ENERGY STORAGE APPLICATION WITH SUPER

CAPACITORS

PRESENTED BY :

SUCHARITHA

CONTENTS :

AIM INTRODUCTION BLOCK DIAGRAM SOLAR PANEL POWER SUPPLY UNIT SUPER CAPACITORS FEATURES DC LOAD CONCLUSION

INTRODUCTION:

As communities and industries continue to expand, delivering power becomes more challenging– electricity grids reach capacity during peak periods, while providing electricity off the grid becomes more expensive. In India the use of electronic loads is increasing very fast and the gap between demand and the supply have made the reliability and power quality a critical issue.

Block Diagram: BLOCK DIAGRAM

SOLAR PANEL : A solar panel (photovoltaic module or photovoltaic panel) is a packaged interconnected assembly of solar cells , also known as photovoltaic cells.

The solar panel is used as a component in a larger photovoltaic system to offer electricity for commercial and residential applications.

POWER SUPPLY UNIT :

TRANSFORMERS :

A transformer is a stationary electric machine which transfers eletrical energy (power)from one voltage level to another voltage level.

When the ac is applied to the primary winding of the transformer it can be either stepped down or up depending on the value of dc needed. In our circuit the transformer of 230v/0-12v is used to perform the step down operation.

RECTIFIER UNIT :

Rectifier is an electrical device that converts alternating current(AC), which periodically reverses direction, to direct current (DC), which is in only one direction, a process known as Rectification.

BRIDGE RECTIFIER :

This below type of single phase rectifier uses four individual rectifying diodes connected in a closed loop "bridge" configuration to produce the desired output.

FILTER CIRCUIT :

Capacitors are act as a filter circuits. Capacitors store electric charge. They are used with resistors in timing circuits because it takes time for a capacitor to fill with charge. They are used to smooth varying DC supplies by acting as a reservoir of charge. They are also used in filter circuits because capacitors easily pass AC (changing) signals but they block DC (constant) signals.

Circuit symbol:   

VOLTAGE REGULATOR : A voltage regulator is an electrical regulator designed to automatically maintain a constant voltage level.

SCHEMATIC VIEW OF POWER SUPPLY :

Super Capacitors:

In general, capacitor is a device to store the charge in an electric circuit.

Basically, a capacitor is made up of two conductors separated by an insulator called dielectric.

The dielectric can be made of paper, plastic, mica, ceramic, glass, a vacuum or nearly any other nonconductive material.

Definition: Ultracapacitors can be defined as a energy storage device that stores energy electrostatically by polarising an electrolytic solution.

The electron storing capacity of capacitor is measured in unit Farads. One farad is approximately the charge with 6,280,000,000,000,000,000 electrons.

Ultracapacitors are also known as double-layer capacitors or supercapacitors.

Diagram shows the formation of double layer

------------------------

++++++++

+

+

+

+

+

++

+

Electrolyte

Separator

Electric double layer

▬ +

Principle :Energy is stored in ultracapacitor by polarizing the electrolytic solution.The charges are separated via electrode –electrolyte interface.

Principle, construction and working:

Current Collector

Electrolyte

Separator

Porous electrode

+ _

ULTRA CAPACITOR :

•Ultracapacitor stores energy via electrostatic charges on opposite surfaces of the electric double layer.

• They utilize the high surface area of carbon as the energy storage medium, resulting in an energy density much higher than conventional capacitors.

• The purpose of having separator is to prevent the charges moving across the electrodes.

•The amount of energy stored is very large as compared to a standard capacitor because of the enormous surface area created by the (typically) porous carbon electrodes and the small charge separation (10 angstroms) created by the dielectric separator

SPECIFICATIONS

Working Voltage : 2.5V

Surge Voltage : 3.0V

Nominal Capacitance : 1.0F to 9.0F

Capacitance Tolerance : -20% to +80%

(20°C)

Operating Temperature Range : -40°C to 60°C

Extended Operating Temp Range : -40°C to 85°C

FEATURES

Such energy storage has several advantages relative to batteries

Very high rates of charge and discharge.

Little degradation over hundreds of thousands of cycles.

Good reversibility

Low toxicity of materials used.

High cycle efficiency (95% or more)

Long life: It works for large number of cycle without wear and aging.Rapid charging: it takes a second to charge completely.Low cost: it is less expensive as compared to electrochemical battery.High power storage: It stores huge amount of energy in a small volume. Faster release: Release the energy much faster than battery.

ADVANTAGES:

APPLICATIONS :

Application requiring a short duration power boosts.

Capacitors are extensively used as power back-up for memory functions in wide range of consumer products such as mobile phones, laptops and radio tuners.

Use for energy storage for solar panels, and motor starters.

Super capacitors are also used to provide fast acting short term power back up for UPS applications.

CONCLUSION :

The super capacitors thus present a completely different technology from the batteries. Instead of storage of a faradic type, the storage of energy is capacitive: the number of cycles obtained could be very high. The technology used is lighter than for the batteries, but generally with similar processes on the principle (collectors, two electrodes...). However, the super capacitors did not make currently the great marketing strides expected; there stayed in small markets.

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