Next Generation Streaming Video

Jeff TapperDigital Primates

@jefftapper

Who am I?

• Senior Consultant at Digital Primates– Building next generation client applications

• Built video applications for many of the most watched live broadcasts

• Developing Internet applications for 17 years• Author of 12 books on Internet technologies

Who are you?

?

Agenda

• Video and the Internet today• Understanding HTTP Streaming• What are the Streaming options without a

plugin?• What is DASH• What is DASH-264• Making it work in a browser• Questions

Online video Options

• Progressive Download• Real Time Protocols (RTP, RTMP, RTSP, etc)• HTTP Streaming (HDS, HLS, Smooth

Streaming, etc)

The challenge

• Most agree that HTTP Streaming is the most efficient choice

• Different devices support different streaming protocols

• No one standard is currently supported ubiquitously

• Results in media being served in several different formats to support the broadest range of devices

What do browsers support?

• Unfortunately, Progressive Download is the only ubiquitously supported option

• Different Browsers support different video codec’s– H.264– webM– VP8– Etc.

• Safari (iOs and MacOS only) natively supports HLS• MediaSource Extensions in Chrome and IE11

MediaSource Extensions (MSE)

• MSE allow for pieces (segments) of media to be handed to the HTML5 video tag’s buffer directly.

• This enables HTTP Streaming in HTML• Not universally supported, yet.• Currently (as of 11/4) an Editors Draft of the

HTML Working Group

What is MPEG-DASH

DASH – Dynamic Adaptive Streaming via HTTP International open standard, developed and

published by ISO Addresses both simple and advanced use cases Enables highest-quality multiscreen distribution

and efficient dynamic adaptive switching Enables reuse of existing content, devices and

infrastructure Attempts to unify to a single standard for HTTP

Streaming

DASH and codecs

• The DASH specification is codec agnostic• Any existing or future codec can work with

DASH• DASH manifest describes which codec is used• Allows ability for a single manifest to describe

several different versions in different codecs

DASH264

• H.264 is dominant format today• Many vendors and service providers are

committed to supporting/enabling DASH264• Provides support for today’s requirements

such as DRM• H.264 is backed by rigorous testing and

conformance

DASH Industry Forum

• Addressing the dramatic growth of broadband video by recommending a universal delivery format that provides end users with the best possible media experience by dynamically adapting to changing network conditions.

DASH Industry Forum

• Objectives: – promote and catalyze market adoption of MPEG-DASH – publish interoperability and deployment guidelines– facilitate interoperability tests – collaborate with standard bodies and industry consortia

in aligning ongoing DASH standards development and the use of common profiles across industry organizations

• Over 65 members• Visit http://dashif.org for more information• Released the DASH/264 standard

Building a DASH player

• We have built DASH players for several different platforms– Flash– Android– HTML5/JavaScript (dash.js)

• DASH.js is available as an open source project (bsd3) on github

• DASH.js is the reference player for the DASH Industry Forum (dashif.org)

How to play a DASH Stream

• Download Manifest• Parse Manifest• Determine optimal bandwidth for client• Initialize for bandwidth• Download Segment• Hand segment to MSE• Check Bandwidth to determine if change is

necessary

Understanding DASH structure

• Three types of files– Manifest (.mpd)• XML file describing the segments

– Initialization file• Contains headers needed to decode bytes in segments

– Segment Files• Contains playable media• Includes:

– 0…many video tracks– 0…many audio tracks

DASH Manifest

• Manifest contains:– Root node– 1 or more periods

• Periods contain 1 adaptation set per video stream and • Periods contain 1 adaptation set per audio stream• Adaptation Sets contain:

– Content Composition nodes (for each video or audio track)– 1 or more Representation node

» Each representation describes a single bitrate» Representations contain data on finding the actual segments» Different ways a representation can describe segments

Describing Representations

• SegmentBase– Describes a stream with only a single Segment per bitrate– Can be used for Byte Range Requests

• SegmentList– A SegmentList will contain a specific list of each SegmentURL

(individual HTTP packet with media data)– Can be used for Byte Range Requests

• SegmentTemplate– Defines a known url for the fragment with wildcards resolved

at runtime to request a segments (see bbb.mpd)– Alternatively, can specify a list of segments based on duration

SegmentList<Representation id="h264bl_hd" mimeType="video/mp4" codecs="avc1.42c01f" width="1280" height="720" startWithSAP="1" bandwidth="514864"> <SegmentList timescale="1000" duration="10000"> <Initialization sourceURL="mp4-main-multi-h264bl_hd-.mp4"/> <SegmentURL media="mp4-main-multi-h264bl_hd-1.m4s"/> <SegmentURL media="mp4-main-multi-h264bl_hd-2.m4s"/> <SegmentURL media="mp4-main-multi-h264bl_hd-3.m4s"/> <SegmentURL media="mp4-main-multi-h264bl_hd-4.m4s"/> <SegmentURL media="mp4-main-multi-h264bl_hd-5.m4s"/> <SegmentURL media="mp4-main-multi-h264bl_hd-6.m4s"/> <SegmentURL media="mp4-main-multi-h264bl_hd-7.m4s"/> <SegmentURL media="mp4-main-multi-h264bl_hd-8.m4s"/>

SegmentTemplate fixed segment duration

<AdaptationSet> <ContentComponent id="1" contentType="video"/> <SegmentTemplate initialization="BigBuckBunny_720p_1800kbps_44khz_track1_dash.mp4"/> <Representation id="1" mimeType="video/mp4“ codecs="avc1.64001f" width="1280" height="720“ startWithSAP="1" bandwidth="1809954"> <SegmentTemplate timescale="1000" duration="13809" media="bbb_seg_BigBuckBunny_720p_1800kbps_44khz_track1$Number$.m4s" startNumber="1"/> </Representation></AdaptationSet>

SegmentTemplate variable segment duration

<AdaptationSet group="2" mimeType="video/mp4" par="16:9“ minBandwidth="475000“ maxBandwidth="6589000" minWidth="176" maxWidth="1680" minHeight="99" maxHeight="944“ segmentAlignment="true“ startWithSAP="1"> <SegmentTemplate timescale="1000"

initialization="dash/ateam-video=$Bandwidth$.dash"media="dash/ateam-video=$Bandwidth$-$Time$.dash">

<SegmentTimeline> <S t="0" d="4171" /> <S d="2503" /> <S d="2961" /> <S d="2461" /> <S d="2127" r="2" />…

dash.js player

Tools used by dash.js

Core Player• Q – Asynchronous handling with promises• Dijon – DI / IOC• Jasmine – unit testsWeb Site• JQuery – DOM manipulation• Angular – Application Framework• Bootstrap – Responsive layout• Flot – Charting

Class Structure

• The player is divided into two main packages.• streaming – Contains the classes responsible

for creating and populating the MediaSource buffers. These classes are intended to be abstract enough for use with any segmented stream (such as DASH, HLS, HDS and MSS).

• dash – Contains the classes responsible for making decisions specifically related to Dash.

streaming package

MediaPlayer.js

• Exposes the top level functions and properties to the developer (play, autoPlay, isLive, abr quality, and metrics).

• The manifest URL and the HTML Video object as passed to the MediaPlayer.

Context.js

• The dependency mapping for the stream package.

• The context is passed into the MediaPlayer object allowing for different MediaPlayer instances to use different mappings.

Stream.js• Loads/refreshes the manifest.• Create SourceBuffers from MediaSource.• Create BufferManager classes to manage

SourceBuffers.• Responds to events from HTML Video object.• For a live stream, the live edge is calculated

and passed to the BufferController instances.

Debug.js

• Convenience class for logging methods.• Default implementation is to just use console.log().

• Extension point for tapping into logging messages.

BufferController.js

• Responsible for loading fragments and pushing the bytes into the SourceBuffer.

• Once play() has been called a timer is started to check the status of the bytes in the buffer.

• If the amount of time left to play is less than Manifest.minBufferTime the next fragment is loaded.

• Records metrics related to playback.

FragmentLoader.js

• Responsible for loading fragments.• Loads requests sequentially.

ManifestLoader.js

• Responsible for loading manifest files.• Returns the parsed manifest object.

AbrController.js

• Responsible for deciding if the current quality should be changed.

• The stream metrics are passed to a set of ‘rules’.

• Methods:getPlaybackQuality(type, data)

type – The type of the data (audio/video).

data – The stream data.

DownloadRatioRule.js

• Validates that fragments are being downloaded in a timely manner.

• Compares the time it takes to download a fragment to how long it takes to play out a fragment.

• If the download time is considered a bottleneck the quality will be lowered.

InsufficientBufferRule.js

• Validates that the buffer doesn’t run dry during playback.

• If the buffer is running dry continuously it likely means that the player has a processing bottleneck (video decode time is longer than playback time).

LimitSwitchesRule.js

• Watches for competing rules to avoid constant bitrate switches.

• If two or more rules are causing switches too often this rule will limit the switches to give a better overall playback experience.

dash package

DashContext.js

• Defines dependency mapping specific to the dash package.– Parser– Index Handler– Manifest Extensions

DashParser.js

• Converts the manifest to a JSON object.• Converts duration and datetime strings into

number/date objects.• Manages inheritance fields.– Many fields are inherited from parent to child

nodes in DASH.– For example, a BaseURL can be defined in the

<MPD> node and all <Representation> nodes inherit that value.

DashHandler.js

• Responsible for deciding which fragment URL should be loaded.• Methods:

getInitRequest(quality) – Returns an initialization request for a given quality, if available.

getSegmentRequestForTime(time, quality) – Returns a fragment URL to load for a given quality and a given time. Returns a Stream.vo.SegmentRequest object.

getNextSegmentRequest(quality) – Returns the next fragment URL to load. Assumes that getSegmentRequestForTime() has already been called.

getCurrentTime (quality) – Returns the time for the last loaded fragment index.

DashHandler.js (cont’d)

• Uses available information in the manifest (SegmentList, SegmentTemplate, SegmentBase).

• When using a single, non-fragmented mp4 file the SIDX box will be loaded to determine byte ranges for segments.

Flow1. Create the Context and MediaPlayer instances.var context = new Dash.di.DashContext(), player = new MediaPlayer(context);

2. Initialize MediaPlayer and set manifest URL.player.startup();player.setIsLive(false);player.attachSource(manifest_url);

3. Attach HTML Video element.video = document.querySelector(".dash-video-player video"),player.autoPlay = true;player.attachView(video);

2. Call play()on the MediaPlayer (if autoPlay = false).

3. The Stream object will be created and initialized with the manifest URL.

4. The manifest is loaded and then parsed.5.MediaSource, SourceBuffers, and BufferControllers

are created.– Create one BufferController per stream type (usually

video and audio).6. Set the duration of the MediaSource to the duration of the

manifest (or infinity for a live stream).7. If the stream is live, calculate the live edge.8. Call play() on the HTML video element.9. The BufferManager instances create a timer. When the

timer ticks the state of the buffers is checked.

BufferManager.validate()

1. Check to see if the buffers need more data.• Must be in a playing state.• Must not already be loading data.• Must require more data to be buffered.

amountBuffered < manifest.minBufferTime

2. If automatic ABR is enabled check to see if the bitrate should be changed.• Ask AbrController for the new quality.• Rules will determine which bitrate to change to.

3. If initial playback, seeking, or the bitrate has changed load the initialization fragment (if available).

4. Ask the IndexHandler for the next fragment request.• If seeking pass the seek time to the IndexHandler.• Otherwise ask for the ‘next’ fragment.• Pass the bitrate to the IndexHandler.

6. The IndexHandler returns a SegmentRequest indicating what action the BufferManager should take next.• “download” – Download and append the fragment to the buffer.• “stall” – Wait because the IndexHandler is not ready.• “complete” – Signal that the stream has completed playback.

7. Repeat.

Resources• DASH Industry Forum

– http://www.dashif.org– Reference Player (http://

dashif.org/reference/players/javascript)• Reference Player Source Code

– https://github.com/Dash-Industry-Forum/dash.js• HTML Extensions

– MSE: https://dvcs.w3.org/hg/html-media/raw-file/tip/media-source/media-source.html

– EME: https://dvcs.w3.org/hg/html-media/raw-file/tip/encrypted-media/encrypted-media.html

• Twitter– @jefftapper– @digitalprimates

Questions?

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