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Local Op)miza)on: Newton’s Method

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Page 1: Newtons Method Notes - fri.cnm.utexas.edufri.cnm.utexas.edu/fri/stream/Course_Notes/Newtons_Method_Notes.… · Newtons_Method_Notes.pptx Author: Duncan, Juliana R Created Date: 2/6/2018

Local  Op)miza)on:  Newton’s  Method  

Page 2: Newtons Method Notes - fri.cnm.utexas.edufri.cnm.utexas.edu/fri/stream/Course_Notes/Newtons_Method_Notes.… · Newtons_Method_Notes.pptx Author: Duncan, Juliana R Created Date: 2/6/2018

Classes  of  Op)miza)on  Method  There  are  two  class  of  local  op)miza)on  methods:  1.  First-­‐order  methods  

1.  Only  u)lizes  first  deriva)ves    2.  Gradient  Descent  is  an  example  of  a  first  order  

method  

2.  Second-­‐order  methods  1.  U)lizes  first  and  second  deriva)ves    2.  Newton’s  method  is  a  second-­‐order  method    First  we  will  go  over  the  equa)ons  for  the  

Newton’s  Method  local  op)miza)on  algorithm  and  compare  them  to  Gradient  Descent    

Page 3: Newtons Method Notes - fri.cnm.utexas.edufri.cnm.utexas.edu/fri/stream/Course_Notes/Newtons_Method_Notes.… · Newtons_Method_Notes.pptx Author: Duncan, Juliana R Created Date: 2/6/2018

Review:  Algorithm  for  Gradient  Descent  

The  general  procedure  for  numerical  geometry  op)miza)on  is  as  follows:  1.  Calculate  the  force  on  all  atoms  for  some  

configura)on  of  an  atomic  system.  2.  If  the  magnitude  of  the  force  is  less  than  

threshold,  you  have  found  a  cri)cal  point!  STOP.    3.  If  not,  move  the  atoms  such  that  they  go  

towards  a  cri)cal  points      4.  Repeat.      

rn+1 = rn +αF(rn )

Page 4: Newtons Method Notes - fri.cnm.utexas.edufri.cnm.utexas.edu/fri/stream/Course_Notes/Newtons_Method_Notes.… · Newtons_Method_Notes.pptx Author: Duncan, Juliana R Created Date: 2/6/2018

Algorithm  for  Newton’s  Method  The  general  procedure  for  numerical  geometry  op)miza)on  is  as  follows:  1.  Calculate  the  force  on  all  atoms  for  some  

configura)on  of  an  atomic  system.  2.  If  the  magnitude  of  the  force  is  less  than  

threshold,  you  have  found  a  cri)cal  point!  STOP.    3.  If  not,  move  the  atoms  such  that  they  go  

towards  a  cri)cal  points.    In  NM  you  will  need  to  calculate  second  deriva4ves,  V’’,  as  well.  

     4.  Repeat.      

rn+1 = rn +F(rn )V ''(rn )

Page 5: Newtons Method Notes - fri.cnm.utexas.edufri.cnm.utexas.edu/fri/stream/Course_Notes/Newtons_Method_Notes.… · Newtons_Method_Notes.pptx Author: Duncan, Juliana R Created Date: 2/6/2018

Newton’s  Method  (NM)  

•  So  far,  I  have  just  shown  you  the  equa)ons  for  Newton’s  Method.      

•  I  will  show  you  the  deriva)on  of  NM  in  a  few  slides,  but  let’s  start  with  the  same  example  given  in  class  with  gradient  descent    to  see  how  this  algorithm  works…  

Page 6: Newtons Method Notes - fri.cnm.utexas.edufri.cnm.utexas.edu/fri/stream/Course_Notes/Newtons_Method_Notes.… · Newtons_Method_Notes.pptx Author: Duncan, Juliana R Created Date: 2/6/2018

Example  Newton’s  Method  

Step  #,  n   rn   F(rn)   rn+1=rn+F(rn)/V’’  (rn)  1   1  2  3  

V(r)  

r  

Start  with  a  ini)al  guess  of  the  local  minimum:  

r=1  

V (r) = (r −3)2

r1=1  

Page 7: Newtons Method Notes - fri.cnm.utexas.edufri.cnm.utexas.edu/fri/stream/Course_Notes/Newtons_Method_Notes.… · Newtons_Method_Notes.pptx Author: Duncan, Juliana R Created Date: 2/6/2018

Example  Newton’s  Method  

Step  #,  n   rn   F(rn)   rn+1=rn+F(rn)/V’’  (rn)  1   1   4  2  3  

V(r)  

r  

1.  Calculate  the  force  on  all  atoms  for  some  configura)on  of  an  

atomic  system.    

V (r) = (r −3)2

!F(r) = − d

drV (r) = −2(r −3)

!F(1) = −2(1−3) = 4

r1=1  

Page 8: Newtons Method Notes - fri.cnm.utexas.edufri.cnm.utexas.edu/fri/stream/Course_Notes/Newtons_Method_Notes.… · Newtons_Method_Notes.pptx Author: Duncan, Juliana R Created Date: 2/6/2018

Example  Newton’s  Method  

Step  #,  n   rn   F(rn)   rn+1=rn+F(rn)/V’’  (rn)  1   1   4  2  3  

V(r)  

r  

V (r) = (r −3)2 2.  If  the  magnitude  of  the  force  is  less  than  threshold  (0.01eV/Angstrom),  you  have  found  a  

cri)cal  point!  STOP.    !F(1) = 4!F(1) = 4*4 = 4

4 < 0.01− > False

!F(r1)r1=1  

Page 9: Newtons Method Notes - fri.cnm.utexas.edufri.cnm.utexas.edu/fri/stream/Course_Notes/Newtons_Method_Notes.… · Newtons_Method_Notes.pptx Author: Duncan, Juliana R Created Date: 2/6/2018

Example  Newton’s  Method  

Step  #,  n   rn   F(rn)   rn+1=rn+F(rn)/V’’  (rn)  1   1   4  2  3  

V(r)  

r  

3.  If  not,  move  the  atoms  such  that  they  go  towards  a  cri)cal  points.    First  calculate  V’’  

 

V (r) = (r −3)2

rn+1 = rn +αF(rn )V ''(rn )

V ''(r) = 2

r1=1  

Page 10: Newtons Method Notes - fri.cnm.utexas.edufri.cnm.utexas.edu/fri/stream/Course_Notes/Newtons_Method_Notes.… · Newtons_Method_Notes.pptx Author: Duncan, Juliana R Created Date: 2/6/2018

Example  Newton’s  Method  

Step  #,  n   rn   F(rn)   rn+1=rn+F(rn)/V’’  (rn)  1   1   4   3  2   3  3  

V(r)  

r  

3.  If  not,  move  the  atoms  such  that  they  go  towards  a  cri)cal  

points.  

V (r) = (r −3)2

rn+1 = rn +F(rn )V ''(rn )

r2 = r1 +F(rn )V ''(rn )

=1+ 42= 3

r1=1  

r2=3  

Page 11: Newtons Method Notes - fri.cnm.utexas.edufri.cnm.utexas.edu/fri/stream/Course_Notes/Newtons_Method_Notes.… · Newtons_Method_Notes.pptx Author: Duncan, Juliana R Created Date: 2/6/2018

Example  Newton’s  Method  

Step  #,  n   rn   F(rn)   rn+1=rn+F(rn)/V’’  (rn)  1   1   4   3  2   3  3  

V(r)  

r  

3.  If  not,  move  the  atoms  such  that  they  go  towards  a  cri)cal  

points.  

V (r) = (r −3)2

r2 = r1 +F(rn )V ''(rn )

=1+ 42= 3

r1=1  

r2=3   You  already  found  the  cri)cal  point  in  only  one  step!  

Page 12: Newtons Method Notes - fri.cnm.utexas.edufri.cnm.utexas.edu/fri/stream/Course_Notes/Newtons_Method_Notes.… · Newtons_Method_Notes.pptx Author: Duncan, Juliana R Created Date: 2/6/2018

Newton’s  Method  (NM)  •  Here  is  why:  

–  NM  assumes  that  a  second  order  Taylor  expansion  is  accurate  around    your  current  posi)on:  

   –  Then  a  near-­‐by  cri)cal  point  is  approximated  by  taking  the  deriva)ve  of  Vapprox  ,  seang  it  equal  to  zero,  and  solving  for  r  

–  Below  is  the  equa)on  found  when  solving  for  r  in  the  equa)on  above.  No)ce  that  this  is  the  same  as  the  Newton’s  Method  equa)ons  introduced  earlier.    We  just  derived  NM!    (If  you  want  to  see  all  the  algebra,  check  out  the  last  slide!).  

     

Vapprox (r) =V (r0 )+V '(r0 )(r − r0 )+12V ''(r0 )(r − r0 )

2

Vapprox '(r) =V '(r0 )+V ''(r0 )(r − r0 ) = 0

rn+1 = rn +F(rn )V ''(rn )

Newton’s  Method  algorithm!  

r = r0 −V '(r0 )V ''(r0 )

Page 13: Newtons Method Notes - fri.cnm.utexas.edufri.cnm.utexas.edu/fri/stream/Course_Notes/Newtons_Method_Notes.… · Newtons_Method_Notes.pptx Author: Duncan, Juliana R Created Date: 2/6/2018

Newton’s  Method  

•  Since  a  second  order  Taylor  expansion  works  perfectly  for  a  parabola,  NM  works  in  one  step!  

•  In  the  extra  credit  assignment,  you  will  implement  Newton’s  method  and  apply  it  to  the  L-­‐J  poten)al  (it  will  not  be  as  simple  as  the  example  shown  in  these  slides!)  

•  You  will  explore  some  of  the  issues  that  come  up  in  Newton’s  Method  and  start  to  think  about  how  we  can  address  these  problems.    

Page 14: Newtons Method Notes - fri.cnm.utexas.edufri.cnm.utexas.edu/fri/stream/Course_Notes/Newtons_Method_Notes.… · Newtons_Method_Notes.pptx Author: Duncan, Juliana R Created Date: 2/6/2018

Newton’s  Method  (NM)  •  Here  is  why:  

–  NM  assumes  that  a  second  order  Taylor  expansion  is  accurate  around    your  current  posi)on:  

   –  Then  a  near-­‐by  cri)cal  point  is  approximated  by  taking  the  deriva)ve  of  Vapprox  ,  seang  it  equal  to  zero,  and  solving  for  r  

Vapprox (r) =V (r0 )+V '(r0 )(r − r0 )+12V ''(r0 )(r − r0 )

2

Vapprox '(r) =V '(r0 )+V ''(r0 )(r − r0 ) = 0V '(r0 )+V ''(r0 )(r − r0 ) = 0V ''(r0 )(r − r0 ) = −V '(r0 )

r − r0 =−V '(r0 )V ''(r0 )

r = r0 +F(r0 )V ''(r0 )

rn+1 = rn +F(rn )V ''(rn )

Newton’s  Method  algorithm!