next section 1 trails west thousands of settlers follow trails through the west to gain land and a...
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Section 1
Trails WestThousands of settlers follow trails through the West to gain land and a chance to make a fortune.
Mountain Men and the Rendezvous
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Trails West
• Mountain men like Jim Beckwourth become famous as rugged loners
• William Henry Ashley creates trading method called rendezvous system
• Mountain men trap small animals between the Mississippi, Pacific Ocean
• Mountain men trade furs for supplies at prearranged site
• Rendezvous occurs every summer from 1825-1840, then fur trade dies out
Mountain Men Open the West
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• Mountain men explore West while searching for beaver
• Jedediah Smith finds South Pass, later used by pioneers as wagon trail
• Provide knowledge of West, helps later pioneers move west
The Lure of the West
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• Many use West to make money, take land from Native Americans
• If value goes up, speculators divide land into smaller sections
• Land speculators buy huge areas of land, hope value will increase
• Manufacturers, merchants soon follow the settlers west
• Make great profits selling sections to thousands of settlers
• Hope to earn money, making, selling items farmers need
The Trail to Santa Fe
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• Mexico gains independence (1821), opens borders to American traders
• Makes profit trading, news spreads, traders can get rich in New Mexico
• William Becknell goes to Santa Fe, New Mexico, opens Santa Fe Trail
• Becknell makes another trip to Santa Fe, uses a shortcut
• Soon hundreds of traders use same route from Missouri to New Mexico
The Santa Fe Trail in the Fra Cristobal Mountains. Lithograph (1845–1847).
Oregon Fever
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• Hundreds of settlers begin migrating west on the Oregon Trail
• U.S., Britain argue over ownership of Oregon
• First whites to cross to Oregon are missionaries
• Missionaries report about Oregon’s rich land, attract many settlers
• In 1843, nearly 1,000 people travel from Missouri to Oregon
One Family Heads West
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• In 1844, Henry Sager, wife, 6 children leave Missouri for Oregon
• Wagon train sets up rules, elects leaders to enforce them
• Join wagon train, survival depends on cooperation
• Life on the trail has hardships, Sager, wife die, orphans adopted
Wagon train party, traveling westward over the plains with oxen. Art (about 1846).
The Mormon Trail
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• Mormons—members of Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints
• Mob kills Mormon leader Joseph Smith, Mormons decide to leave U.S.
• Many people do not like Mormons because:- practice of polygamy- object to their holding of property in common
• Next leader, Brigham Young, leads 1,600 Mormons to Utah (1847)
• Build settlement by the Great Salt Lake Brigham Young leading an expedition to Salt Lake, Utah. Engraving (about 1880).
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Section 2
The Texas RevolutionAmerican and Tejano citizens lead Texas to independence from Mexico.
Spanish Texas
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• Spanish land called Tejas borders the U.S. territory, Louisiana
• Tejanos—people of Spanish heritage who consider Texas their home
• Rich land, home to Plain, Pueblo Native Americans, few Spanish
• Comanche, Apache fight against Spanish settlement of Texas
• Spanish officials fail to attract Spanish settlers
The Texas Revolution
• Give permission for American Moses Austin to start colony in Texas
Mexican Independence Changes Texas
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• Mexico gains independence from Spain (1821)
• New settlers must become Mexican citizens, members of Catholic Church
• Austin’s son, Stephen Austin, gets another land grant
• Makes Spanish land grant to Moses Austin worthless
• 297 American families move to Texas, known as the “Old Three Hundred”
• Colony attracts more Americans, outnumber Tejanos 6 to 1 (1830)
Rising Tensions in Texas
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• Americans resent following Mexican laws
• Mexican government afraid tensions could lead to revolt
• Tejanos think Americans view themselves as superior
• Mexico outlaws slavery, allows slave owners in Texas to keep slaves
• Closes Texas to further immigration, requires Texans to pay taxes
• Sends more troops to enforce the new laws
Texans Revolt Against Mexico
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• Some Texans want to break from Mexico, Stephen Austin loyal to Mexico
• Santa Anna, afraid that Austin supports rebellion, jails him for year
• Mexican president, General Antonio López de Santa Anna meets Austin
• Goes to Mexico City with a petition listing reforms (1833)
• Santa Anna and 6,000 troops head for Mexico
• Texans furious, drive Mexican troops out of old mission, the Alamo
Portrait of General Antonio López de Santa Anna, Mexican statesman. Lithograph (1849).
The Fight for the Alamo
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• Texans declare Texas a free and independent state (1836)
• William Travis heads 183 Texan volunteers at the Alamo, includes:- Davy Crockett- Jim Bowie- Juan Seguín, leader of 25 Tejanos
• Sam Houston placed in command of small Texan army
Continued . . .
William Barret Travis mustering his men, among them Davy Crockett, during Siege of the Alamo,1836.
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• Santa Anna’s troops attack Alamo, Texans hold off attack for 12 days
• A few women, children survive, tell story of Alamo, shock other Texans
• Mexicans kill 183 Texan defenders, win the Battle of the Alamo
Continued The Fight for the Alamo
Aerial depiction of the Alamo
Victory of San Jacinto
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• Mexican troops capture Texan army at Goliad, execute over 300
• Texan army defeats Mexican troops at San Jacinto
• Texan army increases to 800 angry men, includes:- American settlers- Tejanos- volunteers from the United States- free and enslaved African Americans
• Santa Anna forced to sign treaty giving Texas its freedom
Interactive
Lone Star Republic
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• Texas becomes independent nation called the Lone Star Republic
• If Texas joins Union, slave states would outnumber free states
• Many Northerners object, argue Texas would be a slave state
• Sam Houston elected president, Texas asks to be annexed to the U.S.
• Congress votes against annexation
• Others fear annexing Texas would lead to war with Mexico
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Section 3
The War with MexicoThe United States expands its territory westward to stretch from the Atlantic to the Pacific coast.
Americans Support Manifest Destiny
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• West occupied by Native Americans, Mexicans
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• Americans view West as unoccupied, many want to settle in region
• Manifest Destiny—U.S. expansion from Atlantic, Pacific sure to happen
• Manifest destiny becomes U.S. policy under President James K. Polk
The War with Mexico
• U.S., Britain divide Oregon territory at 49th parallel (1846)
Troubles with Mexico
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• U.S. Congress admits Texas as slave state (1846), angers Mexico
• General Zachary Taylor stations U.S. troops in disputed region
• Texas, Mexico do not agree on official border, U.S. diplomacy fails
• Action viewed by Mexico as an act of war, Mexico attacks U.S. patrol
• Congress declares war on Mexico, some Americans are against war
• Southerners want to extend slavery into Texas, Northerners do not
Capturing New Mexico and California
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• U.S. General Stephen Kearny, troops enter New Mexico
• Kearny, small force head to California, remaining troops go to Mexico
• Using persuasion, Kearny occupies New Mexico without firing a shot
• In California, Americans led by John C. Fremont rebel against Mexico
• Rebellion known as Bear Flag Revolt, California declares independence
• U.S. troops help rebels gain control of California
John C. Fremont, American explorer, Army officer, and politician. Lithograph (1856) printed
for his presidential campaign.
The Invasion of Mexico
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• General Zachary Taylor leads U.S. troops into Mexico from Texas
• General Winfield Scott, U.S. troops land in Veracruz, Mexico
• Fights Santa Anna, Mexican troops at Buena Vista, Mexican troops retreat
• Head inland to Mexico City, fight Mexican troops, capture Mexico City
Interactive
The Mexican Cession
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• War ends with the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848)
• Mexico gives up vast region known as the Mexican Cession:- amounts to almost one-half of Mexico- U.S. pays Mexico $15 million for region
• Mexico recognizes Texas as U.S., Rio Grande as Mexican/U.S. border
• Mexicans in U.S. become a minority, contribute to American culture
“From Sea to Shining Sea”
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• Mexico sells land to U.S., the Gadsden Purchase (1853):- costs U.S. $10 million- includes southern New Mexico, Arizona
• President Polk learns gold found in California
• In 1848, the U.S. extends from the Atlantic to the Pacific
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Section 4
The California Gold RushGold is found in California, and thousands rush to that territory. California quickly becomes a state.
California Before the Rush
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• Before gold rush, California populated, Native Americans, Californios
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• Californios—California settlers of Spanish or Mexican descent
The California Gold Rush
• Most live on huge cattle ranches • Californio Mariano Vallejo leader of California
when owned by Mexico • Swiss man John Sutter granted land by
Mexico in Sacramento Valley• Sutter’s carpenter, James Marshall, finds gold
on Sutter’s land (1848)
Rush for Gold
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• News of gold discovery spreads rapidly, starts California gold rush
• Thousands of gold seekers set out to California using one of 3 routes:- sail around South America, up Pacific coast- sail to Isthmus of Panama, crossover, then
sail to California- travel overland across North America
• Gold rush occurs when many people move to where gold has been found
Life in the Mining Camps
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• Forty-niners—people who go to California to find gold, starting 1849
• Camp life dangerous, mining hard work, few find much gold
• Often live in camps with colorful names like Coyote Diggings, Hangtown
• Miners pay high prices for supplies, con artists swindle miners
Miners from Around the World
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• Two-thirds of miners are Americans, mostly white men
• Many miners come from Mexico, Europe, South America, Australia, China
• Also include Native Americans, free blacks, enslaved African Americans
• Chinese miners, mostly peasant farmers who flee region when crops fail
• Chinese are patient miners, make “played-out” sites yield profits
• American miners resent successful Chinese miners
Placer miners of California gold rush. Daguerreotype (early 1850s).
Conflicts Among Miners
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• Some miners cheat others
• California becomes U.S. state, passes Foreign Miners Tax (1850): - imposes $20 monthly tax on foreign miners- causes miners from other countries leave to
their mines
• Some American miners force Native American, foreign miners to leave
• Chinese open shops, restaurants, laundries, settle in San Francisco
Chinese laundry in California. Engraving (1855).
The Impact of the Gold Rush
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• During gold rush 250,000 people flood California, over by 1852
• Gold rush ruins many Californios, Americans seize their property
• San Francisco becomes center for banking, shipping, trade
• Thousands of Native Americans die from diseases brought by miners
• Anglo-Americans kill thousands of Native Americans
Continued . . .
View of San Francisco, California, around the time of the gold rush (1849).
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• Due to gold rush, California has enough people to apply for statehood
• Outlaws slavery, does not grant African Americans right to vote
• California is admitted as free state in 1850
• Southerners fear California upsets balance between slave, free states
• Conflict over issue threatens survival of the Union
Continued The Impact of the Gold Rush