next gen sdh 3
TRANSCRIPT
What is all this Concatenation stuff anyway?”Bandwidth efficiency"
Huub van HelvoortMember of Technical StaffLucent Technologiesemail: [email protected]
Concatenation Tutorial © Lucent Technologies 2002
T1X1.5 presentation T1X1.5/2002-096
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© 2002 Lucent Technologies Concatenation Tutorial
Contents
Bandwidth growth Rate Comparison Virtual Concatenation Link Capacity Adjustment Scheme (LCAS) Application Standards
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© 2002 Lucent Technologies Concatenation Tutorial
Bandwidth growth Rate Comparison Virtual Concatenation Link Capacity Adjustment Scheme (LCAS) Application Standards
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© 2002 Lucent Technologies Concatenation Tutorial
SDH mapping schemeInitial mappingMore MultiplexingContiguous Concatenation
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C-4-64c
C-4-256c
C-4-16c
C-4-4cAU-4-4c VC-4-4c
AU-4-16c VC-4-16c
AU-4-64c VC-4-64c
AU-4-256c VC-4-256c x 1
x 1
x 1
x 1
AUG-64
AUG-256
AUG-16
AUG-4
STM-256
STM-64
STM-16
STM-4 x 1
x 1
x 1
x 1
x 4
x 4
x 4
x 4
C-4
C-3
C-2
C-12
C-11VC-11
VC-12
VC-2
VC-3
TUG-2 TU-2
STM-0
AUG-1
VC-3
TUG-3
VC-4
AU-3
TU-11
TU-3
AU-4STM-1
x 1
x 1 x 1
x 1
x 1
x4
x 3
x 3
x 7
x 7
pointer processing multiplexing aligning mapping
x 3
TU-12
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SDH mapping schemeContiguous Concatenation (i.e.VC-4-Xc)• provides a payload area of X Container-4, see figure
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125 s
X 260
C-4-Xc
X 261
VC-4-Xc
1
9
J1
B3
C2
G1
F2
H4
F3
K3
N1
1 X-1
fixedstuff
• has one common set of POH, in the first column, used for the whole VC-4-Xc (e.g. BIP-8 covers all 261 X columns of a VC-4-Xc)• columns #2 to #X are fixed stuff
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SDH mapping schemeContiguous Concatenation• a VC-4-Xc is transported in X contiguous AU-4 in the STM-N signal
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• the first column of the VC-4-Xc is always located in the first AU-4
• the pointer of this first AU-4 indicates the position of the J1 byte of the VC-4-Xc. The pointers of AU-4 #2 to #X are set to the concatenation indication to indicate a contiguously concatenated payload
• pointer justification is performed in common for the X concatenated AU-4s and X 3 stuffing bytes are used.
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Bandwidth growth
Rate Comparison Virtual Concatenation Link Capacity Adjustment Scheme (LCAS) Application Standards
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Rate Comparison
C-11C-12C-2C-3C-4
C-4-4cC-4-16c
SDH - TDM
1.600 Mbit/s2.176 Mbit/s6.784 Mbit/s49.536 Mbit/s
149.760 Mbit/s599.040 Mbit/s
2.396 160 Mbit/sC-4-64c 9.584 640 Mbit/s
EthernetATM
ESCON
Fibre Channel
Fast Ethernet
Gigabit Ethernet
Data
10 Mbit/s25 Mbit/s
200 Mbit/s400 Mbit/s800 Mbit/s
100 Mbit/s
1 Gbit/s10 Gb Ethernet10 Gbit/s
C-4-256c 38.338 560 Mbit/s
SDH container size/bit-rates vs. Data bit-rates
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Rate Comparison
C-3C-3C-4
C-4-4cC-4-4cC-4-16cC-4-16c
SDH
20%50%67%33%67%33%42%
C-4-64c 100%
EthernetATM
ESCON
Fibre Channel
Fast Ethernet
Gigabit Ethernet
Data
10 Mbit/s25 Mbit/s
200 Mbit/s400 Mbit/s800 Mbit/s
100 Mbit/s
1 Gbit/s10 Gb Ethernet 10 Gbit/s
Efficiency
Transport efficiencies
the solution:
Virtual Concatenation9
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Bandwidth growth Rate Comparison
Virtual Concatenation Link Capacity Adjustment Scheme (LCAS) Application Standards
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Virtual Concatenation
Why:
• to transport contiguous concatenated signals in a network with NEs that do not support VC-n-Xc
Prerequisites:
• no requirements on existing NEs that transit VC-ns part of a Virtual Concatenation Group (VCG or VC-n-Xv)
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• to provide a better bandwidth granularity to transport the new services with non-SDH bit rates
• no strict routing constraints for operators by compensating the differential delay caused by difference in optical path length
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Virtual ConcatenationMapping of C-n-Xc into X VC-n: a VC-n-Xv
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125 s
m+11
1
9 VC-n#X
over
head
VC-n-Xv
125 s
C-n-Xc
1
9
1 X m X
125 s
m+11
1
9 VC-n#1
over
head
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C-n-Xc C-n-Xc
C-n
C-n
C-n
1
2
X
X VC-n = VC-n-Xv
Virtual ConcatenationVC-n-Xc transport through a VC-n only network
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C-n-Xc/C-n-Xv C-n-Xv/C-n-Xc
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Virtual Concatenation
Differential delay is caused by:• geographically large ring with VC-ns from the same VC-n-Xv routed around the ring in different directions, delay is mainly due to fiber propagation (~5 s/km)
Y VC-ns(Y<X) (X-Y) VC-ns
Ring
End-to-end trafficis VC-n-Xv
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Virtual Concatenation
• networks with diversely routed path protected VC-ns, delay is mainly due to fiber propagation (~5 s/km)
End to end traffic: VC-n-Xv
Y VC-nson working path
(X-Y) VC-nson Protection path
Transportnetwork
Protectionpath
Working path
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Virtual ConcatenationProvides additional transport sizes:
C-11-XcC-12-XcC-3-XcC-4-Xc
container
1 - 631 - 63
1 - 2561 - 256
1.6 Mbit/s2.0 Mbit/s49 Mbit/s150 Mbit/s
X in steps of
100.8 Mbit/s137.1 Mbit/s12.7 Gbit/s38.3 Gbit/s
up to
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Virtual Concatenation
C-12-5cC-12-12cC-12-46c
C-3-2cC-3-4cC-3-8cC-4-6cC-4-7c
SDH
92%98%100%100%100%100%89%95%
C-4-64c 100%
EthernetATM
ESCON
Fibre Channel
Fast Ethernet
Gigabit Ethernet
Data
10 Mbit/s25 Mbit/s
200 Mbit/s400 Mbit/s800 Mbit/s
100 Mbit/s
1 Gbit/s10 Gb Ethernet 10 Gbit/s
Efficiency
Transport efficiencies
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Virtual ConcatenationOperation:
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• distribute the payload to be transported bytewise over the members in the VCG
• provide byte alignment required for re-alignment after diverse routing delay compensation
• use the alignment indicator of each member to determine the experienced differential delay
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Virtual Concatenation
from source (So) to sink (Sk):
Virtual Concatenation overhead:
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• Multi Frame Indicator (MFI) the MFI is used to determine at the Sk the differential delay and re-align the received data to reconstruct the original
• Sequence Indicator (SQ) at the So each VC-n in the VCG is assigned an unique identifier to be used at the Sk for reconstruction of the original signal
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Virtual ConcatenationHigher order overhead VC-4/3 POH H4
H4 Byte
Bit 1 Bit 2 Bit 3 Bit 4 Bit 5 Bit 6 Bit 7 Bit 8
1st multiframe indicator MFI1 (bits 1-4)
1st multi-frame
number
2nd multi-frame
number
Sequence indicator LSB ( bits 5-8) 1 1 1 1 15 n-1
2nd multiframe indicator MFI2 MSB ( bits 1-4) 0 0 0 0 0
2nd multiframe indicator MFI2 LSB ( bits 5-8) 0 0 0 1 1
Reserved ("0000") 0 0 1 0 2
Reserved ("0000") 0 0 1 1 3
Reserved ("0000") 0 1 0 0 4
Reserved ("0000") 0 1 0 1 5
Reserved ("0000") 0 1 1 0 6
Reserved ("0000") 0 1 1 1 7
Reserved ("0000") 1 0 0 0 8
Reserved ("0000") 1 0 0 1 9
Reserved ("0000") 1 0 1 0 10
Reserved ("0000") 1 0 1 1 11
Reserved ("0000") 1 1 0 0 12
Reserved ("0000") 1 1 0 1 13
Sequence indicator SQ MSB ( bits 1-4) 1 1 1 0 14
Sequence indicator SQ LSB ( bits 5-8) 1 1 1 1 15
n
2nd multiframe indicator MFI2 MSB ( bits 1-4) 0 0 0 0 0 n+1
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Virtual ConcatenationLower order overhead
Reserved bitR
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
R
12
R
13
R
14
R
15
R
16
R
17
R
18
R
19
R
20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32Bit number:
R R R R R R R R R R R RSequence IndicatorFrame Indicator
2nd stage: Virtual Concatenation control in K4 bit 2
Multiframe alignment bitsMFAS
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
0
20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32
MFAS
Bit number:
R R R R R R R R R R R R
Zero0Reserved bitR 1st stage: Frame Aligment in K4 bit 1
Extended Signal Label
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8Bit number:
Signal Label
VC-2/VC-1 POH V5
REI RFI RDIBIP-21 0 1
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Virtual ConcatenationBenefits:
• not restricted to the situation in which all the individual VC-ns are contained within a single Multiplex Section
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• is transparent to intermediate network Elements, therefore it can be cost effectively deployed into an existing network without the need to upgrade all NEs
• can use protection schemes inherited from SDH per VC-n
• operators get the ability to implement channels that are more appropriate for the new router based applications by providing bandwidth granularity, right sized capacity, efficient mapping, traffic scalability and channelized high capacity SDH interfaces
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Virtual ConcatenationPoints for improvement:
• if one of the VC-n of a virtual concatenation group VC-n-Xv fails, the whole VCG fails
the solution:
LCAS23
• data transport can have a variable requirement for bandwidth regarding the time of the day, or the day of the week
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Bandwidth growth Rate Comparison Virtual Concatenation
Link Capacity Adjustment Scheme(LCAS)
Application Standards
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LCAS
• provides the capability of temporarily removing member links that have experienced a failure
Features:
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Prerequisites:
• LCAS assumes that in cases of capacity initiation, increase or decrease, the construction or destruction of the end-to-end path of each individual member is the responsibility of the Network and Element Management Systems.
• located in the virtual concatenation source and sink adaptation functions only• provides a control mechanism to hitless increase or decrease the capacity of a VCG link to meet the bandwidth needs of the application
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LCAS
Operation:
• use virtual concatenation operation for differential delay compensation and de/re-construction of payload
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• synchronization of changes in the capacity of the transmitter (So) and the receiver (Sk) shall be achieved by a control packet
• each control packet describes the state of the link during the next control packet
• changes are sent in advance, so that the receiver can switch to the new configuration as soon as it arrives.
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LCAS
In the forward direction, So to Sk:• Multi Frame Indicator (MFI)• Sequence Indicator (SQ)• Control (CTRL): IDLE - ADD - NORM - EOS - DNU - FIXED• Group Identification (GID)
In the return direction, Sk to So:• Member Status (MST)• Re-Sequence Acknowledge (RS-Ack)
For both directions:• Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) over the control packet
Note: MST and RS-Ack are identical in the control word of ALL members of the same VCG
Control packet content, LCAS overhead:
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LCAS
MST_a(n)RS-Ack_a
MFI_aSQ_nCTRL_nGID_aCRC_x
MFI_zSQ_pCTRL_pGID_zCRC_y
MST_z(p)RS-Ack_zVCG_a
member_n
VCG_zmember_p
Control packet content
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information of member_n in VCG_a
information sent in control packet x of member_n in VCG_a
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© 2002 Lucent Technologies Concatenation Tutorial
LCAS
DNU
LA S T ?Y N
LAST?Y N
RENUMBERSEQUENCE
Y N
FDNU
FEOS
ROKRFAILMADD
ASSIGNSEQ# > EOS
FADD
IDLE
FIDLE
START
ADD
RFAIL ROK MREMOVE
RENUMBERSEQ# > EOS
FEOS
FIDLE
RFAILROK
REMOVE
ROK RFAIL MREMOVE
LA S T ?
NORM
RFAIL ROK MREMOVE
FNORM
FIDLE
State diagram of member(i)in the Virtual Concatenated group.
CEOS
CNORM
CEOS CNORM
send tomember(i-1)
FEOS FNORM
send tomember(i-1)
CNORMsend tomember(i-1)
send tomember(i-1)CEOS
CEOS CNORM
CEOS CNORM
send tomember(i-1)
see note 1
see note 3
see note 2
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So side process
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© 2002 Lucent Technologies Concatenation Tutorial
LCAS
START
If the sink detects a change in thesequence numbers or the size ofthe VCG the RRS_ACK bit is inverted.
TSF FIDLE MREMOVE TSF FDNU FNORM FADD FEOS
OK
ROKRFAIL
FAIL
TSF TSF MREMOVE
ROK
MADD
IDLE
RFAIL
FIDLE?Y
N
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Sk side process
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LCASHigher order overhead
H4 byteBit1 Bit 2 Bit3 Bit 4 Bit 5 Bit 6 Bit 7 Bit 8
MS nibble1st multiframe indicator MFI1
LS nibble (bits 1-4)
1st multi-frame
no.
2nd
multi-frame
no.CRC-8 0 1 1 1 7
Member status MST 1 0 0 0 8Member status MST 1 0 0 1 90 0 0 RS-Ack 1 0 1 0 10Reserved (“0000”) 1 0 1 1 11Reserved (“0000”) 1 1 0 0 12Reserved (“0000”) 1 1 0 1 13Sequence indicator SQ MSBs (bits 1-4) 1 1 1 0 14Sequence indicator SQ LSBs (bits 5-8) 1 1 1 1 15
n
2nd multiframe indicator MFI2 MSBs (bits 1-4) 0 0 0 0 02nd multiframe indicator MFI2 LSBs (bits 5-8) 0 0 0 1 1CTRL 0 0 1 0 20 0 0 GID 0 0 1 1 3Reserved (“0000”) 0 1 0 0 4Reserved (“0000”) 0 1 0 1 5CRC-8 0 1 1 0 6CRC-8 0 1 1 1 7
Member status MST 1 0 0 0 8
n+1
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Multiframe alignment bitsMFAS
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
0
20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32
MFAS
Bit number:
R R R R R R R R R R R R
Zero0Reserved bitR
1st stage: Frame Aligment in K4 bit 1
Extended Signal Label
LCASLower order overhead
Reserved bitR
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15G ID
16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32Bit number:
Sequence indicatorFrame count
2nd stage: Virtual Concatenation + LCAS control in K4 bit 2
CTRL R R R R
Ack Member Status CRC-3
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8Bit number:
Signal Label
VC-2/VC-1 POH V5
REI RFI RDIBIP-21 0 1
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© 2002 Lucent Technologies Concatenation Tutorial
LCASNMS
So Sk Sk Sk
memn memn+1memn-1
Add two new members to the VCG
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ADD
ADD SQ=5 ADD SQ=6
MST=OK
NORM SQ=4 EOS SQ=5
NORM SQ=5EOS SQ=6
(EOS SQ=4) IDLE IDLE
MST=OK
RS-Ack
RS-Ack
OK
OK
OK
FAIL FAIL
ADD SQ=6
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© 2002 Lucent Technologies Concatenation Tutorial
LCAS Remove one (last) member from the VCG
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REMOVE
EOS SQ=3
(NORM SQ=3) (EOS SQ=4) IDLE
MST=FAIL
RS-Ack
IDLE SQ>3
OKOK
FAIL
IDLE
REMOVE
NMS
So Sk Sk Sk
memn memn+1memn-1
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© 2002 Lucent Technologies Concatenation Tutorial
LCAS Remove two members (not last) from the VCG
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REMOVE
IDLE SQ>3
MST=FAIL
EOS SQ=3
(NORM SQ=3) (NORM SQ=4) (EOS SQ=5)
MST=FAIL
RS-Ack
IDLE SQ>3
OK OK OK
FAIL FAIL
REMOVE
IDLE IDLE
NMS
So Sk Sk Sk
memn memn+1memn-1
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LCAS
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FAILED
(NORM SQ=3) NORM SQ=4 (EOS SQ=5)
MST=FAIL
DNU SQ=4
CLEAR
MST=OK
NORM SQ=4
traffic hit
decreasedcapacity
Network failure: temporarily remove a (not last) member from the VCG
OK OK OKFAIL
OK
NMS
So Sk Sk Sk
memn memn+1memn-1
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LCAS Network failure: temporarily remove last member from the VCG
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FAILED EOS SQ=3
(NORM SQ=3) EOS SQ=4
MST=FAIL
DNU SQ=4
CLEAR NORM SQ=3
MST=OK
EOS SQ=4
traffic hit
decreasedcapacity
OKOK IDLE
FAIL
OK
NMS
So Sk Sk Sk
memn memn+1memn-1
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© 2002 Lucent Technologies Concatenation Tutorial
Bandwidth growth Rate Comparison Virtual Concatenation Link Capacity Adjustment Scheme (LCAS)
Application Standards
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© 2002 Lucent Technologies Concatenation Tutorial
Mapping Data
SDH, SONET and OTN provide fixed rate channels, with virtualconcatenation and LCAS to provide the best match
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to map the different types of Data into a fixed rate channel anew mechanism is defined: Generic Framing Procedure (GFP) i.e. ITU-T recommendation G.7041/Y.1303
GFP is a generic mechanism to carry any packet signal (Ethernet, Fiber channel, ESCON) over fixed rate channels VC-n, VC-n-Xc, VC-n-Xv and LCAS providing flexible adjustment of a VC-n-Xv channel
most Data transport is packet based
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© 2002 Lucent Technologies Concatenation Tutorial
Generic Framing Procedure
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Ethernet IP/PPP FibreChannel
FICON ESCON other clientsignals
SDH/SONET path OTN pathother CBR path
GFP - Client Specific Aspects
(payload dependent)
GFP - Common Aspects(payload independent)
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Generic Framing Procedure
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PLI: PDU Length IndicatorPDU: Protocol Data UnitcHEC: core - Header Error ControlFCS: Frame Check Sequence (optional)
When no frames/characters are received, idle frames are inserted.
Transparent (8B/10B) Mapped:Individual characters of the client signal are mapped into fixed-length GFP frames.
Frame Mapped:Client frames are mapped into GFP frames.
PLI
cHECcHEC
(FCS)
PLI
GFP Frame
GFP payload4 - 65535
payload header
ClientPDU
0000
cHECIdle Frame
cHEC
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Bandwidth growth Rate Comparison Virtual Concatenation Link Capacity Adjustment Scheme (LCAS) Application
Standards
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Standards
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Concatenation
Link Capacity Adjustment Scheme (LCAS) Generic Framing Procedure (GFP) Equipment Equipment Equipment Management Function
G.707 (10/2000)corr 1, corr 2*, add 1*
G.7042/Y.1305 (11/2001)* G.7041/Y.1303 (11/2001)*G.783 (02/2001)*G.709 (02/2001)G.798 (11/2001)
ITU-T
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© 2002 Lucent Technologies Concatenation Tutorial
Standards
Concatenation, contiguous, virtual + LCAS (equipment Specific)
generic LCAS, refers to ITU generic GFP, refers to ITU
T1.105*
G.7042*G.7041*
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EN 300 417-9-1 Concatenation, contiguous, virtual
ETSI
ANSI
THANK YOU