nfpa2004(1).pdf
TRANSCRIPT
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NFPA 2001 (2004 Ed.)NFPA 2001 (2004 Ed.)Standard For Clean Agent
Extinguishing Systems
Presented by:Jeff L. Harrington, P.E.
For:SFPE Southeastern Chapter
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January 20, 20042
KEY POINTSKEY POINTS
AGENT TOXICITY ISSUES (45 mins.) INERT AGENTS HALOCARBON AGENTS
CUP BURNER (2 mins.) NEW TASK GROUP
Q&A (13 mins.)
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January 20, 20043
KEY TERMSKEY TERMS
Cardiac Sensitization
Asphyxiation NOAEL LOAEL PBPK Model Arterial Blood
Level
Cup Burner Value Design
Concentration Exposure Time Pre-Discharge
Alarm
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January 20, 20044
INERT AGENT TOXICITYINERT AGENT TOXICITY
FIRE EXTINGUISHING PROCESS DISCHARGE INERT AGENT DISPLACES OXYGEN REDUCES OXYGEN TO ABOUT 12% FIRE CANT SUSTAIN COMBUSTION FIRE IS EXTINGUISHED LOW O2 LEVEL HARMFUL TO HUMANS
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January 20, 20045
INERT AGENT TOXICITYINERT AGENT TOXICITY
ASPHYXIATION VERY MISUNDERSTOOD FUNCTION OF O2% AND TIME TOO LITTLE OXYGEN (O2) OVER TOO MUCH TIME EQUALS DEATH
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January 20, 20046
INERT AGENT TOXICITYINERT AGENT TOXICITY
AGENT TRADE NAME CUP BURNER NOAEL LOAEL
ARGONITE 35 43 52FE-13 12.9 30 >50FE-25 8.7 7.5 10.0FM-200 6.6 9 10.5HALON 1301 4.1 5 7.5INERGEN 31 43 52NN100 31 43 52NOVEC 1230 4.5 10 >10
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January 20, 20047
INERT AGENT TOXICITYINERT AGENT TOXICITY
NFPA 2001 (2004 Ed) AGENT % - LTE 43 (GTE 12% O2)
OCCUPIED SPACES LTE 5 m. EXPOSURE AGENT % - GT 43 & LTE 52 (12 TO 10)
OCCUPIED SPACES LTE 3 m. EXPOSURE
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January 20, 20048
INERT AGENT TOXICITYINERT AGENT TOXICITY
NFPA 2001 (2004 Ed) AGENT % - GT 52 & LTE 62 (10 TO 8)
NOT OCCUPIED LTE 30 s. EXPOSURE AGENT % - GT 62 (LT 8)
NOT OCCUPIED SPACES NO EXPOSURE
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January 20, 20049
HALOCARBON TOXICITYHALOCARBON TOXICITY
FIRE EXTINGUISHING PROCESS VARIES BETWEEN AGENTS HEAT ABSORBTION IS THE PRIMARY
MECHANISM GENERALLY, OXYGEN LEVELS REMAIN
AT SAFE LEVELS FOR HUMANS
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January 20, 200410
HALOCARBON TOXICITYHALOCARBON TOXICITY
CARDIAC SENSITIVITY HISTORY CARBON TETRICHLORIDE ARTERIAL BLOOD LEVEL PLUS ADRENALINE EQUALS HEART ARRHYTHMIA BREATHING = BLOOD LEVEL DISCHARGE = STRESS/ADRENALINE
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January 20, 200411
HALOCARBON TOXICITYHALOCARBON TOXICITY
CS TESTING BEAGLES SIX DOGS ON TREADMILL BREATHING AGENT % FOR 5 MINUTES SHOCKED WITH ADRENALINE HEART EFFECT MEASURED ARTERIAL BLOOD LEVEL MEASURED ONE OR MORE DOGS
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January 20, 200412
HALOCARBON TOXICITYHALOCARBON TOXICITY
NOAEL AND LOAEL CONCEPTS COST LIMITATIONS & DATA MARKET VIABILITY
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January 20, 200413
HALOCARBON TOXICITYHALOCARBON TOXICITY
AGENT TRADE NAME CUP BURNER NOAEL LOAEL
ARGONITE 35 43 52FE-13 12.9 30 >50FE-25 8.7 7.5 10.0FM-200 6.6 9 10.5HALON 1301 4.1 5 7.5INERGEN 31 43 52NN100 31 43 52NOVEC 1230 4.5 10 >10
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January 20, 200414
HALOCARBON TOXICITYHALOCARBON TOXICITY
ORIGINAL RULES TOO STRICT MARKET NEEDED RELAXATION COMMITTEE DEMANDED SCIENCE SCIENCE IS PBPK MODEL MODEL FULLY VALIDATED MODEL VERY CONSERVATIVE MODEL ALLOWS RELAXATION
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January 20, 200415
HALOCARBON TOXICITYHALOCARBON TOXICITYOLD RULESOLD RULES
DESIGN CONCENTRATION
NORMALOCCUPANCY
EXPOSURE TIME LIMIT NOTES
HALOCARBONS 1996 Edition of NFPA 2001LTE NOAEL OCCUPIED NO LIMITGT NOAEL NOT OCCUPIED 0 SECONDS
GTE NOAEL OCCUPIED 0 SECONDS
EXCEPTION FOR CLASS B HAZARDS
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January 20, 200416
People in building or space protected by flooding agent
Egress BeforeDischarge?
Fire Present Fire Drives RiskYes
Yes
No
No
No Exposure
UnintentionalExposure
Applicable Exposure Scenarios
Establish Safe Exposure Time
Exposure Scenarioof Interest
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January 20, 200417
Overview of Process- Expose epinephrine treated dogsto FE agent via inhalation
- Determination lowest exposure concentration that causes cardiacsensitization (LOAEL in dog)
-Measure FE agent arterial blood levelattained during LOAEL exposure in dog
Determine critical arterialblood level of FE Agent
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January 20, 200418
Chemical ExposureChamber
The lowest 5-minute FE Agentconcentration in dog arterial bloodat which cardiac sensitization is observed becomes the critical bloodconcentration. The critical bloodconcentration must not be reached orexceeded in humans exposed to the chemical.
FE Agent Concentration in Dog Arterial Blood During Inhalation
60
Time (minutes)
0
10
20
30
40
50
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
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Epinephrine injected at 5-minpoint and cardiac responsenoted
FE Agent concentration in arterial blood measured at5-min point
Determination of the arterial blood level of HFC FE Agent duringcardiac sensitization test.
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January 20, 200419
Overview of Process- Expose epinephrine treated dogsto FE agent via inhalation
- Determination lowest exposure concentration that causes cardiacsensitization (LOAEL in dog)
-Measure FE agent arterial blood levelattained during LOAEL exposure in dog
- Develop and validate human PBPKmodel.
- Use Monte Carlo simulation to describe individuals who take up FE agent quickly and to high levels.
- Use model to keep track of FE agentdistribution following inhalation
Determine critical arterialblood level of FE Agent
Simulate FE Agent concentrationin arterial blood of rapid/high uptake humans during inhalation exposure
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January 20, 200420
7/15/1999 Gary W. Jepson, DuPont Haskell Laboratory 11
AlveolarSpace
QP
CI CX
QP
Slowly PerfusedTissue Group
Liver/MetabolizingTissue Group
Fat Tissue Group
CVL
Lung BloodQCCV
QCCA
CVFQFCA
CAQS
QLCA
CVS
Rapidly PerfusedTissue Group CA
QRCVR
Vm Km
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January 20, 200421
Overview of Process- Expose epinephrine treated dogsto FE agent via inhalation
- Determination lowest exposure concentration that causes cardiacsensitization (LOAEL in dog)
-Measure FE agent arterial blood levelattained during LOAEL exposure in dog
- Develop and validate human PBPKmodel.
- Use Monte Carlo simulation to describe individuals who take up FE agent quickly and to high levels.
- Use model to keep track of FE agentdistribution following inhalation
- Exercise human PBPK modelunder exposure conditions of interestand determine time required to reach critical arterial blood concentrationof FE agent
Determine critical arterialblood level of FE Agent
Simulate FE Agent concentrationin arterial blood of rapid/high uptake humans during inhalation exposure
Determine time required to reachcriticalhuman arterial blood concentration of FE agent for a given exposure concentration
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January 20, 200422
13.0%
10.0%
7.0%
Exposure Time (min)
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Simulation of Chemical Levels in Human Arterial Blood During Inhalation of FE Agent
Measured FE agent levelin arterial blood after inhaling the FE agent for 5 min at the LOAEL during the CS test
Measured FE agent levelin arterial blood after inhaling the FE agent for 5 min at the NOAEL during the CS test
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January 20, 200423
Simulated Human Arterial Blood Levels of FE Agent During Inhalation
35.040.045.050.055.060.065.070.0
0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0
Time (Minutes)
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Target11.0%11.5%12.0%12.5%13.0%
Measured FE agent level in arterial blood after inhaling the FE agent for 5 min at the LOAEL during the CS test
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January 20, 200424
PBPK FOR FMPBPK FOR FM--200200
.49 min.120,00012.0
.60 min.115,00011.51.13 min.110,00011.05.00 min.105,00010.55.00 min.100,00010.05.00 min.95,0009.55.00 min.90,0009.0
Human ExposurePpm%v/v
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January 20, 200425
PBPK FOR FEPBPK FOR FE--2525
5.00 min.100,00010.0
0.49 min.135,00013.50.54 min.130,00013.00.59 min.125,00012.51.67 min.120,00012.05.00 min.115,00011.5
5.00 min.75,0007.5Human ExposurePpm%v/v
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January 20, 200426
HALOCARBON TOXICITYHALOCARBON TOXICITYNEW RULESNEW RULES
DESIGN CONCENTRATION
NORMALOCCUPANCY EXPOSURE TIME LIMIT NOTES
HALOCARBONS 2004 Edition of NFPA 2001LTE NOAEL OCCUPIED 5 MINUTES NO PBPK NEEDED
GT NOAEL & LOAEL OCCUPIED
PBPK MODEL LIMIT CORRESPONDING TO DESIGN CONCENTRATION AND 5 MINUTES EXPOSURE NEED PBPK
GT NOAEL & LOAEL OCCUPIED
PBPK MODEL LIMIT CORRESPONDING TO DESIGN CONCENTRATION LESS THAN 5 MINUTES EXPOSURE
CONDITIONS:1. APPROVAL BY AHJ2. EGRESS CALCULATION PROOF3. ADHERE TO PBPK EXPOSURE LIMIT
LTE LOAEL NOT OCCUPIED 60 SECONDSNO PBPK MODEL DATA
GT LOAEL NOT OCCUPIED 30 SECONDSNO PBPK MODEL DATA
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January 20, 200427
CUP BURNER TASK CUP BURNER TASK GROUPGROUP
INITIATED JANUARY 2004 INCREASE ACCURACY INCREASE REPEATABILITY ADDRESS INERT AGENTS DEFINE STANDARD APPARATUS DEFINE TESTING PROTOCOL
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January 20, 200428
Q & AQ & A