condition. The third conditional is

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also like a dream, but with no possibility of the dream coming

true.

condition Result

Past Perfect Would have + Past Participle

If I had won the lottery I would have bought a car.

Notice that we are thinking about an impossible past condition.

You did not win the lottery. So the condition was not true, and

that particular condition can never be true because it is finished.

We use the past perfect tense to talk about the impossible past

condition. We use Would have + past participle to talk about the

impossible past result. The important thing about the third

conditional is that both the condition and result are impossible

now.

Sometimes, we use should have, could have, might have

instead of would have, for example: If you had bought a lottery

ticket, you might have won.

Look at some more examples in the tables below:

If condition Result

past perfect Would have + past participle

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If I had seen Mary I would have told her.

If Tara had been free yesterday I would have invited her.

If they had not passed their exam their teacher would have been sad.

If it had rained yesterday would you have stayed at home?

If it had rained yesterday what would you have done?

result If condition

Would have + past participle past perfect

I would have told Mary if I had seen her.

I would have invited Tara if she had been free yesterday.

Their teacher would have been sad if they had not passed their exam.

Would you have stayed at home if it had rained yesterday?

What would you have done if it had rained yesterday?

Zero Conditional: certainty

We use the so-called zero conditional when the result of the

condition is always true, like a scientific fact.

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Take some ice. Put it in a saucepan. Heat the saucepan. What

happens? The ice melts (it becomes water). You would be

surprised if it did not.

If condition result

present simple present simple

If you heat ice it melts.

Notice that we are thinking about a result that is always true for

this condition. The result of the condition is an absolute certainty.

We are not thinking about the future or the past, or even the

present. We are thinking about a simple fact. We use the present

simple tense to talk about the condition. We also use the present

simple tense to talk about the result. The important thing about

the zero conditional is that the condition always has the same

result.

We can also use when instead of if, for example: When I get up

late I miss my bus.

Look at some more examples in the tables below:

If condition Result

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present simple present simple

If I miss the 8 o'clock bus I am late for work.

If I am late for work my boss gets angry.

If people don't eat they get hungry.

If you heat ice does it melt?

result If Condition

present simple present simple

I am late for work if I miss the 8 o'clock bus.

My boss gets angry if I am late for work.

People get hungry if they don't eat.

Does ice melt if you heat it?

Would

State preferences with would rather / would rather not and the

base form of a verb.

I would rather rent a movie than go to the theater.

He would rather not see a comedy tonight.

I would rather have my breakfast outside than inside.

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We would rather eat fish tonight than meat.

I would rather smoke indoors than outdoors.

I would rather you smoke outdoors than indoors.

I would rather you not smoke here.

We would rather have our coffee before than after our dessert.

Question forms

Would you rather see Star War or Friday?

Which would they rather see – a comedy or a drama?

Would you like to rent a movie? Actually, we would rather not.

We are too busy.

Would you

Would you is more common and is often considered more polite

Would you pass the salt please? = do you want to do this please?

Polite requests with would you mind

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Would you mind if I is followed by the simple past

Asking permission

Would you mind if I closed the window? = May I close the

window? Is it all right if I close the window? Will it cause you

any trouble or discomfort if I close the window?

Asking someone to do something

Would you mind closing the window? = I don’t want to cause

you any problem, but would you please close the window?

Using would to express a repeated action in the past. Would

can be used to express an action that was repeated this idea, it

has the same meaning as used to.

When I was a child, my father would read me a story at night

before bedtime. = when I was a child, my father used to read me

a story at night before bedtime.

When I was a kid, I would always go to the beach.

When he was young, he would always do his homework.

When I was a kid, I wouldn't go into the water by myself.

When he got older, he would never do his homework.

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I would hide my smoking habit whenever somebody asked.

Sometimes the condition is "understood" and there does not

have to be an "if" clause:

Someone who liked John would probably love John's father. (If

someone liked John they would probably love John's father.)

You'd never know it. (for example: If you met him you would

never know that he was rich.)

Why don't you invite Mary? I'm sure she'd come.

Offering and inviting

To offer or to invite, we use would you like………….? (not Do

you like)

Would you like a cup of coffee? ‘Yes, please.’

Would you like to come to dinner tomorrow evening? ‘I’d love

to.’

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I’d like ……………is a polite way of saying what you want:

(at a tourist information office) I’d like some information about

hotels, please.

(in a shop) I’d like to try on this jacket, please.

would

PAST OF "WILL

I said I would help you.

He told me he would be here before 8:00.

I said I wouldn't help you.

He told me he would not be here before 8:00.

We often use would to express the so-called second and third

conditionals:

CONDITIONAL

1. If I were president, I would cut the cost of education.

2. If I had been president, I would have cut the cost of education.

3. If I were elected president next year, I would cut the cost of

education.

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4. If I were president, I would not raise taxes.

5. If I had been president, I would not have raised taxes.

6. If I were president, I would not sign the tax increase next wee

7. If he lost his job he would have no money.

8. If I had won the lottery I would have bought a car.

9. I wouldn't eat that if I were you.

10. If I were in your place I'd refuse.

11. If you asked me I would say you should go.

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The sources

1- Essential Grammar in Use

2- English Grammar in Use

3- Interchange (Intro)

4- Interchange (number one)

5- Interchange (number two)

6- Interchange (number three)

7- Longman Dictionary

8- Oxford Elementary Learner’s Dictionary

9- In contact (number one)

10- Introductory English Texts Reza Daneshvari, M.A

11- A text book for students of theology and Islamic sciences

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12- A text book for students of theology and Islamic sciences

2600