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A section of the Vietnam Veterans Memorial in Washington, D.C.

A Time of Transition,1960–1976 The war in Vietnam and political controversies at home cause many Americans to lose faith in government, while political, technological, and economic changes in Georgia bring growth.

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A Time of Transition,1960–1976

SECTION 1

SECTION 2

SECTION 3

The Nation in Turmoil

Changes in Georgia

Two Georgias Take Shape

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Section 1

The Nation in Turmoil The social, political, economic, and technologicalchanges of the 1960s and 1970s cause unrest andcontroversy throughout the nation.

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Vietnam

The Nation in Turmoil

Early U.S. Involvement• Containment—stopping spread of communism—is

U.S. policy in Cold War• In 1950s, U.S. sends aid to people fighting

communism in Vietnam - politically divided into North, South Vietnam; in

Southeast Asia• Vietnam conflict drags on; U.S. sends in 16,000

personnel by 1963• Gulf of Tonkin Resolution—lets Lyndon Johnson

use force in Vietnam• U.S. bombs North Vietnam, sends ground troops,

1965

SECTION

1

Continued . . .

NEXT

SECTION

1

A Different Kind of War• No front line in Vietnam; enemy mixes with

population, fights anywhere• Viet Cong—communist soldiers in South

Vietnam—use guerrilla warfare

continued Vietnam

Continued . . .

Growing Unease with the War• Vietnam is first televised war; images disturb

Americans• Communists launch Tet Offensive, 1968—take

over S. Vietnamese cities• Hundreds of U.S. soldiers die per week, Americans

question involvement• Antiwar feelings grow at home, especially on

college campuses

NEXT

SECTION

1

The U.S. Withdraws from Vietnam• Americans begin to realize they are losing war• Johnson ends bombings; bargains for peace;

does not seek reelection• Richard Nixon wins presidency; 1968, promises

“peace with honor”• South Vietnam sign a treaty with North, Viet

Cong, January 27, 1973 • North promises not to invade South• North Vietnamese invade South Vietnam in 1975;

capture Saigon

continued Vietnam

Continued . . .

Image

NEXT

SECTION

1

The Legacy of the War• Many Vietnam veterans change forever,

protestors blame soldiers• Twenty-Sixth Amendment lowers voting age to

18, 1971• Military draft ends, 1973; 228,000 Georgians

serve in war; 1,700 die

continued Vietnam

Student Protests Against the War• Many young people protest the war; college

students most vocal• Students for a Democratic Society is largest

college antiwar group- says involvement illegal, U.S. should stay out of

foreign civil war

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SECTION

1

Great Society• 1960s begins with idealism • Lyndon Johnson wants legacy as a social

reformer, not war president• Creates domestic reform programs:

- includes city aid, medical aid for elderly, civil rights support

• Calls program Great Society; many programs still in effect

Belief in Social Progress

Chart

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SECTION

1

The Pentagon Papers• American idealism of 1960s wears away• Some people unhappy with government,

Johnson’s deficit spending• People learn government wasn’t truthful about

war; distrust grows• Daniel Ellsberg releases Pentagon Papers, 1971

- documents reveal dishonesty of past four presidents about Vietnam

Crisis of Faith in Politics

Continued . . .

NEXT

SECTION

1

Watergate• Watergate scandal greatest blow to U.S.

confidence in its leaders • Nixon campaign workers break into Democrat

headquarters, 1972 • Nixon participates in cover-up, illegally blocks FBI

inquiry• Senate investigates scandal; Nixon resigns to

avoid impeachment• Vice President Gerald Ford sworn into office,

August 9, 1974

continued Crisis of Faith in Politics

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SECTION

1

Riots and Boycotts• Many Georgians resist nation’s changes; leads to

turmoil• Martin Luther King’s death sparks riots in some

Georgia cities- Albany, Fort Valley, Macon, Savannah, but not

Atlanta• Desegregation battle continues into 1970s

- white students boycott schools in Augusta, Richmond County, 1972

- half of Savannah’s white students kept home to support boycott

Unrest in Georgia

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Political changes in Georgia in the 1960s and 1970s affect opportunities for people and the way groups see one another.

Section 2Changes in Georgia

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Political Changes

Changes in Georgia

A New Voting System• Supreme Court says states can’t give more votes

to certain groups• 1962 ruling is “one man, one vote” decision, bans

county unit system

SECTION

2

Continued . . .

African-American Politicians are Elected• Atlanta’s Leroy Johnson elected to state senate

after voting change- first African American in Georgia legislature

since Reconstruction• Manyard Jackson becomes Atlanta’s mayor

with 25% of white vote, 1973- first African-American mayor of major

southern city

NEXT

Lester Maddox• Lester Maddox opposes integration, civil rights• Chosen as governor after no candidate wins

majority, in 1966 • Later denounces violence, supports U.S.

government, surprising many

SECTION

2

continued Political Changes

Jimmy Carter• Jimmy Carter challenges Maddox in 1966

primary, loses• Runs again in 1970; Maddox runs for Lieutenant

Governor, both win• Carter wants to improve state’s image; reorganizes

government

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Social Changes Hank Aaron• Atlanta Braves’ Hank Aaron breaks home run

record, April 8, 1974• Aaron becomes sports hero, but receives threats,

hate mail

SECTION

2

Population and Housing• Atlanta’s African American population rises, white

population falls• Business leaders form group to develop more

housing in city• MARTA—Metro Atlanta Rapid Transit Authority—

approved 1971- becomes first rapid transit system in a Southern

city

Image

NEXT

More Choices for Georgians Atlanta Changes Georgia’s Image• As Atlanta grows, city seen as cultural, social

capital• Tourists visit Atlanta, see “Georgia” as new,

exciting• Atlanta’s growth does not necessarily contribute

to state growth

SECTION

2

Section 3

Two Georgias Take Shape Atlanta’s rapid growth between 1960 and 1980 causes differences between the metropolitan region and the rest of the state.

NEXT

NEXT

Atlanta, USA

Two Georgias Take Shape

The Role of Transportation• Atlanta leaders work to present Atlanta as modern

city• Transportation is important factor in city’s

development- developed as rail hub in 19th century

• Interstate highways, airports spur growth in 20th century

• Mayor William Hartsfield plans “Downtown Connector,” 1946- interstate highways cross, pass through downtown

Atlanta

SECTION

3

Continued . . .

NEXT

The Role of Transportation• Hartsfield also wants to make Atlanta a major air

hub• Hartsfield Airport reconstructed for jet airplanes,

1962- renamed Hartsfield International Airport,

1971• New transportation brings business, sports

teams, entertainment• “Metro Atlanta”—15 counties, 40% of state

population by end of 1970s

SECTION

3

continued Atlanta, USA

Image

NEXT

Rural Georgia• Rural Georgia in 1970s different from Atlanta,

lacks medical care• Many stop farming, commute to towns, work in

service jobs• Those still farming get bigger farms; land

becomes more valuable

SECTION

3

The Other Georgia

Housing• Housing improves for many Georgians; TV, air

conditioners popular• Appliances change social habits; more families

stay indoors, watch TV• Savannah tries to preserve Old South charm,

attracts tourists

NEXT

Urban and Rural Imbalance• Major highways help Atlanta, other towns grow,

attract businesses• People want to be connected; towns away from

major roads wither• People begin to refer to “Two Georgias”; term

has two meanings- Atlanta is one Georgia and everywhere else is

“the other Georgia”- places with growth, and places where things

stay the same • Both meanings describe challenge of balancing

rural, urban needs

SECTION

3

Growth of Two Georgias

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