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Next Generation Mobile
Networks:
An industry perspective with a
focus on Cellular – V2X
technologies
Dr Ilaria Thibault
Principal Researcher
Vodafone Group R&D
Bologna
24th November 2017
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About myself
• PhD in Information and Communications Technologies from the University of Bologna, Italy, and
the Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona, Spain.
• Worked for Inmarsat in 2013
• Joined Vodafone Group R&D in November 2013
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A few words on Vodafone
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Vodafone Group – Technology, Enterprise & Commercial
Vodafone Group (CEO, CTO, CMO etc)
Group Technology Group Enterprise
Strategy, Innovation & Standards (inc. R&D)
• e.g. Cloud, MEC, analytics, architecture,
video/TV etc.
Group Enterprise Technology
• inc. IoT product development
Consumer Products & Services
Regional operational teams (engineering)
IoT inc. Automotive
Enterprise products
Total Comms
Connectivity products
Global Enterprise
26 Operating Companies (e.g. Vodafone UK, DE, ES, IN etc.)
Partner Markets (worldwide), Roaming partners
Consumer products
• Inc. comms, infotainment,
mCommerce, IoT
Unified Communications
Analytics & Big Data
Group Commercial
Vodafone Group Technology
Vodafone Group Chief Technology Officer
Technology
Africa, Middle-East,
Asia Pacific
Consumer Products
& Services
Enterprise Technology Architecture & Strategy
Operations & Delivery Technology Security
Technology/IT Strategy
Networks
Cloud Infrastructure
Data Analytics
Research & Development
Network Virtualisation
Video
Future
Technologies
Access
Standards
Network &
Internet
Standards
Innovation Lab Security, Spectrum
Auctions
Operating
Company CTOs
We create Vodafone’s technology
future and deliver innovations
customers love that work all the
time
R&D: Our Vision
R&D priorities 2017-2018
•Vodafone leadership in 5G
•Deliver the right industry standards to underpin RAN,
System and Core Network innovations
•Leadership in future M2M /IoT technology
•Innovation in future Transport/Internet/IT
technologies
•Deliver Spectrum auction, Security and EMF H&S
guidance
•Create differentiation through Innovation and
Intellectual Property (IP)
•Strengthen R&D Network Innovation Lab
R&D deliverables
Responsibility for 5G Strategy, Collaborative Research, and Communications
Trials of emerging and disruptive technologies and concepts
Participation and leadership in international standards
Advanced end-to-end lab to evaluate new technologies
Evolution of telecoms security and long term spectrum
R&D ecosystem
CARE: Customer centric
Inventive
Open minded
Flexible, fast and pragmatic
Subject matter experts
Multiple disciplines
Opinionated
New technology
innovations
Introduce
innovative new
suppliers
Right standards
delivered on
time
Architecture &
blueprints
Spectrum
auction expertiseRadar on
emerging
threats /
opportunities
Live pilots and trials
R&D Lab
Expert advice
Standards
Research
Security
IPR
Universities Industry
IPR strategy
Centres of Excellence
TLT / ExCo
Strategy
Group Commercial
Support Business
Opportunities
Technology Security
OpCos
Group Regulatory
VPC
Group Public Policy
Technology Academy
Group Legal
Group Finance
5G
R&D
• Radio coverage tools development & planning (Analogue, GSM, GPRS)
• 2.5G data (GPRS) – Vodafone R&D introduced transport layer & application layer solutions for
better operation of IP services over GPRS – including modelling, design & product testing
• 3.5G data (HSPA) – Vodafone R&D involved in the testing & deployment of HSPA to support
mobile broadband
• All-IP (IMS) – pioneering the deployment of IP-based services (voice, video, smart messaging)
through pilots and demonstrations
• Video optimisation – Vodafone R&D introduced first video optimisation for mobile video delivery,
continuing to support testing & development of traffic optimisation solutions
• Fixed-mobile convergence – security solutions, public trials (Mobile-WLAN Access Convergence)
R&D Programmes over the years
Today: 4G Advanced, 5G, NB-IoT/LPWA, MEC, C-V2X
Carrier aggregation
LTE-V
LTE on trains
NB-IoT
R&D adding value to Vodafone
Radio planning tools,
GSM SIM security
TCP/IP & content
optimisation over
mobile
Spectrum Auctions
IP Multimedia
Subsystem,
VoIP over mobile
HSPA trials
Traffic management (QoE)
Spectrum Auctions
Beyond 3G –RAN trials
Fixed-Mobile
Convergence
5G deployment policy,
C-V2X
spectrum policy
1985-1990s early 2000s late 2000s early 2010s Mid 2010s Today
R&D Innovation pipeline
MISSION
Find / create /
pioneer the
innovations which
allow us to deliver
on our Technology
Vision
Create differentiation through Innovation:
• Delivering new concepts into market operation
• Facilitating / nurturing the successful transition of innovation
projects between stages, particularly into local markets.
• Partnering with established suppliers, small companies and start-
ups across multiple themes
Note: Mainstream technologies fall outside this pipeline
Discovered/
In prospect
Lab trial/
Proof of Concept
Field Trial 1st commercial
deployment
Standard
deployment
Innovation Pipeline at a glance as of Sept 2015
• 516m mobile customers
• 40m IoT connections
• Largest international network
• 92% 4G coverage in Europe
•World’s #1 provider of M2M
Vodafone OperationsOctober 2017
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Our vision for 2020
CLOUD
Gigabit Vodafone
4G+/5G
Internetof Things
Fiberisation
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So, why 5G?
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Our service offerings
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65%5%
30%
Mobile
Fixed voice, broadband and TV
Financial services and other value added services
IoT
Total communications
Internet of Things (IoT)
Cloud and Hosting
Carrier Services
5 % Other
Split of
service
revenue
30 % Enterprise
65 % Consumer
76 % Mobile Service Revenue
24 % Fixed Service Revenue
516mMobile
Customers
17.9mFixed
Customers
13.8mTV Customers
3.8mConverged customers
Source: www.vodafone.com
Data consumption keeps increasing driven by…..
Device
Evolution
Service
Evolution
Customer
Evolution
•Higher speeds (Gbps+)
drive higher usage
•Ubiquitous mobile data
coverage still to come
Network
Evolution
•New/evolved services
(Everything in the Cloud)
•New commercial models
drive usage
•20-40% customers still
not using data today in
many markets
•New generations will be
“mobile native”
•New device types
•New flexible form factors
due to material evolution
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The challenge: Data revenues are not keeping pace with traffic!
Several orders of magnitude growth in data over the years but not in revenue
New network capabilities are needed to provide new services which will generate new revenue streams
* Source: Cisco Global Mobile Data Traffic Forecast; Yankee, Ovum Telecom, Analysis Mason (2013)
Historical Data and Revenue Growth
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5G is a flexible platform that enables new business opportunities
SMART
AGRICULTUREFLEET
MANAGEMENT
SMART
METER
LOGISTICS
TRACKING
TRAFFIC SAFETY
& CONTROL
INDUSTRIAL
APPLICATION &
CONTROL
REMOTE
TRAINING
REMOTE
MANUFACTURING REMOTE
SURGERY
SMARTPHONESHOME
NON-SIM
DEVICES
ENTERPRISE
VENUES
MOBILE/
WIRELESS/
FIXED
4K/8K UHD
BROADCASTING
VR/AR
LOW COST, LOW ENERGY
SMALL DATA VOLUMES
MASSIVE NUMBERS
ULTRA RELIABLE
VERY LOW LATENCY
VERY HIGH AVAILABILITY
Critical MTCMassive MTC
Enhanced mobile broadband
5G in a nutshell
21
5G will be characterised by a new air interface, access to larger spectrum bands and an
evolution of the EPC
New flexible radio supporting new use cases
Evolved MOBILE BROADBAND
(eMBB)
• Consistent user experience
NEW “VERTICALS”
• ESSENTIAL for NEW revenues
£ € $€ £
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The transition to the Gigabit Society embraces multiple components
4G Evolution (4G Evo)* New Radio (“5G NR”)
Architectural Evolution
• Co-exists with legacy 4G on same carrier
• Addresses new services across large areas
• Design unencumbered by legacy constraints
• Most demanding speed & delay requirements
• Covering Network Virtualisation, Software Defined Networking, Cloud-RAN, and Mobile Edge Computing
4G Evo and 5G “New Radio” are
complementary
(*) 4G Evo – 3GPP Release 13 and beyond, also known as “LTE Advanced Pro”
Capabilities 4G Evo 5G NR
Massive MIMO
Low Latency
Bandwidth >20MHz (carrier
aggregation)
4G legacy support
mmWave Spectrum
The path from 4G to 5G, moving forward as an industry
New radio
• Spec started 2008
• OFDMA and MIMO,
20MHz channels, TDD
and FDD
• Spec started 2010
• Carrier aggregation,
small cell support
• Spec started 2014
• Narrow Band IoT, Licence
Assisted Access,C-V2X,
4x4 MIMO
• Initial phase of standards
process for 5G has started
• Flexibility, large bandwidths,
massive MIMO, low latency
• Network evolution including
virtualisation, SDN, network
slicing, edge computing
LTE evolution
Commercial networks
2017 2018 2019 2020
Re-use 4G core for 5G
3GPP Rel 14
Non-standalone 5G Standalone 5G Full IMT-2000 requirements
NR / NGCN
4G Evolution
3GPP Rel 16 3GPP Rel 173GPP Rel 15
Network virtualisation & SDN
Edge computing
Network slicing
5G core
Narrow Band IoT
4G Carrier Aggregation & 4G Massive MIMO 5G radio & Massive MIMO
Low latency
Standards
Architecture
Radio
Up to 800 Mbps 1 Gbps >1 Gbps
10-20 ms <2 ms
Speed (peak)
Radio latency
3GPP timeline for 5G
5G standardised and
pre-commercial trials
4G Evo and pre-
standard 5G trials5G Technology ready for launch
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C-V2X eC-V2X
•Support of rapid growth in Mobile Broadband
•Enables new capabilities building on 4G foundations
•A clear roadmap towards delivery of 5G New Radio
• Industry alignment towards a single global standard, massive
economies of scale
A global 5G standard has key role to play in the gigabit society
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Early “5G” capabilities
>1M
Addresses immediate 5G use cases
Massive connection density
Power efficient, best coverage
Standards completed in June16
Deployments in 2017
Addresses immediate vehicle safety use cases
Builds on existing 4G framework
Offers a single family of technologies for ITS
(Intelligent Transportation System)
Standards completion March 2017
Cross industry initiatives gaining traction
Narrow Band IoT (NB-IoT) Cellular V2X
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V2X
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Vehicular communications.. What for?!
V2N
Vehicle
Diagnostics
C-V2X eC-V2X
M2M
Safety Cooperative
awareness
Out of
coverage
operation
Autonomous
vehicles
Remote
control
2G, 3G
3GPP C-V2X
Commercial offerings Recently standardised Research
Infotainment
Safety
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Autonomous Vehicles to AnythingCellular Vehicle to Anything
Vodafone Connected car services today
Vodafone IoT Vodafone Automotive
•Global M2M connectivity, GDSP platform, eCall
•Internet In The Car (IITC) to a WiFi hotspot
•Vodafone Automotive provides E2E services including
telematics, end user applications, devices
•Stolen Vehicle Tracking (SVT), Usage based Insurance
(UBI) and Fleet Management
car OEM
car OEM
Vodafone
Automotive
car OEM
car OEM
Vodafone
Internet
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Vehicle
So far the connected vehicle use cases focused on value added services
to vehicle owners
• Focus on value added services to owners of
connected car
• Proprietary solutions (based on industry
standards)
• Goal: Brand loyalty and Revenue generation
Automotive Service
Automotive Service Examples
• Vehicle diagnostic, support and maintenance
• Navigation and maps
• WiFi hotspots/Infotainment services
• Emergency services (eCall)
• Vehicle tracking/Stolen vehicle Recovery
• Fleet Management
• Usage based insurance
Vehicle OEM
Cloud OTT Cloud
MNO
Network
E.g. E.g. E.g.
2G/3G/4G
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Vodafone Internet of Things (inc Automotive) LoB
*At Year End 15/16
**At end of Q3 16/17
***At end of Q3 16/17
IoT Verticals:
• Automotive
• Utilities
• Healthcare
• Smart Home & Office
Example IoT products
• Point of Sale devices
• Connected vending cabinets
• In-car Internet
• Usage Based Insurance
• Bike tracker (GSM)
• Amazon e-readers
Vodafone IoT pioneered the ‘permanent roaming SIM’ model for M2M/IoT connections
• Simplifies billing process
• National roaming for improved coverage
Safety
Vehicles communicate with each other, and with other
elements of the transportation infrastructure system
Our vision: connected for safety, automated and shared
The digital future of transportation will transform the way we live and work
Automated
Vehicles become increasingly automated – from today’s
lane assistance and automatic parking systems, to
tomorrows fully autonomous vehicles
Shared
Vehicles are used on demand and insured accordingly.
Behaviour models change
›
›
›
4G/5G
Based on Cellular V2X
(C-V2X) and its
evolution to 5G
ConsumerEnterprise
Internet
4G/5G
V2V
V2P V2I
V2N
V2V
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Candidate technologies for vehicular communications
33
‘99 ‘04 ‘08 ‘10 ‘13 ‘14 ‘15 ‘16
IEEE WAVE
In US FCC allocates
75MHz at 5.9GHz for
V2X
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EC allocates 50MHz at
5.9GHz for ITS Europe
wide
ETSI ITS-G5 Rel.1
3GPP Rel14 C-V2X
3GPP starts
standardising C-V2X
Many years of standardisation efforts… but no
commercial solution yet for DSRC!
But.. WHY?!
WAVE: Wireless Access in Vehicular Environments DSRC: Dedicated Short Range Communications ITS: Intelligent Transport Systems
DSRC
Use cases for V2X
Safety-Related • Traffic Signal Violation Warning
• Stop Sign Violation Warning
• Left Turn Assistant
• Stop Sign Movement Assistance
• Intersection Collision Warning
• Blind Merge Warning
• Pedestrian Crossing Information at Designated
Intersections
• Approaching Emergency Vehicle Warning
• Emergency Vehicle Signal Pre-emption
• SOS Services
• Post-Crash Warning
• In-Vehicle Signage
• Curve Speed Warning
• Low Parking Structure Warning
• Wrong Way Driver Warning
• Low Bridge Warning
• Emergency electronic brake lights
• Safety function out of normal condition warning
• Emergency vehicle warning
• Slow vehicle warning
• Motorcycle warning
• Vulnerable road user Warning
• Wrong way driving warning
• Stationary vehicle warning
• Traffic condition warning
• Signal violation warning
• Roadwork warning
• Decentralized floating car
• Forward Collision Warning
• Control Loss Warning
• V2V Use case for emergency vehicle warning
• V2V Emergency Stop Use Case
• V2I Emergency Stop Use Case
• Queue Warning
• Road safety services
• Wrong way driving warning
• Pre-crash Sensing Warning
• V2X in areas outside network coverage
• V2X Road safety service via infrastructure
• Curve Speed Warning
• Warning to Pedestrian against Pedestrian Collision
• Vulnerable Road User (VRU) Safety
Traffic Management
• Cooperative Vehicle-Highway Automation System
(Platoon)
• Cooperative Adaptive Cruise Control
• Intelligent On-Ramp Metering
• Intelligent Traffic Flow Control
• Regulatory/contextual speed limits
• Traffic light optimal speed advisory
• Traffic information and recommended itinerary
• Enhanced route guidance and navigation
• Intersection management
• Co-operative flexible lane change
• Cooperative Adaptive Cruise Control
• V2I / V2N Traffic Flow Optimisation
• Automated Parking System
Infotainment
• Point of Interest Notification
• Instant Messaging
• Map Downloads and Updates
• GPS Correction
• Point of interest notification
• Automatic access control/parking access
• Local electronic commerce
• Car rental/sharing assignment/reporting
• Media downloading
• Map download and update
• Ecological/economical drive
• Instant messaging
• Personal data synchronization
• SOS service
• Stolen vehicle alert
• V2V message transfer under operator control
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RELIANT ON V2V DIRECT COMMS
RELIANT ON V2N
3GPP C-V2X Architecture IEEE WAVE Architecture
ConsumerEnterprise
Internet
4G/5G CN
V2VV2V
V2P V2I
Broadcast (1-2-many)
V2N
Point-to-Point (1-2-1)
ConsumerEnterprise
Internet
4G/5G CN
V2VV2V
V2PV2I
Broadcast (1-2-many)
V2N
Point-to-Point (1-2-1)
C-V2X
system
Cellular
system
V2RSU
IEEE WAVE
system
DSRC
Supporting
Network
External
system
Cellular V2X builds on the global success of 4G
European 4G Population Coverage
and Total Connections
Source: GSMA Intelligence, 16Q3
84% coverage, 15Q3
92% coverage, 16Q3 Extensive geographic coverage
Supporting many V2X services already ›
V2X uses most advanced technology features
V2V works with both “in-coverage” and “out-of-coverage”
Extends range by using optimised radio interface
Delivers superior performance relative to existing
technologies
Reuses best available service & application layers
›
V2X continues to evolve to address new use cases
Technology evolution roadmap for 5G to address e2e latency
of less than 5ms and 99% reliability
›
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679
454
Total
Total Connections vs
Unique Connections
(mln)
Unique
IEEE 802.11p has established the foundation for V2X. However, it has
been around for 10+ years and gained no commercial traction till today
<2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
FCC allocates 75MHz at 5.9GHz for V2X (1999)
EC allocates 50MHz at 5.9GHz for ITS
ETSI ITS-G5 Rel. 1
PHY/MAC based on 802.11p
IEEE 802.11p / WAVE
IEEE802.11p (known as DSRC or ITS-G5) Based in WiFi technology – 802.11p standard
Established security and upper layer specifications
Path to DSRC rulemaking in USA by NHTSA expected
to start in 2016
Large scale field trials completed over the last decade
Standard associated with the only ITS specific
frequency band (5.9GHz)
Requires high-density 802.11p infrastructure
Performance unproven in dense environment
No commercial model for infrastructure
No commercial devices on market after +10 years
NOTE: (1) NHTSA – National Highway Traffic Safety Administration
(2) DSRC – Dedicated Short Range Communications
2004
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Safety Related Traffic Management Infotainment
•Emergency electronic
brake lights
•Safety function out of
normal condition
warning
•Emergency vehicle
warning*
•Slow vehicle warning
•Motorcycle warning
•Vulnerable road user
Warning
•Wrong way driving
warning
•Stationary vehicle
warning
•Traffic condition warning
•Signal violation warning
•Roadwork warning
•Decentralized floating
car data
•Overtaking vehicle
warning
•Lane change assistance
•Pre-crash sensing
warning
•Co-operative glare
reduction
•Across traffic turn
collision risk warning
•Merging Traffic Turn
Collision Risk Warning
•Hazardous location
notification
• Intersection Collision
Warning
•Co-operative forward
collision warning
•Collision Risk Warning
from RSU
•Regulatory/conte
xtual speed limits
•Traffic light
optimal speed
advisory
•Traffic
information and
recommended
itinerary
•Enhanced route
guidance and
navigation
• Intersection
management
•Co-operative
flexible lane
change
•Limited access warning,
detour notification
• In-vehicle signage
•Electronic toll collect
•Co-operative adaptive
cruise control
•Co-operative vehicle-
highway automation
system (Platoon)
•Point of interest
notification
•Automatic access
control/parking
access
•Local electronic
commerce
•Car rental/sharing
assignment/reportin
g
•Media downloading
•Map download and
update
•Ecological/economic
al drive
• Instant messaging
•Personal data
synchronization
•SOS service
•Stolen vehicle alert
•Remote diagnosis and
just in time repair
notification
•Vehicle relation
management
•Vehicle data collect for
product life cycle
management
• Insurance and financial
Services
•Fleet management
•Vehicle software/data
provisioning and
update
•Loading zone
management
•Vehicle and RSU data
calibration
V2V services present new challenges (regardless of the technology)
Unicast Services
Multicast Services
Vehicle-to-vehicle services
Communication method :Multicast and Vehicle-to-Vehicle capabilities
are essential for future ITS safety services
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ETSI TR 102 698 V1.1.1 (2009-06
In order to roll-out V2V-type of services….
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Car OEMsMobile
network
operators
Road
operators
Smart phone
manufacturers
Application
developers
Stakeholder
alignment is
needed for the
roll-out of a
successful service
Security
framework
Spectrum
regulators
Government
policies and
rules
Chip
manufacturers
Connected Vehicle deployments driven by market opportunities but we
need to ensure the ecosystem can support the potential use cases
Intelligent Transport System (ITS)
Autonomous Driving
Connected Vehicle
Use Cases
Extended Coverage
Mobile Edge Computing
Security
eMBMS
Safety
Traffic Efficiency
Infotainment & Telemetric
5Yr Strategy
•Per market deployments driven by
Market Opportunities,
Regulatory Requirements,
Operating Model & Business
Case
•Drive adaption of 100% 4G support
in modems installed in new cars
•Promote technology neutrality in
5.9GHz ITS-G5 band to enable LTE
V2V deployment in this band
•Drive the adoption of VoLTE eCall in
time for 2G shutdown
V2N eMBMS
V2N (Unicast)
MEC/V2X Server
V2V
V2I
V2P
Potential Operating Models
National Tender
Single Operator
Mandate
All Operators1 12
3
Network Requirements
LTE-V
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Building the ecosystem
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• Projects,
• demonstrations,
• MWC
• Lead partner in automotive
trials
3GPP Specifications
ETSI / MEC
Joint founders of 5GAA
• Successfully shaped
harmonised standard
• 5G Innovation Centre
• Lead partner for MWC17
• Industry partnerships
Cross-industry collaboration is key for the success of a specific V2V technology
Automotives
df
RegulatoryStandards
/ industry
initiatives
InnovationEcosystem
Industry
Leadership
Ecosystem and standards
V2X in standards Trials
The Vehicle Manufacturers &
Suppliers
The consumer/ businesses & their journey experience
Local & National Highways
Authorities
CommsCompanies & Infrastructure
Providers
Stakeholders
Rel 13, &14
Rel-15
Cellular based
ITS G5 IEEE WAVE
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Policy and regulatory
CEN and CENELEC are business catalysts in Europe, removing trade
barriers for European industry and consumers. Their mission is to foster
the European economy in global trading, the welfare of European
citizens and the environment. Through their services they provide
platforms for the development of European Standards and other
technical specs.
The Radio Spectrum Policy Group
(RSPG) is a high-level advisory group
that assists the European Commission
in the development of radio spectrum
policy.
The national independent regulator
and competition authority for
communications industries.
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Connected and autonomous vehicles – key policy topics
B2B B2C
3G/4G
Internet
B2CB2B
V2VV2V
4G/5G
+ Broadband access
(In-car Wi-Fi hotspot)+ V2X communication
Now Evolution
V2N
V2P V2I
Evolving regulatory framework
• European Commission – Intelligent Transport Systems
strategy, covers topics including:
o Mandated introduction of systems in vehicles
o Geographical scope of regulatory obligation
o Models for industry collaboration
o Spectrum
o Access to in-vehicle data
o Privacy and Security
o Interoperability
• National consultations, covers topics including:
o Role of Central Government
o Public acceptance
o Review of regulation (e.g. liability)
o National autonomous vehicle trials
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• Government intervention to promote take-up of specified automotive applications is
warranted, as it is it is unlikely that the market will deliver a number of V2I or V2V applications, in
particular those that have broader societal benefits.
• Creation of an environment that promotes the sharing of open road infrastructure data, to ensure
that such public sector data is findable, accessible, interoperable and re-usable.
• Ensure publically owned fibre is utilised. The available fibre should be mapped and proactively
made available to providers looking to drive innovation in this area.
• Existing spectrum at 5.9GHz is made available for C-V2X services and relevant standards
developed in a technology neutral manner.
• As part of national test bed activity, involving relevant players in the supply chain, develop cyber
and security best practice and standards expertise for testing and certification of technologies.
• Connectivity providers need to be able to provide differentiated Quality of Service (QoS) for the
different types of V2V and V2I applications.
Vodafone’s automotive policy considerations
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Industry Initiatives
5G Automotive Association European Automotive Telecom Alliance (EATA)
To develop, test, and promote communications solutions, initiate their
standardisation, and accelerate their commercial availability and global market
penetration to address society’s connected mobility and road safety needs with
applications such as autonomous driving, ubiquitous access to services and
integration into smart city and intelligent transportation.
September 2016 September 2016
To promote the wider deployment of connected and automated driving
in Europe. The first concrete step is the advancement of a pre-
deployment project aimed at testing three major use-case categories:
automated driving, road safety, and digitalisation of transport and
logistics.
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• European Automotive and Telecommunications Alliance (EATA) (September 2016)
– To promote the wider deployment of connected and automated driving in Europe. Comprised of six leading sectorial
associations (ACEA, GSMA, CLEPA, ECTA, ETNO and GSA), as well as 37 companies, including telecom operators,
vendors, automobile manufacturers and suppliers for both cars and trucks.
– Managed by ERTICO, key deliverable is Pre-Deployment Project.
• 5GAutomotive Association (5GAA) (October 2016)
– To develop, test and promote communications solutions, initiate their standardization and accelerate their
commercial availability and global market penetration to address society’s connected mobility and road safety
needs with applications such as autonomous driving, ubiquitous access to services and integration into smart city
and intelligent transportation.
Vodafone’s membership of C-ITS related industry initiatives
5GAA members
as of February
2017
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• Founded in September 2016
• Board Members: Audi, BMW, Daimler, China Mobile, Vodafone, Ericsson, Huawei, Nokia, Intel, Qualcomm
• Mission statement:
– Develop, test, and promote communications solutions, initiate their standardisation and accelerate their commercial availability and
global market penetration to address society’s connected mobility and road safety needs with applications such as autonomous driving,
ubiquitous access to services and integration into smart city and intelligent transportation.
• Working Groups (WG):
1. Use cases & technical requirements
2. System architecture & solution development
3. Evaluations, testbeds, and pilots
4. Standards, spectrum, and regulatory aspects
5. Business models & go-to-market strategies
5G Automotive Association (5G AA)
End-to-end solutions for future mobility and transportation services
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The challenge
50
• To translate the requirements and
priorities of car manufacturers and
road operators into technical
requirements for the telecom
community and ultimately into
commercially viable technical
solutions.
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C-V2X Reference Architecture
Picture courtesy of Qualcomm
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Short-range V2V: who are the candidates?
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Candidate technologies for vehicular communications
53
‘99 ‘04 ‘08 ‘10 ‘13 ‘14 ‘15 ‘16
IEEE WAVE
In US FCC allocates
75MHz at 5.9GHz for
V2X
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EC allocates 50MHz at
5.9GHz for ITS Europe
wide
ETSI ITS-G5 Rel.1
3GPP Rel14 C-V2X
3GPP starts
standardising C-V2X
Many years of standardisation efforts… but no
commercial solution yet for DSRC!
But.. WHY?!
WAVE: Wireless Access in Vehicular Environments DSRC: Dedicated Short Range Communications ITS: Intelligent Transport Systems
DSRC
IEEE WAVE protocol stack(Wireless Access in Vehicular Environment)
54
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WAVE PHY
WAVE Lower MAC
WAVE Upper MAC
LLC
IPv6
TCP / UDP WSMP
(Wave Short
Message Protocol)
Security Service
Application (Safety/Non-Safety)
802.11p
1609.4
1609.3
1609.2
1609.1
Parameters 802.11p
Waveform OFDM
Channel bandwidth 10 MHz
Bit rate (Mbps) Min 3, Max 27
Modulation modes BPSK, QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM
QoS support 4 classes of QoS (Enhanced Distributed
Channel Access extension)
Media access technique CSMA/CA – no scanning, no association
(carrier-sense multiple access with collision
avoidance)
Security support No authentication prior to data exchange.
Packet are used for authentication by
certificate-based digital signatures
Max Tx Power 30 dBm (with 6 dBi additional antenna gain)
Range ∼ 100m
Native support of V2V, multi-hop, and geo-casting
ETSI ITS-G5 Rel. 1 Stack
55
• Access layer relies on
European variant of 802.11p.
• Geo-networking supported.
Release 2 expected to be completed in 2017, and it will include more advanced crash avoidance
features, communication improvements, and increased security and privacy.
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3GPP D2D Rel. 12: Proximity Services
56
E-UTRAN
4G
4G
MME
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HSS
S-GW P-GW
Core
D2D Feature Public Safety
Use Case
Commercial
Use Case
Discovery Yes (only for in
coverage, but
not needed for
communication)
Yes
(in coverage)
1:1
Communication
Yes (in & out of
coverage)
No
1:Many
Communication
Yes (in & out of
coverage)
No
Resource allocation:
• eNB scheduled
• Autonomously by UEs from pre-configured
resource pool
Enhancements in Rel. 14
address vehicular scenarios
3GPP C-V2X Rel. 14 as an enhancement of D2D Rel. 12
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57
PHY
MAC
RLC
PDCPD2D
protocol
PNon-IP
3GPP scope
IEEE / ISO Security Services
IPv6
UPD/TCPIEEE / ISO /
ETSI Transport
Message sublayer
Applications: Safety and non-safety
Reuses established service and application layers
Already defined by the automotive community,
e.g., SAE
Reuses existing security and transport layers
Defined by ISO, ETSI, and IEEE 1609 family
Enhancements to Rel. 12 LTE D2D PHY/MAC
To address latency-critical, reliable V2X
communications
Based on SC-FDMA PHY
Other
standards
3GPP C-V2X defines two complementary transmission modes
• PC5 Interface / Direct communications • Uu interface
58
Builds on LTE D2D Rel 12 design with enhancements for
high speeds / high Doppler, high density, improved
synchronization and low latency.
Range ~ 100s of meters.
Operates both in-and out-of-coverage
Periodic broadcast messaging
Latency-sensitive use cases, e.g. V2V safety
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Wide area network communications
Leverages existing LTE networks
More latency-tolerant use cases (V2N)
C-V2X is designed for both in-coverage and out-of-coverage
V2V out of coverage Distributed Scheduling
Common V2V frequency
V2V
(PC5)GNSS timing
Common frequency
V2I (PC5)
eMBMS
V2V in-coverage eNB scheduling
V2N (Uu)
V2V
(PC5)
Road Side Unit (RSU)
V2X Server
V2P (PC5)
59C1: Public
Direct communication and control over PC5 interface
Semi-persistent transmission and re-selection
Prone to persistent collisions
Direct communication over PC5 interface
Control over Uu interface
Resources assigned by eNB, collision free within a cell
Semi-Persistent Scheduling
C-V2X supports many V2X scenarios and performs better than IEEE 802.11p
V2V specification
3GPP Rel 14
V2X specification
2016 2017
LTE-V
IEEE802.11p / WAVE
Pre commercial trials
Note: (1) Cooperative Awareness Message
170
45
375
90
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
Highway 140km/h Urban dense 15km/h
802.11p LTE V2V
Co
vera
ge
Ra
ng
e (
m)
802.11p vs C-V2X
Estimated CAM 1message Coverage Range @ 90% reliability
10 messages/s 2 messages/s
(6GHz, BW 10MHz, Tx power 23dBm, Antenna gain 3dB)
Ref: Ericsson [Ricardo Blasco, Hieu Do, Serveh Shalmashi, Stefano Sorrentino, Yunpeng Zang, “3GPP LTE Enhancements for V2V and Comparison to IEEE 802.11p”, EU ITS Congress 2016 ]
120%
100%
60C1: Public
<2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
FCC allocates 75MHz at 5.9GHz for V2X (1999)
EC allocates 50MHz at 5.9GHz for ITS
ETSI ITS-G5 Rel. 1
PHY/MAC based on 802.11p
IEEE 802.11p / WAVE
2004
IEEE 802.11p: Poor scalability
61
• Packet: 300 Bytes
• Beacon Periodicity: 10Hz
• The packet is considered delivered
successfully if it is received within the
beacon period.
Source: A. Vinel, "3GPP LTE Versus IEEE 802.11p/WAVE: Which Technology is Able to Support Cooperative Vehicular Safety Applications?," IEEE Wireless Communications Letters, vol. 1,
no. 2, pp. 125 - 128 , Apr. 2012 .
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IEEE 802.11p: Poor range
62
Source: X. Wu, S. Subramanian, R. Guha, R. G. White, J. Li, K. W. Lu, A. Bucceri and T. Zhang, "Vehicular Communications using DSRC: Challenges, Enhancements and Evolution," IEEE Journal on Selected
Areas in Communications, vol. 31, no. 9, pp. 399 - 408 , July 2013 .
• Packet: 300 Bytes
• Beacon Periodicity: 10Hz
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IEEE 802.11p: Risk of unbounded packet delays
63
Sources: Z. Hameed Mir and F. Filali, “LTE and IEEE 802.11p for vehicular networking: a performance evaluation,” EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking, vol. 2014, no. 89, p. 1–15, May ‘14.
W Sun et Al, “Analytical Study of the IEEE 802.11p EDCA mechanism”, IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium, ‘13.
• 5 × 5 Manhattan grid
• Roads spaced 400 m
• Communication range: 250m
• Packet: 256 Bytes
End-to-End Delay vs. Beacon
Transmission Frequency
Packet Delivery Ratio vs. Beacon
Transmission Frequency
Although studies also show that EDCA helps in containing delays for safety-critical packets
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The importance of setting requirements
• Among the requirements for safety-
related applications, we have:
– 100ms End-to-End Latency
– 10Hz Beacon Periodicity
64
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But… what do these requirements really mean?
• Maximum time a packet is in use by an application.
• It translates into a V2V error for safety-applications.
• It is a trade-off between beacon periodicity and E2E packet
latency :
– Data Freshness = Latency + 1/(Beacon Periodicity)
Data freshness for periodic awareness beacons
To achieve a given data freshness:
If latency
Beacon periodicity has to 65
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Impact on safety distance of data freshness
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D
Speed = 130 Km/h
Cooperative Awareness Messages of 100
Bytes.
Safety distance D
Impact on safety distance of data freshness
C1: Public 67
D
Speed = 130 Km/h
Cooperative Awareness Messages of 100
Bytes.
Safety distance D
Braking
Distance [m]
GPS Error [m] Data Freshness
(DF) [ms]
V2V Error (DF
x speed) [m]
Safety Distance
[m]
Resource
utilisation*
[Kbps]
93 5 100 3.6 101.6 8
*Assuming zero latency
Impact on safety distance of data freshness
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D
Speed = 130 Km/h
Cooperative Awareness Messages of 100
Bytes.
Safety distance D
Braking
Distance [m]
GPS Error [m] Data Freshness
(DF) [ms]
V2V Error (DF
x speed) [m]
Safety Distance
[m]
Resource
utilisation*
[Kbps]
93 5 100 3.6 101.6 8
93 5 10 0.36 98.4 80
*Assuming zero latency
Impact on safety distance of data freshness
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D
Speed = 130 Km/h
Cooperative Awareness Messages of 100
Bytes.
Safety distance D
Braking
Distance [m]
GPS Error [m] Data Freshness
(DF) [ms]
V2V Error (DF
x speed) [m]
Safety Distance
[m]
Resource
utilisation*
[Kbps]
93 5 100 3.6 101.6 8
93 5 10 0.36 98.4 80
93 5 1 0.036 98 800
*Assuming zero latency
Impact on safety distance of data freshness
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D
Decreasing the data freshness has little impact on the safety distance,
but HUGE impact on RESOURCE UTILISATION.
Speed = 130 Km/h
Cooperative Awareness Messages of 100
Bytes.
Safety distance D
Braking
Distance [m]
GPS Error [m] Data Freshness
(DF) [ms]
V2V Error (DF
x speed) [m]
Safety Distance
[m]
Resource
utilisation*
[Kbps]
93 5 100 3.6 101.6 8
93 5 10 0.36 98.4 80
93 5 1 0.036 98 800
*Assuming zero latency
Some food for thought…
• Requirements should be
aligned with vehicle
capabilities and
limitations.
• Need for close
collaboration with car
OEMs.
• Mobile networks should not be over-engineered to
meet unreasonable
targets.
• All vehicle capabilities
should be leveraged.
71
Network design V2X requirementsCommercial
viability
• Investments are only
justified by commercially
viable solutions.
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BASE algorithm for efficient resource utilisation in V2V safety use casesBeaconing Adaptation for Safety Enhancement
72
Car A Car BCar A Car B
Dmin
Is D>Dmin ?
BP=BPmax
BP can be
reduced
NO
YES
D
63% less traffic!
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Priority use cases have been agreed by stakeholders
Priority (day 1) Services Communication
requirement
Category
Emergency braking V2V Safety
Emergency vehicle
approachingV2V Safety
Slow or stationary vehicle V2V Safety
Traffic jam ahead V2V Safety
Hazardous location
notificationV2I Motorway
Road works warning V2I Motorway
Weather conditions V2I Motorway
In-vehicle signage V2I Motorway
In-vehicle speed limits V2I Motorway
Probe vehicle data V2I Motorway
Shockwave damping V2I Motorway
Time to Green V2I Urban
Intersection safety V2I Urban
Signal priority request V2I Urban
source: C-ITS Platform (2016) Final Report, p26
• Essential services prioritised by a cross-industry
panel, C-ITS, on behalf of European Commission
(from Nov14-Dec15)
• Vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) requirements are not
onerous for day 1 requirements (messages are
infrequent and low volume) and can be served by
LTE-V
• There is no requirement for latency that is unable
to be met by todays 4G network architecture
• Remaining (V2I) messages are able to be served
with existing cellular infrastructure, probably with
Multicast support
C1: Public
Secondary use cases have also been identified
Secondary Services Communication
requirement
Category
Collision risk avoidance V2V Safety
Motorcycle approaching V2V Safety
Off street parking info V2I Parking
On street parking info V2I Parking
Park & Ride Automation V2I Parking
Fuelling & Charging stations V2I Smart routing
Traffic info and smart routing V2I Smart routing
Zone access control V2I Smart routing
Loading zone management V2I Freight
Vulnerable road user V2I Safety
Wrong way driving V2I Safety
source: C-ITS Platform (2016) Final Report, p26;
source: C-ITS Platform WG1 Annex 1 (2016) category description
• Collision risk avoidance – main purpose is to
support traffic at intersections, eg. notification of
change of direction associated to
joining/departing a road.
• Most demanding V2V collision avoidance
requirements with lowest latency (for
autonomous driving) may be best covered by on-
board sensors.
• Remaining (V2I) messages are able to be served
with existing cellular infrastructure, probably
with Multicast support.
• NOTE: Platooning is not a C-ITS Platform use
case/service.C1: Public
The majority of the V2X communications requirements can be
supported by existing 4G capabilities
Capability Solution Strengths Challenges
V2N Unicast
LTE/5G or
LTE with
MEC
Available now (without Rel 14 enhancements)
Wide area deployment
Geo messaging /services
MEC reduces latency & hosts local content
100% geographical coverage
Support for ultra low latency use cases
(without MEC)
MEC standards immature
V2N
Multicast/Broadcast
LTE/5G
eMBMS
Technology exists
Group messaging
Rel’ 14 SC-PTM doesn’t require network sync
100% geographical coverage
Network upgrade cost
V2V/V2I/V2P -
network based
unicast
LTE/5G
Available now (without Rel 14 enhancements)
Wide area deployment
100% geographical coverage
Support for ultra low latency use cases
Use of licensed MBB spectrum
LTE/5G with
MEC
Reduces network latency
Host localised content / applications
MEC standards immature
Network investment
Use of licensed MBB spectrum
V2V/V2I/V2P direct LTE/5G V2X
No macro coverage req.
Low latency
Potential use of ITS5.9GHz spectrum
Standards immature (Rel 14)
Technologies (i.e. LTE-V & DSRC) will
interfere when used in the same band
75C1: Public
• Information sharing for limited/full
automated driving
• High density platooning
• Video data sharing for assisted and
improved automated driving
• Pre-processing for high accurate
digital maps
• Automated cooperative driving
• Cooperative collision avoidance
• Collective perception of environment
(e.g. bird’s eye view, see-through
driving)
• Emergency Trajectory re-planning
/alignment
• Remote driving
New connected vehicle use cases addressing assisted & automated
driving are emerging
Assisted Driving Automated Driving
Traffic Safety & Efficiency
76C1: Public
• Forward collision warning
• Control loss warning
• Road works/hazard warning
• Emergency vehicle warning
• Queue warning
• Cooperative adaptive cruise
control
• Wrong way driving warning
• Emergency stop
• Parking information
• Digital road sign
• Warning to pedestrian
• Vulnerable road user safety
• In-vehicle speed limits
• E-tolling
• Pre-crash sensing warning
NOTE: (1) Pre-crash Sensing Warning require 20ms
< 100ms
E2E latency
req.
< 5ms
< 10ms
E2E
latency
req.
< 100ms
< 20ms
However, our network can support subset of new connected vehicle
V2N use cases, enabled by 4G and 4G Evolution capabilities from 2018
77C1: Public
Capacity & Speed Coverage
4G carriers will be deployed to meet
capacity demand with evolving speed
targets (i.e. 90% of DL Data samples
>5Mbps from 2018)
3
5 5
8 8 8
0
2
4
6
8
2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
4G Coverage will be completed in
leading markets by 2020 ensuring
best customer experience
Network Speed Targets (Mbps)
Population coverage – 1 Mbps
Outdoor (EU)
Low Latency
Target deployment of low latency
solutions across network on low
band coverage layer from 2018 to
reduce the Radio Latency by ~80%
Carrier Aggregation (CA)
Radio Evolution Features
MIMODL 256QAM Rx Diversity Inter-eNB CA / Dual Connectivity
Interference Cancellation Coordinated Scheduling
Instant UL Access
Shorter TTI
UL 64QAM
87%
90%
95%
98%99%
80%
85%
90%
95%
100%
2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
Unlike present connected vehicles that use only vehicle to network
communication, new use cases require vehicle-to-everything (V2X)
Vehicle OEM
Today
ITS
e.g. Road Operator
MNO MNO MNO
Future (V2X)
V2N V2V V2P
MNO
V2V (via
network)
V2V
(direct)
V2P (via
network)
V2P
(direct)
V2I (via
network)
V2I
V2I
(direct)
RSU
Backhaul
(optional)
NOTE: (1) ITS – Intelligent Transport System (2) RSU – Road Side Unit78C1: Public
V2N
MNO
ITS
e.g. Road Operator
Vehicle OEM
Vehicle-to-Network Vehicle-to-Vehicle Vehicle-to-Pedestrian Vehicle-to-InfrastructureVehicle-to-Network
Latency reduction can also be achieved by architectural evolution such
as Optimised Technology Centres and MEC
79C1: Public
Optimised Technology Centres
e.g. Automotive
OEM Cloud
IP Ethernet
Network
Central Cloud
Distributed Cloud
MEC
MEC
2
31
4
Mobile Edge Computing
eNB TC
• EPC
• Services
• Content
e.g. 20ms “rest of network”
Today
eNB Local TC
(National)
~5ms ~10ms
Target TC Hierarchy & Latency
Remote Edge
(e.g. PoC)
Future: Network ‘Cloudified’
1. Application traffic termination on MEC platform (client / server)
2. Passing traffic through to telecoms core network (can inspect, modify,
change at edge cloud)
3. Passing traffic from edge cloud directly to enterprise cloud
4. Local routing of traffic between cellular end points
Mobile Edge Computing Application Flows
New connected vehicle use cases may benefit many market segments.
However, operating models and business cases are not developed at present
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Automotive Services Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS)
Beneficiary Business Consumer Public Authority Society at Large Business
Benefits (e.g.)Value added
services
Road
services &
Information
Efficient road use,
charging & traffic
management
Improved road safety,
Enhanced mobility &
Reduced congestion
Autonomous vehicle, Efficiency (e.g.
platooning)
Communication V2N V2N, V2V, V2I V2N, V2V
Key
Requirement1Highway/in-road coverage
Highway/in-road coverage, E2E Latency, Support across multiple OEM vehicle,
Multicast/Broadcast
TechnologyExisting ‘Connected Car’
capabilities + MBB evolution
Existing ‘Connected Car’ capabilities +
MBB evolution + eMBMS + LTE-V + MEC
Business Model ExistNew business
opportunity
Monetisation
challengingNew business opportunity
Key Challenge Secure new vehicle OEMs
•Government/regulatory intervention at
regional & national level to align rollout
•Network upgrade cost
•Dedicated solutions & vehicles
designed to common specification
•Establish MNO role
NOTE: (1) In addition to population coverage and additional capacity need
An example: A case study on highway
high-density truck platooning
Based on a joint research project by Vodafone,
Nokia, and Poznan University
(results currently under review for publication)81C1: Public
• Founded in September 2016
• Board Members: Audi, BMW, Daimler, China Mobile, Vodafone, Ericsson, Huawei, Nokia, Intel, Qualcomm
• Mission statement:
– Develop, test, and promote communications solutions, initiate their standardisation and accelerate their commercial availability and
global market penetration to address society’s connected mobility and road safety needs with applications such as autonomous driving,
ubiquitous access to services and integration into smart city and intelligent transportation.
• Working Groups (WG):
1. Use cases & technical requirements
2. System architecture & solution development
3. Evaluations, testbeds, and pilots
4. Standards, spectrum, and regulatory aspects
5. Business models & go-to-market strategies
5G Automotive Association (5G AA)
End-to-end solutions for future mobility and transportation services
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The challenge
83
• To translate the requirements and
priorities of car manufacturers and
road operators into technical
requirements for the telecom
community and ultimately into
commercially viable technical
solutions.
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C-V2X Reference Architecture
Picture courtesy of Qualcomm
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Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) uses cases and the transition to
autonomous driving requires V2X communication
Cross-industry panel, C-ITS identified primary (16) use cases on behalf
of European Commission (Dec. 2015)
Safety
Emergency breaking
Slow/stationary vehicle
Traffic jam ahead
Motorway Urban
Road works warnings
Weather conditions
In-vehicle Speed limits
Intersection safety
Time to Green
Wrong way driving
Intelligent Transport System
Type of Communication Requirement
Vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V)
Infotainment &
Telemetric
Map/media download,
InCar WiFi, Point of
interest, Vehicle
diagnostics, Support &
maintenance
Autonomous Driving
Safety & Traffic Management
Vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I)
Vehicle-to-Network (V2N)
Vehicle-to-Network
(V2N)
Combination of ultrasonic sensors , trifocal
visual cameras and radars are used in current
autonomous vehicles
• Autonomous vehicles are being developed
without MNO support
• V2X communication expect to have a role in
addressing requirements not addressed
already
V2V, V2I & V2N
85C1: Public
Communication is only a small part of a complex system
• Autonomous vehicles are being
developed without MNO support
• Automotive companies view
cellular (V2V) as “just a better long-
range sensor”
• The most challenging
requirements on latency can be
handled with local sensing and
compute on the vehicle
• For the MNO to have a role it must
address those requirements not
already addressed and do so at a
low marginal cost
Example configuration based on Tesla (Jan2016)
– 16 x ultrasonic sensors with 3600 vision
– 1x front facing trifocal visual camera
– 4 x visual cameras around the vehicle
– 1x front facing radar
Source: Texas Instruments
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Future looking use cases: Platooning or “Road Train”
• Following truck has reduced air drag of 50%
• Incremental fuel savings of about 6%
• Approximately €1800/year/truck savings
• Assumes vehicles have similar braking capacity,
sensor platform, system redundancy, and v2v
communications for emergency braking
• Licenced lead vehicle driver required
source: SARTRE Project (2012) Final Report
Description and Rationale
Commercial Aspects
• Communications required for handling
subscriptions, localising road-train, apportioning
costs and benefits
• Benefits must accrue for lead vehicle, following
vehicle, manufacturers, and service providers
• Monthly subscription and PAYG model have been
proposed
• Single haulier approach avoids administration and
simplest route to early marketC1: Public
88
Platooning as an emerging C-V2X use case
When vehicles autonomously follow one another, they become a platoon.
This brings lower fuel (or battery) consumption, higher road capacity, better driver comfort.
0 1 1 0 0
1 0 1 1 0
1 1 1 1 0
Cooperative Adaptive Cruise Control is the main enabler for high-density platooning.
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From automotive KPIs to radio KPIs
89
Automotive KPI Communications
KPIs
In-car technology Enabling wireless
technologies
IEEE 802.11p
3GPP C-V2X
Latency and reception
rate
Cooperative Adaptive
Cruise Control:
in-vehicle sensors
+
wireless
communications
Inter-vehicle
distance
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Service-level performance with different radio technologies
90
3GPP C-V2X Mode 4
3GPP C-V2X Mode 3
IEEE 802.11p
d
3 x d
13 x d
10-truck platoon, trucks use CACC, 4-lane highway, 20 cars/lane generating
interfering traffic around the platoonC1: Public
91
• The choice of the solution depends on many factors:
– Service-level automotive requirements,
– Business case / commercial constraints,
– Regulatory aspects (e.g., min braking distance),
– Network performance
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Technical analysis is only the first step in identifying the optimal technology and 5GAA
has the tools and expertise to carry out a broader analysis that explores all the above
dimensions
Trials, testbeds, and demonstrations
C1: Public 92
V2X demo with JLR and Huawei – Summer 2015
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• On-going collaboration with JLR and
Huawei to study the role of LTE for safety-
related vehicular communication.
• A test network was set up in Gaydon
during the summer to test pre-standard
LTE V2X technology for safety-critical
applications (Emergency Electronic Brake
Lights).
• In the next phase a more robust test
network will be deployed within the scope
of UK CITE, and new test cases will be
considered (e.g., platooning, etc..).93
• The project is trialling
– Mixed road types & speeds up to 70mph in Coventry – Birmingham area
– Functionality, Safety and Convenience
- Both ITS G5 802.11p and LTE V
- Wi-Fi services on the move
– Road network efficiency and modelling
– Multipath broadcasting using multiple communications methods
– Whole journey experience - Interlink between the urban and Strategic
Road Network
• Test site access
– Access for vehicle manufactures and technology companies once
operational
The Vehicle Manufacturers
& Suppliers
The consumer/
businesses & their journey experience
Local & National Highways
Authorities
Comms Companies & Infrastructure
Providers
Stakeholders
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A45
A46
M40
M40
M42
A4114
Solihull Coventry
J3A
A46
M42
A4053
Royal
Leamington Spa
JLR (Gaydon)
Vodafone Group R&D UK CITE Test Route - Road and Track
• Five different road types
1. Smart Motorway (M42)
2. Motorway (M40)
3. Expressway(A46)
4. A-road (A45)
5. Urban (A4114/A4035)
• Mixture of technologies
1. DSRC V2V (802.11p)
2. Cellular V2V (LTE-V)
3. Cellular LTE-MEC
4. Cellular & DSRC V2I
5. Cellular V2N
• 1st June 2016 – 31st December 2018
DSRC only sites
No V2X sites
LTE-V only site
Existing LTE (M42 coverage
indicated only)
Coleshill
(M42 LTE-MEC)
Coventry CC
(A4114/A4035 LTE-MEC)
HORIBA
MIRA
Co-sited DSRC and LTE-V
LTE-MEC
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Stakeholders in UK CITE Consortium
The Vehicle
Manufacturers &
Suppliers
The consumer/
businesses and their
journey experience
Local and National
Highways
Authorities
Communications
Companies and
Infrastructure
Providers
Stakeholders
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Barcelona-Catalunya Circuit: MWC 2017
Test Area
Location relative
to MWC
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Site Photos (source: Huawei)Index
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Proposed Use Cases
• Collision Warning
• Emergency Braking
• Intersection warnings
• Speed advisory approaching
traffic lights
Safety Related (V2V)
• Lane Changing Assistance
Driver Assistance (V2V)
Traffic Flow Optimisation (V2I)
• Enhanced driver visibility
“See Through Visibility”
(Edge Compute)
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Vodafone Germany C-V2X testbeds
• We are supporting Cellular V2X
testbeds in Germany:
– Vodafone and Bosch are testing
C-V2X technology on the public
A9 road.
– Uses the ITS 5.9GHz frequency
band.
– Fast and direct V2V
communication is being used to
optimise traffic flow and reduce
accidents.
– Together with the overarching
mobile network, it provides the
basis for fully networked road
traffic (i.e. V2X) in the future.
Additional Cellular
V2X testbed being
discussed in The
Netherlands and
Spain
A9 Autobahn C-V2X test bed
C1: Public
BMBF Project “NetMobil” – within 5G Tactile Internet programme
• Research Consortium to develop new Car2X technology beyond state-of-
the art (4G+/5G), Platooning (+1000 cars) , City crossing
• Lead by TU Dresden / Bosch , with VW, BMW, Claas, Nokia, Ericsson.
• Start 03/2017
AP1 – Requirement Definition
AP2 – System concept and –architecture
AP3 – Tactile Radio Interface
AP4 – Agile Edge Computing
AP5 – Flexible Network Configuration
AP6 – Evaluation & Validation / Proof-of-Concept
AP7 – Project Management und LiaisonsC1: Public
Challenges ahead
C1: Public 102
Network Evolution plan
103C1: Public
Step 3Step 2 Step 1
• LTE-V (optional) unicast capability to
deliver subset of V2N based use
cases
• Deployment of ‘geo-service’
capability using unicast to deliver
messages based on geo information
(e.g. service area, area of relevance,
etc.)
• LTE-V direct V2X operate in ITS
spectrum (5.9GHz), in ‘Out-of-
coverage’ mode for safety use cases
• Benefits from ongoing E2E latency
optimisation in radio, transport and
core
• Depending on the use case take up
and traffic volume, evolve from
unicast based delivery to more
efficient eMBMS based V2N
• Depending on the ITS regulatory
requirements, operating model and
business case, rollout of ‘In-coverage’
mode LTE-V direct V2X
• As per demand, deploy MEC to
deliver ‘ultra low latency’ use cases
• Further reduction in the radio latency
via shorter TTI etc. enable new use
cases
• Support ultra low latency
use cases reliably over 5G
• V2X network slice
• Highways and country
roads coverage
Under Development
3GPP use cases & latency req. for V2X /eV2X communications services
Type Safety Use CasesTraffic
Efficiency UC
V2V Forward Collision Warning, Control
Loss Warning, Emergency vehicle
warning, Emergency Stop Use Case,
Queue Warning, Wrong way driving
warning, Pre-crash Sensing Warning
Cooperative
Adaptive
Cruise Control
V2I Emergency Stop Use Case Automated
Parking
System
V2P Warning to Pedestrian, Vulnerable
Road User (VRU) Safety
V2N Traffic Flow
Optimisation
V2X - LTE Rel. 14
Maximum latency: 100ms (20ms1)
Maximum message frequency: 10 msg/s
eV2X – 5G
NOTE: (1) 20ms latency comes from Pre-crash Sensing Warning
Use Cases Latency
Remote Driving, Collective Perception of
Environment, Emergency Trajectory
Alignment
≤ 5 ms
Vehicle Platooning, Automotive: Sensor
and State Map Sharing, Automated
Cooperative Driving, Cooperative
Collision Avoidance (CoCA) of connected
automated vehicles, Video data sharing
for assisted and improved automated
Driving
≤ 10 ms
Information sharing for limited/full
automated platooning, Teleoperated
Support
≤ 20 ms
Information sharing for limited/full
automated driving ≤100 ms
V2V V2I
V2P V2N
104C1: Public
• Designing for super low latency and reliable networks
• Cost Effective Coverage & Capacity
• Breakthroughs in new human interface interfaces – e.g. Total Recall!
• Quantum Computing – e.g. security, virtualisation,
• Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning
• Massive Commoditisation – what are the implications?
• Energy Consumption
Research challenges and opportunities
C1: Public
106
NGMN Task Force on 5G Extreme Requirements
Scope of the 5G Extreme Requirements TF
To answer the following questions:
– To which extent can the 5G extreme services be delivered on existing
deployments?
– What modifications, if any, are required in the radio access network and
from an E2E perspective to deliver the 5G extreme services?
107
5G Work Programme - Overview
108
Eco-system
Building and
Interaction
Evaluation
of Trials, Tests,
and Proof of
Concepts
Guidance to
SDOs and the
Wider Industry
Spectrum
V2X
IPR Forum
BASTA
E2E Architecture:
− Framework and Principles
− Service-based Architecture
− RAN Functional Split
− Management & Operations
Security Competence Team
Extreme Requirements
Trial & Testing
− Tech. Building Blocks
− Proof of Concept
− Interworking
− Pre-commercial NWs
Overview Workstreams and -leads
Plus: “3GPP Reporting” on SA,
CT, and RAN done by
Structure of the work
Overall lead: Vodafone
Phase 1: Operators’ view on fundamental trade-offs (Vodafone-
led)
Phase 2: Network deployment for extreme services
– Phase 2.1: Radio Access Network deployment models (Ericsson-led)
– Phase 2.2: End-to-end considerations
– (Huawei-led)
109
Time line and milestones
110
2017 2018
May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar
Kick offD1: Fundamental trade-offs
D2.1: RAN deployment models
D2.2: E2E considerations
White paper
D1 delivered and publicly
available very soon!
Phase 1: Results
111
What are the effects of making radio requirements extreme?
112
Methodology
Baseline: IMT-Advanced radio technology in an
urban macro environment.
Use-case agnostic analysis.
Question: Can a packet of a given size be
delivered in the UL with given latency and
reliability constraints?
Objective: to identify the capabilities of today’s
deployments and measures that need to be
adopted to address extreme requirements.
113
3GPP TR 36.912
Quantifying the impact of extreme requirements on the coverage area
114Assumption: 40 Bytes of TCP/IP overhead.
Conclusion
Delivering extreme services on existing deployments is challenging. New
deployment strategies will be required
UL coverage availability can be boosted with higher diversity orders, larger
bandwidth, or site densification
Light protocol stacks might be needed for the delivery of small packets with low
latency and high reliability
This analysis will be extended in Phase 2 with system-level simulations
115