ngo programmes and development of gulu …

NGO PROGRAMMES AND DEVELOPMENT OF GULU MUNICIPALITY

GULU DISTRICT UGANDA

A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO COLLEGE OF HIGHER DEGREES

AND RESEARCH, KAMPALA INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY,

KAMPALA

IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE

DEGREE OF MASTERS IN BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION (NGO

MANAGEMENT)

BY:

DENIS OKUMU

NOVEMBER 2013

DEDICATION

This Document is dedicated to My Late Father Jennaro Acaye Lajul for his

encouragement that enabled me to undertake this course from Kampala International

university. We Miss your fatherly wisdoms dearly since you were lifted into Glory

one year ago.

DECLARATION

I ~&v~&c~~ QAJti~ do acknowledge that this

Dissertation is my original work and has not been presented for a degree or any other

academic award in any university or higher learning institution

Date / I f~iY’~>D~~

Signature _______________________________

I hereby certify that I have read this project entitled, “NGO PROGRAMMES AND

DEVELOPMENT OF GULU MUISTJCIPALITY GULU DISTRICT UGANDA”

• In my opinion it is satisfactory in terms of the scope, quality and presentation as

partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Business

Administration (NGO Management)

Signed by:

Date: ~≤/~ ~,If

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my special appreciation to my supervisor, Dr Mohammed

Ssendege ,for his motivation guidance and consultation during the entire course and in

the preparation and completion of this project paper, without which his support this

project would not have been completed .1 would like to thank all the staff member at

the School of post graduate and Research Kampala international University, for not

only their help and cooperation but also for ensuring a pleasant and enjoyable

experience for the whole duration of my study at KIU.

I would like to thank my course mates and the senior members for the valuable

ideas and feedback that had in many ways contributed to the successful completion of

this project Finally, I would like to extend my thanks to my parents, family members

and friends who gave, encouragement and moral support. My special thanks and

gratefulness to my wife, Jennifer and children Angel, Nathan and Pascal for their

patience, love and understanding

And encouragement throughout my graduate programme, that ensured the successful

completion of the coursework and the project paper

III

Table of Contents

DEDICATION

DECLARATION

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

TABLE OF CONTENTS iv

LIST OF TABLES viii

CHAPTER ONE 1

THE PROBLEM AND ITS SCOPE 1

1.1. Background of the Study 1

1.2. Statement of the Problem 2

1.3 Purpose of the Study 3

1 .4 General Objectives 3

1 .5 Specific objectives 3

1.6 Research Questions 3

1.7. Hypothesis 4

1.8. Scope 4

1.9 Significance of the Study 5

1.9.1 Operational Definitions

CHAPTER TWO 6

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 6

2.1 NGO PROGRAMMES 6

2.2 DEVELOPMENT 9

2.3 Theoretical Perspective 16

iv

2.3 Related Studies. 16

2.4 Research gaps 18

CHAPTER THREE 20

METHODOLOGY 20

3.1. Research Design 20

32. Research Population 20

3.3. Sample Size 20

3.4. Sampling Procedures 20

3.5 Research Instruments 21

3.6 Validity and Reliability 21

3.7 Data Gathering Procedures 21

3.8 Data Analysis 22

3.9 Limitations of the Study 22

CHAPTER FOUR 23

PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF RESULTS 23

4.0 INTRODUCTION 23

4.1 Response Rate 23

4.2 Demographic characteristics of Respondents 24

Table 4.2.4 Respondents by age distribution 24

Table 4.2.2: Respondents by Sex distribution 25

4.2.1: District of Respondents 25

Table 4.2.1 Respondents by district distribution 25

4.3 Empirical Findings 26

4.3.1. Objective 1: Determine the extent to which NGO programs contribute to development

26

V

4.3.1.4. Correlation analysis on the extent to which NGO programs contribute to developmentof Gulu municipality 27

4.3.1.5 Regression analysis on the extent of NGOs Programme in Gulu Municipality 28

4.3.2.4 Correlation analysis on the relationship between NGO Programmes andDevelopment of Gulu Municipality 31

4.3.2.5: Regression analysis on the relationship between NGO Programmes andDevelopment of Gulu Municipality 31

4.3.3. Objective 3: To find out the challenges facing NGOs in Gulu Municipality 32

4.3.4. Objective 4: To determine the Level of development in Gulu Municipality 33

CHAPTER FIVE 35

SUMMARY, DISCUSSION, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 35

5.0 Introduction 35

5.lSummay 35

5.2. Discussions 35

5.2.1 Objective 1: To determine the extent of NGOs Programme in Gulu Municipality 35

5.2.2 Objective 2: To determine the relationship between NGO Programmes andDevelopment of Gulu Municipality 36

5.2.3 Objective 3: To find out the challenges facing NGOs in Gulu Municipality 36

5.2.4 Objective 4: To determine the Level of development in Gulu Municipality 37

5.3: Conclusions 37

5.3.1 Objective 1: To determine the extent of NGOs Programme in Gulu Municipality 37




5.4: Recommendations 38

5.4.1 Objective 1: Determine the extent of NGOs Programme in Gulu Municipality 38

vi




5.5: Limitations to the study 39

5.6: The contributions of the study 40

5.7: Areas for future Research 40

REFERENCES 41

APPENDCES 44

Appendix 1: RESEARCH INSTRUMENT 44

Appendix II: BUDGET 46

APPENDIX Ill : TIME FRAME 47

RESEARCHER’S CURRICULUM VITAE 48

VII

LIST OF TABLES

Table 4.2.4 Respondents by age distribution 24

Table 4.2.2: Respondents by Sex distribution 25

Table 4.2.1 Respondents by district distribution 25

Table 4.3.1 Descriptive analysis on the extent to which NGO programs contribute todevelopment of Gulu municipality 27

4.3.1.4. Correlation analysis on the extent to which NGO programs contribute todevelopment of Gulu municipality 27

Table 4.3.1.4 Correlation analysis on the extent to which NGO programs contribute todevelopment of Gulu municipality 28

Table 4.3.1.5 Regression analysis on the extent of NGOs Programme in GuluMunicipality 28

Table 4.3.2 Descriptive analysis on the relationship between NGO Programmes andDevelopment of Gulu Municipality 30

Table 4.3.2.4 Correlation analysis on the relationship between NGO Programmesand Development of Gulu Municipality 31

Tables 4.3.2.5: Regression analysis on the relationship between NGO Programmesand Development of Gulu Municipality 32

Table 4.3.3: Descriptive analysis on the Level of development in Gulu Municipality33

VIN

CHAPTER ONE

THE PROBLEM AND ITS SCOPE

1.1. Background of the Study.

Non-governfnental organisations ~NGOs) organisations are a term used to describe

non-statutory, non-profit making organisations that are primarily concerned with

welfare work (Bills and Mackeith, 1989). They are private, agencies which fund,

implement or actively support social, economical and developmental programmes.

Nongovernmental organisations constitute the third major channel, after bilateral and

multilateral aid agencies, through which development aid is provided (Clark, 1991).

International NGOs are primarily found in industrialized countries which provide

financial support, material aid, technical assistance and expertise to NGOs in

developing nations.

World governments —call them national governments were known and mandated to

take charge of the micro and macro development strategies for their people, in this

spirit John Locke observes that citizens established governments to act as collective

centers of communal needs and fulfillment. However, the first and second world war

disabled governments from meeting their obligations, as such NGOs emerged as a

response of citizens discontents with the status of government service provision in all

sectors (Avina 2003:128) . The emergency of NGOs was basically to bring about

change among individuals and society as a whole (Druker 1990:1) the paradigm shift

from government-led development to NGO-led development gave rise to two variant

responses, first government felt threatened with the existence of NOOs and secondly

other governments established partnerships with the NGOs to foster development.

(Thaw 2003:146)

Since the 1970’s partnership between government and NOOs has become a guiding

principle in fostering local and national development, as such emphasis on the

government as the principle actor and engine of development has been relegated to

the background (Fowler 2003:243). In the early 1980s a donor-driven type of

partnership emerged on the development scene, this was reflected through what came

1

to be defined as the trans-governmental international development, this witnessed

world independent international NGOs and bodies contributing to local and national

development. Fowler (2003:242) observes that this trend was spear headed by the

Bretton Woods institutions: the International Monetary Fund (IMF) World Bank

(W.B) and its Sister Regional Development Bank.

The IMF & W.B came up with what came to be called Structural Adjustment

Program(SAP) which gave credence to Civil Society Organizations (CSOs) as

legitimate and recognized players in the line of development. In this process

Community Based Organizations (CBOs) emerged and grew to maturity when they

established N.G.Os (Gaventa 2003:256). Theses NGO have since then contributed to

the development in all sectors in which governments engage in.

The government of the Republic of Uganda formerly established and legally

recognized NGOs as viable and necessary development agencies, as such by 1990 it

had established an NGOs policy in which the Ministry of Internal Affairs was

mandated to regulate, monitor and over sea its activities. The year 1995 experienced

the formation of NGO forum in which several NGOs in Uganda established a body

that would regulate their own development activities. As a result Several NGOs

gained legal status as an NGO with Gulu District Local government. Given the unique

social problems in Gum District, spurred resultant of the Northern insurgency, NGOs

have since emerged to support young people into becoming agencies of social

transformation, promoting youth entrepreneurship and economic development and

promote the participation of youth in reformed, civil and political decision making as

an initiative towards promoting social — economic development.

The study is fundamentally about establishing the effect of NGOs programs on

development of Gulu District.

1.2. Statement of the Problem.

For last the thirty years NGOs has engaged in transforming, promoting

entrepreneurship, economic development and youth participation in decision making

with the ultimate aim of promoting social—economic development. NGOs have

received considerable funding from local and international partners. Despite these

2

initiatives to improve the income per capital of the house hold in Gulu, the levels of

development are very low, the social structure is very weak, the economic activities in

the district are dominated by immigrants, these regrettable disparities have

encouraged youth into getting entrapped into social and political insurgencies in Gulu

District. Such deepening social and economic challenges if not tackled might

resun-ect insurgency in Northern Uganda, Gulu District in particular might turn into

an active recruiting center of political instability, something that can spill over the

entire country. Failure to promote development initiatives might in the long run affect

both the micro and macro strategies of the economy.

1.3 Purpose of the Study

1. To test the null hypothesis on NGOs programs’ on development of Gulu

Municipality.

2. To describe NGOs and Development of Gulu Municipality

3. To generate new knowledge and contribute to existing Knowledge

1.4 General Objectives

To establish the relationship between NGOs programs and the development of

Gulu Municipality

1.5 Specific objectives.

1. To determine extend to which NGO programs have contributed to the

development of Gulu Municipality

2. To determine the level of Development in Gulu municipality

3. To determine if there is significant relationship between NGOs programs and

developments in Gulu Municipality.

4. To identify the challenges facing NGOS in promoting development in Gulu

municipality

1.6 Research Questions

I. To What extent has of NGO programs contributed to the development of Gulu

Municipality?

3

II. What is the level of Development in Gulu municipality as a result of NGO

programs?

III. Is there significant relationship between NGOs programs and developments in

Gulu Municipality?

IV. What are the challenges facing NGOs in promoting development in Gulu

municipality?

1.7. Hypothesis

There is no significant relationship between NGOs programs and development in

Gulu municipality

1.8. Scope

Geographical scope

The study was conducted in northern Uganda, in the four division of Gulu

municipality Laroo, Pece, Bardege and Layibi. The choice of northern Uganda lies in

the fact that the region has attracted a number of NGOs, all geared towards enhancing

local development. Gulu municipality has been chosen to be the case study area

because it’s a sate light location that acts as a representative sample of the population

of the people in northern region

Time scope

The research was conducted in 2012/2013 academic year. The proposal was finished

in May 2013, data collected and analyzed in June and Final report presented in July,, r~ -I ‘~

I 3

Content scope

The study limited itself to assessing the contribution of NGOs to the Development of

Gulu district with specific focus on the four divisions of Gulu municipality. The study

attempted as much as possible to categorize the different NGOs operating in the

district according to the type of services being delivered.

4

Theoretical scope

The study is based on Empowerment Theory which refers to the experience of

personal growth and an improvement in self-definition that occurs as a result of the

development of capabilities and proficiencies (Staples 1990). Another definition

suggests that empowerment is a combination of personal strengths, initiative, and

natural helping systems to bring about change (Perkins & Zimmerman, 1995). This

theory can be applied to community development by empowering the people within

the community to develop their own community. The theory can adapt to other

disciplines like Sociology.

1.9. Significance of the Study

1. This study will inform government on the contributions being made by NGOs

towards the development of Gulu district. It will also inform government on

the current level of NGO activities and programs in the district.

2. The study will help NGOs managers to realign project activities according to

the beneficiaries need. It will assess the performances of NGOs and make

practical recommendation to management that will help to bring development

in the district

3. The study will enlighten and improve community understanding on the

importance of Having NGOs in the district. It would enable the community to

understand the importance of community contributions towards development.

4. The study will also identify research gaps to be undertaken by other

researchers

1.9.1 Operational Definitions

NGOs: Are Organizations that deal with issues in the public domain such as poverty,

injustice, exclusion or degradation.

Development: In this research development is defined as an improvement of living

standard of people as a result of improved access to social services

5

CHAPTER TWO

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

2.1 NGO PROGRAMMES

The World Bank (1990) defines NGOs as (1) non-commercial institutions, (2) which are

private entities (not associated with any national government), (3) non-profit, (4) which

work with developing countries to alleviate suffering, promote the interests of the poor,

protect the environment, participate in community development, and provide basic

community services

A number of people have sought to categorize NGOs into different types. Some~

typologies distinguish them according to the focus of their work for instance whether it is

primarily service- or welfare-oriented or whether it is more concerned with providing

education and development activities to enhance the ability of the poorest groups to

secure resources. Such organizations are also classified according to the level at which

they operate, whether they collaborate with self-help organizations (i.e. community-based

organizations), whether they are federations of such organizations or whether they are

themselves a self-help organization. They can also be classified according to the approach

they undertake, whether they operate projects directly or focus on tasks such as advocacy

and networking.

Among the wide variety of roles that NGOs play, Cousins (1999) identified six important

roles ofNGOS:

Development and Operation of Infrastructure: Community-based organizations and

cooperatives can acquire, subdivide and develop land, construct housing, provide

infrastructure and operate and maintain infrastructure such as wells or public toilets and

solid waste collection services. They can also develop building material supply canters

and other community-based economic enterprises. In many cases, they will need technical

assistance or advice from governmental agencies or higher-level NGOs.

Supporting Innovation, Demonstration and Pilot Projects: NGO have the advantage of

selecting particular places for innovative projects and specify in advance the length of

6

time which they will be supporting the project - overcoming some of the shortcomings

that governments face in this respect. NOOs can also be pilots for larger government

projects by virtue of their ability to act more quickly than the government bureaucracy

Facilitating Communication: NGOs use interpersonal methods of communication, and

study the right entry points whereby they gain the trust of the community they seek to

benefit. They would also have a good idea of the feasibility of the projects they take up.

The significance of this role to the government is that NGOs can communicate to the

policy-making levels of government, information bout the lives, capabilities, attitudes and

cultural characteristics of people at the local level. NGOs can facilitate communication

upward from people to the government and downward from the government to the

people. Communication upward involves informing government about what local people

are thinking, doing and feeling while communication downward involves informing local

people about what the government is planning and doing. NGOs are also in a unique

position to share information horizontally, networking between other organizations doing

similar work.

Technical Assistance and Training: Training institutions and NGOs can develop a

technical assistance and training capacity and use this to assist both CBOs and

governments.

Research, Monitoring and Evaluation: Innovative activities need to be carefully

documented and shared - effective participatory monitoring would permit the sharing of

results with the people themselves as well as with the project staff.

Advocacy for and with the Poor: In some cases, NGOs become spokespersons or

ombudsmen for the poor and attempt to influence government policies and programs on

their behalf. This may be done through a variety of means ranging from demonstration

and pilot projects to participation in public forums and the formulation of government

policy and plans, to publicizing research results and case studies of the poor. Thus NGOs

play roles from advocates for the poor to implementers of government programs; from

agitators and critics to partners and advisors; from sponsors of pilot projects to mediators.

7

Some Activities

Some of the activities of NGOs range from social, political, economic and

humanitarian in nature, they stride right from local to international and high to low

technologies. NGOs support for tree nurseries falls in the same category. In Nepal

plans to encourage local groups to establish tree nurseries incorporating the species

and nursery techniques which it has been developing as its own nurseries wind down-

there by creating new income generating opportunities (Farmington, Bebbington and

Lewis 1993:170) NGOs that offer skills are much more preferred than those who offer

services without training its beneficiaries on how to survive without them.

NOOs efforts go further seeking to enhance their local partner organization’s ability

to manage new technology to draw on the local government’s services they require

and to negotiate with the private commercial sector. An example of this is the NGO

support for landless irrigators groups in Bangladesh was premised on their ability to

learn how to use and maintain pumps and obtain credit from the government, but also

to sell water to farmers (Farmington Etal 1993:171). Technology is a bigger challenge

because one has to go through training before one can integrate technology into

his/her work life.

Farmington, Bebbington and Lewis (1993 :171) have long argued that underlying

NGO initiatives towards cost recovery and the identification and exploration of new

commercial opportunities is the conviction that long term sustainability of innovation

in which the rural poor engage is less well served than by the development of the

capacity to interact with the wider economy, in cost recovery, in the efficient

acquisition of inputs and in the sale of goods and services generated (Farmington Etal

1993:172). These NGO initiatives are frustrated by limited financial resources,

commitment of perspective clients and participation to key stake holders.

Economic Empowerment and Involvement

Attempts to reconcile the contradictions of linear versus contingent development, as

well as assessing NGOs effectives share a common principle of structured multiple

stake holder involvement (Fowler 2003:299) the only way through which people can

be put in charge of their destiny is to empower them, and the only way of practically

8

empowering them is by making them participate actively in social, economic and

political developments that concerns them. NGO institution that have made an impact

on society are those who have actively engaged the beneficiaries in meeting their

special needs, NGOs that do not engage in social structure affects the real mission of

involving and enriching their participation.

Fowler (2003:300) argues that in terms of organization appraisal, involving stake

holders in this way calls for some form of social accounting of multiple interests. One

recent application of these principles known is “social audit” derived from a process

of independent social accounting which is being tested by Traid craft and the new

economic foundation. What is however challenging is the capacity of the stake

holders and beneficiaries to carry out a social —audit independently and objectively, in

most cases they are influenced by irrational and sub-judicial undertones. More

recently OXFAM initiated an assembly of some 250 diverse stake holders-partners,

advisers, associates, volunteers, staff, senior managers, donors, friends and others to

deliberate and provide advise on strategic issues facing the organization, what is

surprisingly un surprising is that not all of them had the capacity to contribute to the

organization strategic issues.

Creating a systematic way of engaging multiple stake holders is unlikely to be free of

conflict and risk, especially where different levels of power and authority exist. In this

situation, the weighing of different stake holders is important. Additional pit falls can

arise where there is a significant disparity in understanding between donors, NGOs

and recipients about what development entails. (Fowler 2003:300). Although stake

holders will always have a common goal to achieve, they will always have different

approaches and alternatives, something that is likely to cause a clash in their

respective interactions.

2.2 DEVELOPMENT

Repetto (1986), refers sustainable development as the one that aims at managing all

natural, Human and financial resources of a country for increasing its wealth and

welfare over the long-run. Sustainable development is a pattern of resource use that

aims to meet human needs while preserving the environment so that these needs can

9

be met not only in the present, but in the indefinite future. These definitions of

sustainable development are similar to the Brundtland Commission (1987), which

agreed that sustainable development as development that ‘meets the needs of the

present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own

needs.” United Nations 2005 World Summit Outcome Document refers to the

“interdependent and mutually reinforcing pillars” of sustainable development as

economic development, social development, and environmental protection. In short,

all the definitions of sustainable definitions are referring to the concept of

development which brings betterment to the current as well as the future generations.

The field of sustainable development can be conceptually broken into three

constituent parts of environmental sustainability, economic sustainability and socio

political sustainability. The United Nations has declared a Decade of Education for

Sustainable Development starting in January 2005 which emphasized on the

importance of sustainable development instead of Just a development.

The First Islamic Conference of Environment Ministers held in Jeddah 2002,

identified the major challenges faced by the Islamic world in the field of sustainable

development mainly as poverty, Illiteracy, accumulation of foreign debts, degradation

of economic and social conditions, Disequilibrium between population growth and

available natural resources, the weakness of Technical capabilities, lack of expertise

and skills in environment management.

In Islamic economic system, the very basic concern of development is on human

welfare. This is in line with the very basic objective of Shari’ah3 which puts

important to the welfare of the people and their relief from hardship. Economic

development should be consistent with this central objective of shari’ah. Thus,

economic development in Islam may be defined as a balanced and sustained

improvement in the material and non-material well-being of man, and development as

a multi-dimensional process which involves improvement of welfare through

advancement, reorganization and reorientation of entire economic and social systems,

and spiritual uplifiment, in accordance with Islamic teachings. (Sadeq AHM, 1991: 1-

2).

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Therefore, the focus of sustainable development in Islam is on men. Man as the

economic agent is responsible for the types of development to be undertaken. The

economic agents need to be educated with the importance of sustainable development.

Thus, the focus of sustainable development in Islam would be on educating the people

about the principles and management of sustainable development that adhere to the

Islamic framework.

SK Misra ( 2003) urged that Non-Economic Factors are as much important in

development as Economic Factors. He examined the following factors

Human Resources: Population is an important factor in economic development. Man

makes positive contribution to growth and provides labor power for production. If

labor is efficient and skilled its capacity to contribute to growth will be high. If a

country can manage to use its manpower properly, it will certainly prove to be an

important factor in development. Unutilized man power remains defective and burden

on the economy.

Technical know-how and general education: As the scientific and technological

knowledge advances, man discovers more and more sophisticated techniques of

production. Schumpeter was deeply impressed by the innovations done by the

entrepreneurs and he contributed much of the capitalistic developments to this role of

entrepreneurial class. Contribution of education to the increase in output is more

relevant.

Political Freedom: Looking to the world history, the processes of development and

under development are interlinked. Under development of India, Pakistan, Bangladesh

etc which were in the past British colonies was linked with the development of

England. The colonies were forced to remain backward in the process. Similarly

France’s development was linked with the under development of Algeria and Indo

China.

Social organization: Mass participation in development programmes is a pre

condition for accelerating the growth process. However, people show interest in the

development activity only when they feel that the fruits of growth will be fairly

11

distributed. Experiences from a number of countries suggest that whenever the

defective social organization allows some groups to appropriate the benefit of growth,

the general mass of people develop apathy towards State’s development programmes.

Under the circumstances it is futile to hope that masses will participate in the

development projects undertaken by the state. Growth of monopolies in industries and

concentration of economic power in the modern sector is now an undisputed fact.

Corruption: Corruption is rampant in developing countries at various levels and it

operates as a negative factor in the growth process. Until and unless these countries

root out corruption in their administrative system, it is most natural that the capitalists,

traders and other powerful economic classes will continue to exploit national

resources in their personal interests. Furthermore, a substantial portion of the outlay

on development projects is appropriated by the government officials and other

functionaries by employing corrupt means. The regulatory system is ofien misused

and the licenses are not always granted on merit. Tax evasion, with the connivance of

government officials is also a part of corruption.

Desire to Develop: Development activity is not a mechanical process. The pace of

economic growth in any country depends to a great extent on people’s desire to

develop. If in some country level of consciousness is low and the general mass of

people has accepted poverty as its fate, then there will be little hope for development.

Natural Resources: Availability of fertile soil with abundant supply of water for

irrigation purposes provides favorable conditions for agricultural development.

Similarly, adequate reserves of coal and petroleum and water resources for electricity

generation can be profitably utilized by an underdeveloped country for its

transformation into a developed country. Minerals like iron ore, copper, tin, bauxite,

and uranium, if available in plenty can induce the process of industrialization. Sea

coast provides navigation facilities necessary for overseas trade. Without these

resources there is not much hope for economic growth.

Entrepreneurship

While entrepreneurship expressed in the creation of new small businesses is an

essential part of our economy, entrepreneurship’s contribution is centrally much

greater. In addition to the creation of independent new small firms, entrepreneurship

12

is present in much of the growth of big corporations, governments and even the

charitable sectors. We call these the four forms of forms of entrepreneurship.

(Timmons & Spinelli 2004:19). In respect to the forms Kuratko & Hodgetts

(1998:358) observers that what ever the forms, entrepreneurial activities goes through

three fundamental stages, these are: prestart up, start up and post start up. What is

however very difficult is to identify clear demarcation lines among the stages and

forms; this is because the same activities are regularly found in all forms and stages.

On the contrary Katz and Green (2009:19) argues that the four forms differ in which

aspect of entrepreneurship they focus: creation looks of the making of new ventures,

customers focus looks at being in-tune with the market, Efficiency is about doing

work with the fewest resources and innovation looks at new ways of doing things.

What is most importantly however is that all the forms are focused on profit

maximization and accumulated income per capital welfare. The four forms entail:

Public entrepreneurship: This involves revitalizing government agencies, so it tends to

focus on the customer-focus and efficiency aspect of entrepreneurship. Independent

entrepreneurship involves all the four elements, while in corporate entrepreneurship;

the focus is typically on customer focus and innovation, bringing new products and

services to market, or opening new markets to your firm. Public entrepreneurship is

stated-led engineered by the government with a major pre-occupation of establishing

public entrepreneurs.

Social entrepreneurship on the other hand involves creating new charitable and civic

organizations which are financially self-sufficient or for profit companies that use

much of their profit to fund charities. (Katz and Green 2009:19-20). In social

entrepreneurship the key elements involve creation, efficiency and customer — focus.

NGO’s fundamentally fall under social entrepreneurship whose major goal this time

around is not for profit motive but service delivery, using charitable dimensions. The

only short coming with NGOs is that they have failed to be self sustaining; they have

continuously remained perpetual dependants on donors.

Under the corporate entrepreneurship form, this takes initiatives in establishing new

business around new products, services and markets. Cooperate entrepreneurship is

13

unique in that it does not seek to improve but discover new markets, services and

products, this form is very difficult to initiate because it involves not only deeper

thinking, but bigger capital as well. Bigger capital is not found in developing

countries and rural societies and as such corporate entrepreneurship is not applicable

in societies where capital is in short supply, and professionalism is lacking.

Under independent entrepreneurship a person or a group of people own their own

business for profit business. In this respect there is nothing like charitable, free service

delivery or assistance. Under independent entrepreneurship management leadership is

basically personal, depending on the entrepreneur’s views, perceptions, attitudes and

personal opinion. However this form takes into consideration the existing legal frame

work as Petains equality and standards of service delivery methods for charitable or

profit motive.

Steps in Decision Making: Facts & Values

Decision making as a contested terrain of study is a crucial central aspect that in away

determines the success or failure of institutions and organization. Right decisions

gives rise to positive outcomes, wrong decisions definitely gives birth to wrong

outcomes. Decision making is basically a selection based on some criteria of one

behavior alternative from two or more possible alternatives (Davar 1991:1) Decision

making is a process and not an event, as such it involve planning. However planning

should be based on facts and valves, it’s however different to distinguish between real

facts and imaginary facts, unless experiments are conducted

Herbert (1976:45) has defined facts as prepositions of statements that deal with the

observable world, meaning that factual preposition may be tested to determine

whether they are true or false, whether what they say about the world actually occurs

or whether it does not. The challenge in influencing decision is whether those

involved in decision making have the capacity to distinguish between real facts from

imaginary decisions.

To determine whether the preposition is correct, it must be compared directly with

experience, with the facts or it must be led by logical reasoning, national and logical

14

reasoning is not in abundance, where as many can take decisions, very few can

logically decide, this in a way affects their out comes. Decisions are opportunity

centered; taking right decisions enable one to take advantage of the opportunity. In

this regard Keith and Mowen (2002:23 8) have observed that master decision makers

implement their decisions with force and precision. By taking decision you’re

preparing your self to grab the opportunity.

The decision making process can be divided into five distinct steps: these are: define

and crystallize the problem, secure and analyze pertinent facts, develop alternative

solutions or courses of actions, decide upon the best solution and convert the decision

into effective action (Davar 1991:2). Davar (1991:2) observes that the first step in

decision making is to find out what really is the problem and define it. This may not

be easy, what may appear to be the elements of the problem, may not really be the

most important. In most cases individuals and organization deal with the symptoms to

the problem rather than the problem it’s self. This in away affects their influence in

decision making on any important issues that calls for collective decisions.

Once the problem is defined, the next step involved is the finding and classification of

facts. The purpose of classification is to ensure that the decision made takes a

comprehensive view of business rather than the immediate local problem. It enables

one to establish how an individual might be affected by his / her own decision and

how others might be affected and the organization. Classifying the problem also helps

in determining who must take the decision, who must be consulted before making a

decision and who must be informed. (Davar 1991:18) unclassified decisions always

boomerang because they lack comprehensiveness.

Developing alternative solution to a problem is the hardest step in decision making. It

may be said that there can rarely be a problem for which alternative solutions cannot

be found. (Davar 1991:18) The purpose of finding alternative solutions is to make the

best decision, after a careful consideration of the most desirable courses of action in

the circumstances of the case. In considering alternative solution, it is a good principle

to think in terms of which would be the consequences if no action is at all not taken.

15

In many cases to take action at all may prove to be the most desirable and real

solution to the problems.

Fact are crucial in decision making, it is only when you have facts that you can make

correct decisions. What is however difficult to distinguish is separating facts from

information. Facts deals with figures or raw data and information basically deals with

individual perception, opinion and feeling. What affects one’s influence in decision

making is his / her ability to grapple with facts; the biggest challenge however is for

people to confuse facts from information. Ignoring the steps in decision making has

greatly affected stake holders towards influencing decision that can improve not only

themselves but the organization as well.

2.3 Theoretical Perspective

The study is based on Empowerment Theory which refers to the experience of

personal growth and an improvement in self-definition that occurs as a result of the

development of capabilities and proficiencies (Staples 1990). Another definition

suggests that empowerment is a combination of personal strengths, initiative, and

natural helping systems to bring about change (Perkins & Zimmerman, 1995). This

theory can be applied to community development by empowering the people within

the community to develop their own community. The theory can adapt to other

disciplines like Sociology.

2.3 Related Studies

Chelliah (1997) carried out a research in Malaysia on Non-Governmental

Organization’s to assess their Contribution towards Community Development

Education: The study attempted to outline and describe how non-governmental

organizations (NGOs) can effectively contribute to the community development

education of the urban poor and the plantation communities in the country. His study

discovered that NGOs supplemented the governments’ effort in bringing about

economic growth and community educational development to the marginalized

communities. Thus, government should encourage and foster the growth of NGOs in

the country for the development and prosperity of the nation. He suggested that for

NGOS to bring development it is important: the participation of the beneficiaries in

16

different cycles of the project; strong and effective NGO management and

institutional Capability; and the caliber of project staff, their commitment to overall

project objectives, their skills and the degree of empathy with the intended

beneficiaries. Far more is known today than was the case a decade ago about both the

impact of NGO development initiatives and some of the main causes of failure. Yet

gaps in knowledge and understanding remain

Adebayo (2002), carried out a research on the Contribution of Non-Governmental

Organizations on poverty reduction in Kabale district in Uganda .The findings of the

study indicated that a combination factors is needed to improve the work of NGOs

towards poverty reduction. One strategy may not be successful in isolation but a

combination of several strategies would lead to NGOs success in their struggle to

reduce poverty, in Buhara sub-county and other places of Uganda with the problem of

poverty

Michael Bratton (1989), argued that NGOs are significant boisterers of civil

society by virtue of their participatory and democratic approach. Since

then, a wealth of literature has emerged from the academic, donor and NGO

communities alike that has indicated the increasing interest in, and (material) support

for, the role of NGOs in promoting democratic development. Of particular concern is

the wide spread embracing of NGOs as democratic actors that is discernible in much

of this literature.This appears to owe more to ideological persuasion and assumption

than to an engagement with wider debates about the politics of development.

Relatively few critical analyses of the role of NGOs in democratization have been

undertaken within the theoretical literature to date. Clarke (1998a), in one of the few

studies that examines the role of NGOs in the politics of development across the

developing world, opines that the failure to theorize the political impact of NGOs has

lead to an overly’ inadequate, explicitly normative interpretation of NGO ideology’

(1998a: 40). It is this failure that has encouraged the tendency to take NGOs’ positive

role in democratization as axiomatic. This is a significant issue to raise not least

because of the key role NGOs now play in donor-, government- and even World

Bank-funded development projects and programmes as key agents of democratization

Ghulam (2007) researched on NGOS performance in poverty alleviation at Hyderabad

division in Pakistan. The study was based on field work including visit to 40 villages

and interview of 500 persons getting the financial assistance from the NGOs .The

17

results show that the huge majority of the respondents are of the opinion that they

stand a lot below of the current income status of the household. The data suggest that

the prevalence of poverty is more observed in rural areas where people live in joint

family system. The majority of respondents are illiterate or primary passed. They are

laborers working on daily wages. The bulk of respondents reported that in recent

years their standard of living has declined. Due to poverty the respondents had

borrowed money. They held the view that they were incapable to meet the basic needs

of life. The results indicate that respondents were fairly depressed and dejected.

Almost all of the respondents were of the opinion that NOOs are not making people

self-reliant. The respondents were of the view that NOOs were emphasizing only one

or two sectors, whereas an integrated approach to poverty alleviation is needed

Writing in the international relations journal Foreign Policy, Bilahari Kausikan (1993,

pp. 24-41) of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Singapore and Aryeh Neier (1993, pp.

42-41), executive director of the western-based Human Rights Watch organization,

addressed the issue of the role of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in pressing

for greater human rights in contemporary Asian societies. The two reached quite

different conclusions on the issue. The issue addressed by Kausikan and Neier is

examined in this research, and the positions of the two are critiqued. The role of

NOOs is a contemporary and important issue in international relations, regardless of

whether human rights is the focus of an NGO. This point was acknowledged by both

writers. Similarly, the human rights issue would be significant in contemporary

international relations in the absence of an interest on the part of NGOs. This point

was not addressed by either of the writers; however, it is relevant to this review and

critique. Thus, the underlying positions of Kausikan and Neier on human rights must

be addressed in order to effectively critique their arguments concerning the role of

NGOs in pressing for human rights reforms in contemporary Asian societies. An

effective critique of the issue also requires and understanding of NGOs and their

status in the conduct of international relations.

2.4 Research gaps

Since the end of the war in northern Uganda especially in Gulu District, no research

has been done to assess the impact of NGOs activities on the livelihood situations on

the urban dwellers. Hence this research would contribute to fill knowledge gap on

18

NGOs activities.This study will provide more infonnation on the nature of NGOs

programs in the district

19

CHAPTER THREE

METHODOLOGY

3.1. Research Design.

A correlation research design was adopted to establish the casual relationship between

NGOs programs and development. Correlation relationship between two variables is

occasionally the result of the independent — dependent variables. This design

permitted the researcher to analyze the relationships between variables. Correlation

design refers to studies in which purpose is to discover the relationship between

variables using correlation statistics, backed by qualitative and quantitative approach.

3.2. Research Population

According To Gulu NGO forum there are over 200 NGOS operating in Gulu

municipality. Uganda Bureau of Statistics (2002-2012) puts the population at 298,527

of which 119,430 are living in the municipality

The study population included: The executive board members of NGOs, management,

local politicians, opinion leaders, and selected youth in Gulu municipality. The

categories were involved because they have a direct bearing on NGOS and local

development in Gulu, thus fulfilling the study which is about the casual relationship

between NGOs and development.

3.3. Sample Size.

A total number of 106 respondents were involved in the study. Roscoe (1975:121)

observes that any number of respondents above 50 is substantive enough to deliver

scientific findings. In this respect: 6 Board of directors , 6 local politicians, 15

mangers and 79 active youth in Gulu municipality were involved. The specific

numbers offers effective sampling representations of the general society of Gulu

municipality.

3.4. Sampling Procedures

The strategy of sampling was both probability and non- probability. The probability

specifically focused on simple random and non probability sampling was purposive.

20

Simple random eliminated bias and purposive enabled the researcher to access

respondents who are directly in charge of development. The two sampling procedures

are in tandem with the research design adopted.

3.5 Research Instruments

A researcher devised questionnaire was used with closed and open ended questions

this instrument is response friendly. An open ended questionnaire shall provide a

range of optional alternative answers from which the respondents shall have to

choose, and closed questionnaire, enabled the respondent to justify his /her response.

The two open and closed shall minimize guess work from the respondents.

The questionnaire was pretested and adjusted to fit the study context.

Documentary Review: The researcher accessed documentary evidence from the

relevant offices regarding N.G.Os and development in Gulu foundations activities,

starting from their work plans, projects successfully accomplished and those on

going enabled the researcher to obtain the previous and present activities

3.6 Validity and Reliability

First, the researcher tested the instruments to establish whether the responses are in

compliance with the research objectives. Respondents were willingly requested to

become part of the study before the actual data collection commences. A pilot study

was conducted on a small sample of respondents. This was to justify the validity and

reliability of the study.

3.7 Data Gathering Procedures

Upon the approval of the research proposal, the researcher obtained an introduction

letter from the school of postgraduate studies and research, Kampala International

University. This letter was presented to the Executives of NGOs, LC V and RDC of

Gulu District for security clearance. The researcher shall made appointments with

respondents, distributed his research questionnaires and interviewed them. He was in

position to access documentary information, interview and engage in discussions with

the respondents.

21

3.8 Data Analysis

The collected data were classified, sorted, edited and compiled. SPSS soft ware

application was used to analyze findings. Quantitative data from each section of the

questionnaire were recorded. Findings from quantitative were manifested through

simple frequencies and correlations, meaningful conclusions and recommendation

were made as a result of the findings

3.9 Limitations of the Study

The study was affected by the poor road net work in Gulu, poor transport system,

reluctant respondents and unwillingness of the respondents from offering credible

information. However, the researcher used a mobile — friendly transport system to

penetrate the rural areas. The researcher assured his responders that his study is purely

academic and that the information they offer shall be held with the confidentiality and

that the study is aimed at improving the status of NGOs and the local area.

22

CHAPTER FOUR

PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF

RESULTS

4.0 INTRODUCTION

This chapter presents the findings of the study according to the objectives of the

study, which were; To determine the extent of development as a result of NGOs

Programme in Gulu Municipality, determine the relationship between NGO

Programmes and Development of Gulu Municipality, find out the challenges facing

NGOs in Gulu Municipality, and to determine the Level of development in Gulu

Municipality

The presentation begins with an analysis of response rate and demographic

characteristics of respondents summarized in tables. To facilitate ease in

understanding presentation, analysis and interpretation with empirical evidence, the

results of the descriptive satisfies of frequencies and percentages distribution on each

item were presented in tables according to the research objectives. Further, in

conducting inferential statistics with more empirical findings, the results of the

bivirate-correlations and linear regression analysis (T-test) were also presented in

tables according to the objectives of the survey.

4.1 Response Rate

Response rates show participants that were involved in the study. These included the

youth, local leaders, NGO leaders and politicians. According to Phelps et al., (2001)

poor response rates reduce sample size and consequently precision. This is a potential

source of bias lessening the confidence with which findings can be accepted and

generalized. Phelps further stressed that although, there is no ‘standard’ for an

acceptable response rate, but published opinion indicates that response rate below 60%

is ‘barely acceptable’. Therefore, response rate presents the validity of the study.

In the study the total population of all respondents was established. This helped to

determine the sample size of each category of respondent. In this regard, only 106

respondents participated in the study as others never returned the questionnaires with

the perception that their answers would be used against them, while others said they had

no time. All in all, 79 youth responded, 15 NGO managers, 6 Board of directors and 6

local leaders, making a total of 106.

23

4.2 Demographic characteristics of Respondents

This section gives an overview of the demographic characteristics of the study

population including Age and Gender as well as other variables such as area of

tenure- District. The results were collected from both individuals and administrators

(local leaders and NGOS), and were based on majority and maturity. The prevalence

of most socio-demographic characteristics covered in this section showed differences

by age as shown and discussed below.

Age of respondents

The researcher was interested in finding out which age bracket is more responsive to

issues of development. The study also aimed at finding out which age group was

majorly involved in the study. The results are summarized in the table below

Table 4.2.4 Respondents by age distribution

Frequency PercentValid 18-28 74 69.8

29-35 20 18.936-42 8 7.543-49 4 3.8Total 106 100.0

For analysis purposes, respondents were grouped into four groups with the exception

of the highest age group which was left open ended. From the table- 4.2.4 above, the

age cohort with the greatest representatives is 18-28 with 74 frequencies scoring

69.8%, followed by 29-35 with 18.9%, 36-42 got 7.5% and lastly 43-49 obtained only

3.8%. The implication of this finding is that more respondents between the ages of 18-

28 years old were involved in the study and this includes the majority youth. It

therefore means that the youth are more active in following up issues concerning

development than the elderly. The findings further indicate that age is a very

important factor in determining development in an area.

24

4.2.2 Sex ofRespondents

Table 4.2.2: Respondents by Sex distribution

Frequency PercentValid Male 57 53.8

Female 49 46.2Total 106 100.0

In studying sex the researcher was interested to establish whether gender would have

an influence on the study results. That is, whether men would value development

more than women and vise-vasa. Also researcher wanted to know the majority gender

involved in the survey.

Table 4.2.2 above revealed that the gender response rate of the respondents was fairly

balanced — male were the majority with a 53.8% women with 46.2%.

The results further revealed that women are less actively involved in issues related to

development compared to men.

4.2.1: District of Respondents

To find out whether NGO work concentration in some division than the other have an

impact on the response rate, respondents were asked to indicate their divisions within

the municipality of residence. The following results were obtained

Table 4.2.1 Respondents by district distribution

Frequency PercentValid Gulu Municipality 106 100.0

Survey results show that the predominantly all respondents were from a single- Gulu

District. This indicates that the results are true representation of the study area. The

results further indicate that District development by NGOs has got a major role to

play in determining the response rate to the study. This was further noted by the high

response rate from Gulu district which is more developed by the NGOs compared to

the other districts.

25

4.3 Empirical Findings.

The study examined the impact of NOOs’ Programmes on the Development of Gulu

Municipality. Specifically, the researcher was interested to determine the extent to

which NGO programs have contributed to the development of Gulu municipality, to

determine the relationship between NGO Programmes and Development of Gulu

Municipality; to find out the challenges facing NGOs in Gulu Municipality; and to

determine the Level of development in Gulu Municipality

To test these hypotheses, the researcher therefore presented empirical evidence using

descriptive analysis and percentages distribution, bivirate correlations and linear

regression analysis (T-test) according to the study objectives. These gives the evident

nature of relationship between variables and the extent to which each item affects or

contributes to the other. The survey questionnaires were shown in Tables below.

Items were measured using a 5-likert item scale ranging from the best opinion

“strongly agree” (5) to the worst opinion “strongly disagree” (1).

4.3.1. Objective 1: Determine the extent to which NGO programs contribute to

development

This objective was set to measure by how much NGO programs have contributed to

the development of Gulu municipality. Answers to this research question were

obtained by the use of questionnaires administered to respondents and supported by

face to face interview with the local community including community leaders. Study

findings are presented in the table below:

26

Table 4.3.1 Descriptive analysis on the extent to which NGO programscontribute to development of Gulu municipality

Items (Enter questions under this objectives SA% A UD% DA SD Stdbelow) % % %Agricultural programs have increased in the 3.8 38.7 6.6 34.9 16 1.224District because of NGOs and people.

Community awareness on HIV/AIDS in the 42.5 30.2 13.2 2.8 11.3 1.301District have increased because of NGOs

People can now read and write as a result of 27.4 50.0 4.7 14.2 3.8 1.099NGOs investment in Education program

The Current peace relative peace in the 19.8 37.7 13.2 20.8 8.5 1.254District is a result of NGO program

Medical services have improved as a result 2.8 36.8 27.4 23.6 9.4 1.05 1of NGO program

Involvement of NOOs in the district has to 28.3 34.0 1 1.3 17.9 8.5 1.302a big extent contributed to the developmentof Gulu municipality

Involvement of NGOs in the district has to 3.8 9.4 17.0 34.9 34.9 1.110a small extent contributed to thedevelopment of Gulu municipality

From the table, results reveal that NGOs participation in community have a great

contribution to the development process of the community. This was shown by the

high response rate of respondents (62.3%) who were in conformity that NGO

involvement in the community contributes to development, while only 26.4% were in

disagreement. Additionally, 13.2% of the respondents agreed that to a small extent

NGO programs contribute to development.

4.3.1.4. Correlation analysis on the extent to which NGO programs contribute to

development of Gulu municipality

A correlation analysis was conducted to find out the relationship between the

variables. It was also done to guide the researcher in drawing conclusions about the

findings. Below are the results of the correlation study.

27

Table 4.3.1.4 Correlation analysis on the extent to which NGO programs

contribute to development of Gulu municipality

I NGOP LDNGOP Pearson 1 .609(**)

CorrelationSig. (2- .000tailed)N 106 106

LD Pearson 6o9(*k) 1CorrelationSig. (2- .000tailed)N 106 106

** Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).

Results in the above table indicate that NGO programs have significantly contributed

to the development of Gulu municipality. The results further reveal a significant

though weak relationship between NGOs and local development, tested on Sig (.000)

which is below +1 but close to 1. This is further confirmed by a correlation of

.609(**), at p <0.01.

The results therefore allow us to accept the null- NGO programs contribute to

development, and reject the alternative that NGO programs do not contribute to

development.

4.3.1.5 Regression analysis on the extent of NGOs Programme in Gulu

Municipality

A linear regression was used to further ascertain the results. In this regard, the

regression analysis indicates a direct relationship between the two variables (NGO

programs and development). Results of the analysis are presented in the tables below.

Table 4.3.1.5 Regression analysis on the extent of NGOs Programme in Gulu

Municipality

Std. Error

Mode Adjusted of the

1 R R Square R Square Estimate

1 .609(a) .371 .365 .53567

a. Predictors: (Constant), LD28

From the table, it is indicated that there a significant correlation between NGO programs

and development affirmed by the value obtained for the coefficient of determination,

also known as R2 (171). The coefficient of determination represents the amount

(proportion) of the variation of the data presented by the dependent variable that

is explained by the independent variable. This implies that 37.1% of the variation in

extent of development as a result of NGOs programs was also accounted for. In

this regard the percentage explanation of the magnitude of relationship is low. The

results were further explained using t-test as shown below;

T—statistics

Unstandardized StandardizedCoefficients Coefficients

Std.Model B Error Beta t Sig.I (Consta 1790 .190 9.417 .000

nt)NGOP .452 .058 .609 7.836 .000

a Dependent Variabie: LD

The high t-test results of 7.836, significant at p-value .000 explain the impact of the

independent variable on the dependent variable. To this observation therefore from

the analysis of the t-statistics and P-value (.000) the null hypothesis is further

accepted and the alternative rejected.

Objective 2: To determine the relationship between NGO Programmes and

Development of Gulu Municipality

This objective was set to measure the relationship between NGO programmes and

Development in Gulu municipality and the results of the study are presented in a table

below.

29

Table 4.3.2 Descriptive analysis on the relationship between NGO Programmes

and Development of Gulu Municipality

Items (Enter questions under this objectives below) SA% A UD D SD Std% % %

Because of NGOs expanded programs on health most 9.4 55.7 2.8 24.5 7.5 1.1714people in the district are having access to affordablehealth services

Improved sanitation practices exist in the district as a 14.2 52.8 14.2 17.0 1.9 .992result ofNGO efforts to promote better hygiene andsanitation services

household income has increased to more than 3000/= 9.4 11.3 20.8 33.0 25.5 1.251a day as a result of NGO programs

WecanreadandwriteasaresultofNGOsinvestment 2.8 32.1 17.9 30.2 17.0 1.165in Education program

Cases of diseases prevalence like AIDS, Malaria, have 4.7 39.6 23.6 22.6 9.4 1.092significantly reduced in the District

Gulu municipality has developed because of NGO’s 27.4 39.6 6.6 12.3 14.2 1.381involvement in the district

Development in Gulu municipality is a result of other 15.1 24.5 16.0 16.0 16.0 1.336factors other than NGOs involvement in the District

The results of the survey demonstrate that there are significant variations in responses

relating to the relationship between NGO programs and development. Some of these

responses are positive while others are negative. As indicated in the above table

overall there was a high conformity that there is a positive relationship between NGO

programs and development. For example, out of 106 respondents, 65.1% of the

respondents agreed that increased health services were a result of expanded

NGOprogrammes at the District, 67% said sanitation and hygiene has improved, and

only 6.6% were in disagreement that there is a positive relationship between NGO

programs development. In conformity with the quantitative findings, interview results

registered a positive relationship as well.

30

4.3.2.4 Correlation analysis on the relationship between NGO Programmes

and Development of Gulu Municipality

Similarly, this objective was tested using correlation, and later regression analysis to

find out the relationship and the direction of its effects on the dependant variable. The

results were obtained and presented in the tables below.

Table 4.3.2.4 Correlation analysis on the relationship between NGO

Programmes and Development of Gulu Municipality

Correlations

I NGOP RBNGOP Pearson .564(**)

CorrelationSig. (2- .000tailed)N 106 106

RB Pearson 564(**) 1CorrelationSig. (2- .000tailed)N 106 106

** Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).

From the table above, it is evident that there is a significant relationship between

NGO programs and the development of Gulu municipality. This is confirmed by the

correlation of .564(*) at the p-value of 0.01. The results allow us to reject the H0: No

relationship between NGOs and Development in Gulu municipality and accept the

alternative.

4.3.2.5: Regression analysis on the relationship between NGO Programmes and


The study was further subjected to linear regression analysis as presented in the

tables below;

31

Tables 4.3.2.5: Regression analysis on the relationship between NGO

Programmes and Development of Gulu Municipality

T-test analysis

Unstandardized StandardizedCoefficients Coefficients

Std.Model B Error Beta t Sig.1 (Consta 1.184 .281 4.213 .000

nt)NOOP .594 .085 .564 6.969 .000

a Dependent Variable: RB

Shown from the above table, a high t-statistic of 4.213 is a good indicator that there is

a great significant relationship between NGO programs and development. Specifically

this implies that the development of Gulu municipality is a result of NGO programs.

It further reveal that the more the NGO programs, the more would be development

and the fewer the NGO programs the less the development of the community.

4.3.3. Objective 3: To find out the challenges facing NGOs in Gulu Municipality

This information was obtained by the use of questionnaires and face to face interview

with the local leaders and the NGO managements. Findings from the analysis are

presented in the tables below

Table 4.3.3: Descriptive analysis of the

Municipality

challenges facing NGOs in Gulu

Items (Enter questions under this objectives SA% A UD D SD Stdbelow) % % %NGOs face challenges of inadequate funding - 77.6 7.2 12.5 - .765and corruptionNGOs face challenges of corruption and - - 84.9 11.2 3.6 .485NepotismNGOs face challenges of poor infrastructure and - .7 25.0 48.7 25.7 .732corruptionNGOs face challenges of inadequate community - .7 77.0 17.1 5.3 .563support and high dependency syndromeNGOs face challenges of inadequate funding - .7 38.2 42.8 18.4 .743and political interference

32

Lack of financial resources is recognized as the major problem facing NOOs in

fostering development. This is showed by 77.6 % positive response to the question as

to whether NGOs’ are faced with the challenge of inadequate funding and corruption.

Although an encouraging 12.5% said they are experiencing no financial obstacles in

doing their work. Other problems mentioned included nepotism, lack of skilled

people, political interference, high dependency syndrome, and lack of community

support as represented in the table above.

4.3.4. Objective 4: To determine the Level of development in Gulu Municipality

This information was obtained by the used of questionnaires and face to face

interviews with the community. The findings are presented in the table below.

Table 4.3.3: Descriptive analysis on the Level of development in Gulu

Municipality

Items (Enter questions under this objectives SA% A UD D SD Stdbelow) % % %Gulu District dwellers have access to 17 52.8 13.2 15.1 1.9 .990affordable, portable and clean water servicesdue to NGOs efforts on improved programsseveral thousands of acres of trees have been 10.4 44.3 17.0 24.5 3.8 1.0754planted in the district as a result of NGOseffort to conserve the environmentVocational skills training has increased the 26.4 56.6 16.0 0.0 0.9 .713 1number of employment in the DistrictMost people in the District are now living in 5.7 34.0 13.2 26.4 20.8 1.274permanent or semi permanent building as aresult of improved household income savingsmany jobs have been created in the 30 years as 17.0 47.2 8.5 23.6 3.8 1.140a result ofNGOs presence in the DistrictGulu municipality has developed because of 17.9 45.3 7.5 17.9 11.3 1.285NGO’s involvement in the districtDevelopment in Gulu municipality is a result 1.9 6.6 17.0 35.8 38.7 .999of other factors other than NGOs involvementin the District

Overall, the above results indicate that respondents had similar views in relation to

development. One difference is perhaps worth noting: A slightly higher percentage

(83) of respondents who said employment has increased due to NGO efforts in

promoting vocational training. Besides, Out of 106 respondents interviewed, (63.2%),

29.2% disagreed and only 7.5% were undecided. When asked whether NGO programs

33

lead to development, only 8i% agreed and the majority (74.5) was in disagreement.

Largely therefore, the results show that NGOs foster development in the community

34

CHAPTER FIVE

SUMMARY, DISCUSSION, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.0 Introduction

In this chapter, the summary, discussions, conclusions and recommendations of the

study were presented according to the findings, and where appropriate, existing

literatures were included in the discussions. Limitations, contributions and

implications for future research were also integrated in this section.

5.1 Summay

From the study findings it was revealed that there is a significant relationship

between NGO programs and development. Moreover their resources are largely

additional, they complement the development efforts of others, and they can help to

make the development process more accountable, transparent and participatory.

Thus, they not only fill the gap but also act as a response to failures in the public and

private sectors.

NGOs efforts to foster development are however constrained by inadequate

capacities in form of funding, human resources and support from both the

community and other development partners. Additionally, they operate in an adverse

policy environment full of criticism as a result of politicizing their activities.

The descriptive, correlation, and regression analysis of these data reported more

empirical evidences on the existence of this relationship. This was confirmed from

the data collected using self administered questionnaires and face to face with the

respondents. The major findings of the survey were summarized according to the

objectives below;

5.2. Discussions

5.2.1 Objective 1: To determine the extent of NGOs Programme in Gulu

Municipality

The observed role of NGOs towards society development in general is enormous and

inexhaustible. They have emerged as powerful sources of social change in post

conflict/war communities. In Gulu district, NGO efforts have been particularly

noteworthy in the areas of social service delivery, advocacy, protection of the natural

35

environment, and in establishing new institutions to reflect the changing needs of the

community. It is also believed that because of their lifestyle of work, NGOs have

demonstrated the ability to reach poor people, work in inaccessible areas, innovate

or in other ways achieve things which are difficult for government agencies. It is

therefore agreed that NGOs are major contributors to development and its

processes.

5.2.2 Objective 2: To determine the relationship between NGO Programmes and


Empirical results indicated that there is a significant relationship between NGO

programs and development. A number of findings have revealed the powerful impact

of NGO participation in local communities related to improvement in development in

the community which have been affected by several challenges most importantly the

war. Through their efforts, agriculture, education, health, hygiene and sanitation

have all improved. Survey results further show that NGOs have been good drivers in

restoring peace in the community. In their efforts they have demonstrated the

capacity to make a significant and measurable contribution to deliver services close to

the people. Most of these NGOs have targeted their efforts towards the marginalized

groups that appear to be under served by the government; that is, the aged, physically

and mentally disabled persons, the poor as well as various social groups that have

been marginalized.

Their efforts have been however limited by several challenged including funding and

limited support from the government and other development partners. In lieu of this,

Local leaders and the government should thus encourage participative decision

making, consultation and open communication channels with NGO management to

develop a shared commitment to community development.

5.2.3 Objective 3: To find out the challenges facing NGOs in Gulu Municipality

Discussions with both local leaders and NGO management revealed that NGOs face

a relatively small resource base, corruption, high community dependency syndrome,

low community support, and are characterized by limited technical capacities.

Sometimes, limited strategic perspectives and weak linkages with other actors in

development are weak, worsened by limited managerial and organizational capacities.

Additionally, the relationship between NGOs and government involve political, legal,

ideological, and administrative constraints and because of their voluntary nature, there

36

may be questions related to accountability and credibility of NGOs and their claims to

mandate their objectives and advocacy. It is on this note that the researcher

encourages NGOs to strengthen their linkages and stick to strategic plans to offer

more efficient services to the community in promoting development.

5.2.4 Objective 4: To determine the Level of development in Gulu Municipality

It was revealed and observed that there is a great improvement in the development of

Gulu municipality as a result of NGOs participation in the community with a mandate

to promote peace, improve education services, and reduce poverty by promoting

agriculture, foster health and hygiene through sensitization, thereby improving the

standard of living. These NGOs have successfully acted as intermediaries between

actors in the development arena, building bridges between people and the

communities on one side, and government and other development agencies on the

other side. In an advocacy role, NGOs frequently represent issues and views

important in the dynamics of the development process. It is based on this background

that survey results tested positive in regard to NGO efforts in bringing about

development.

5.3: Conclusions

5.3.1 Objective 1: To determine the extent of NGOs Programme in Gulu Municipality

It can be concluded that Non Governmental Organizations (NGOs) play an increasing

role in community development. They help bring resources closer to the people and

bridge the gap between government and the community. One of the mandates of

NGOs is to bring services closer to the people as a development strategy. Based on

the survey findings, the provision of, education service, health and sanitation as well

as agriculture have all improved, indicating that this objective has been achieved.



Furthermore, survey findings are a more indicative of a positive relationship between

NGOs and Development. Findings revealed an improvement in the community

standard of living. This was confirmed by a remarkable compliance that all

development indicators such as health, education, and sanitation improved as a

ofNGO programs in the community.

5.3.3 Objective 3: To find out the challenges facing NGOs in Gulu

37

Contrary to public perceptions, most NGOs operate with very limited material

resources. In many cases, members and activists are investors in their own

organizations; they use private cars, equipment, and flats to ensure uninterrupted

operation of their organizations. Uncertainty of funding for monthly rent and

overhead expenses inadvertently impacts NGO vision and performance. Besides

limited funding, NOOs also face other challenges including corruption, political

interference, and inadequate community support.


The fact that respondents are predominantly in conformity that there is a high level

of development in Gulu municipality- there is considerable peace in the region, the

level of employment though still low has improved, literacy rate has improved, and

there is a considerable number of new schools in the region. Besides, the community

is more aware of the danger of HIV/AIDS and malaria as a result of NGO

sensitization campaigns. Therefore, one can conclude that NGOs play a great role in

the development.

5.4: Recommendations

5.4.1 Objectivel: Determine the extent of NGOs Programme in Gulu Municipality

In regard to the major role NGOs play in community development, more is expected

to be put in place to improve on their working environment for the well being of the

society. This can be achieved by strategizing community priorities to address the most

pressing needs of the community. Therefore, NGOs have to fashion out ways to get

rid of the increasing challenges posed by poverty, HIV/AIDS, and socio economic

powerlessness. In this regard they need to extend their collaborations with other

development stakeholders such as government and other national and international

private agencies.



On the positive note, though there is increasing number of NGOs with a mandate to

foster development, and a lot of society benefits have been observed, their work can

be more positive if they work with the actual communities and help them empower

38

themselves. This would solve the challenges of bureaucracy resulting centralizing

NGO activities.

5.4.3 Objective 3: To find out the challenges facing NGOs in Gulu Municipality

There has been a general criticism on how NGOs have used their funding and other

monies received or raised. I would therefore recommend that a good monitoring and

evaluation structure be developed and followed to overcome the challenges caused by

corruption.

Due to much pressure obtaining and maintaining funding, much effort is spent on

marketing and others on looking for funding. I would further recommend that they

stick to their planned schedules and allocate more time to ensure efficient service

delivery.

NGOs should also create Networks and collaborations with other organizations, and

the government to reduce on their resource constraints.


It is greatly recognized that NGOs have all the drivers to development. However, their

efforts are usually frustrated by challenges related to inadequate resources and

inadequate support from both the government and the community.

A great majority of NGOs largely depends on donor funding and often collapse when

these funds cease. Perhaps more importantly, even when funding from such sources

continues, the greater dependence on them may also threaten NGO performance.

Therefore, an interactive, authentic partnership among NGOs, public and private

organizations are required for sustainable impact on development.

5.5: Limitations to the study

1. Some of the respondents also never participated in the questionnaires and this

posed a problem of delays since the researcher had to look for them. This was

however solved by making second visits in search for information.

2. The size of the sample was relatively small because only few individuals

agreed to be interviewed and fill in the questionnaires. There was also limited

time to collect all the data required for analysis. This was solved by drawing

up the work plan for the study which was followed correctly. Ruyter and

Scholl (1998) remind that small survey samples reduce the representativity of

a research and qualitative method does not meet the demands of the validity

39

and reliability criteria. However, although the sample size was small, it still

represented a significant share of the entire population.

3. There were also several practical problems during the interviews that might

have weakened the data. Several interviews were done while the respondent

was working and had to answer to a telephone or meet an employee. These

things may have disturbed the interviewee’s concentration and distorted the

answers.

4.

5.6: The contributions of the study

1. The study contributed in identifying challenges that frustrate NGO programs

in Gulu municipality. These would help stake holders and NGO management in

identifying solutions to these problems.

2. To the researchers, the issue raised in this study contributed in generating

more knowledge from various perspectives. The findings of this study formed a

basis for further research in other related areas of interests.

5.7: Areas for future Research

1. The impact of inadequate funding on NGO service delivery in Uganda

2. Examine the impact of inadequate skilled personnel on NGO service delivery

40

REFERENCES

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Fowler Allan (2003) Beyond partnerships: Getting real about NGO relationship in the

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John Wiley &suns mc, New York, USA

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Thaw Davine (2003) “stepping into the River of change” in NGO Management Ed

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43

APPENDCES

Appendix 1: RESEARCH INSTRUMENT

Date of dd mm Yy Questionnai Data entry

data re number—*

collection nurnber.—*

Section 1. DATA COLLECTION

1.2 Name of the enumerator__________________________________________________

1 .3Name of the respondent (Optional)

1.4 Sex and age of the respondent Male Female Age

(years)

Section 2. GEOGRAPHIC LOCATION

2.1 District_______________________________ 2.2 Division_________________

2.3 ward 2.4 Village

INSTRUCTION

Please rate the responses on the following continuum:

5=Strongly agree

4=~Agree

3=Undecided

2=Disagree

1 =strongly disagree

1. As a result of increased agricultural programs in the district by NGOs most

people are eating more than three meals a day:

2. Several agencies have participated in creating community awareness on

HIV/AIDS in the district. Of all these Agencies NGOS have done a great job

in creating this awareness

44

3. Because of NGOs expanded programs on health most people in the district are

having access to quality and affordable health services:

4. Improved sanitation practices exist in the district as a result of NOOs

concerted efforts to promote better hygiene and sanitation practices

5. Gulu district dwellers have access to affordable, portable and clean water

services due to NGOs efforts on water improvement programs

6. The current relative Peace in the district has come about as result of NGOs

efforts to promote peace and reconciliation

7. Most people in Gulu District can read and write because NGOs have invested

heavily in the Education Sector:

8. Several thousands of acres of trees have been planted in the district as a result

of NGOs efforts to conserve the environment

9. 3.9 Vocational skills training has increased the number of employment in the

District

10. Your household income sources has increased to more than 3000 shs/day as a

result ofNGO programs

11. You can now read and write as a result of NGOs investment in Education

program

12. As a result of improved medical services life expectancy has increased in the

district

13. Cases of Diseases prevalence like AIDs, malaria, have significantly reduced in

the district

14. Most people in the District are now living in permanent or semi permanent

Building as a result of improved household income savings

15. Many Jobs have been created in the last 30 years as a result of NGOs presence

in the district

16. List the Challenges Facing NGOs operations in the district;

17. What should be done to improve the performance of NGOS?

45

Appendix II: BUDGET

SIN ITEM UNIT No. Of Unit AMOUNT

QUANTITY Units Price (UGX)

(UGX)

1 Research assistant 2persons lOdays 10,000 200,000

2 Stationary lump sum assorted 15,000

3 Transport hire Lump sum Number of 50,000

trips

4 Secretarial work Lumpsum 100,000

TOTAL 365,000

46

APPENDIX III : TIME FRAME

TIME FRAME

OCT-APR APR- JUNE- JUL

ACTIVITY 2013 JUNE JUL AUG Responsibility

Developing research Denis, Dr

proposal ssendagi

Denis, Dr

Defending proposal ssendagi

Denis, Dr

Data Collection ssendagi

Denis, Dr

Data Analysis ssendagi

Denis, Dr

Report Writing ssendagi

Denis, Dr

Dissertation Submission ssendagi

47

RESEARCHER’S CURRICULUM VITAE

Personal Profile

Name: Okumu Denis

Date of Birth: 15th May 1976

Nationality: Ugandan

Email :okumudenis2OO4~yahoo . co .uk

Mobile Tel: +2567768857 12

Educational Background

DEGREES

2011-2013: Masters of Business Administration (NGO) Management, Kampala

International University (Student)

1999- 2003: Bsc (Hons) Agriculture, Makerere University Kampala

DIPLOMA COURSES

2005- 2006: Post graduate Diploma in Project Planning and Management, Gulu

University

Certificate courses

August 2009 completed a one month certificate course in Human Resource

Management from CORAT Africa Nairobi Kenya

2008 May completed a three weeks strategic planning certificate course administered

by CORAT Africa, Nairobi Kenya

In September 2005 completed a four months certificate course in Strategic

procurement and Logistic Management organized by Makerere University Institute of

Adult and continuing Education.

SECONADRY AND PRIMARY EDUCATION

1998 Obtained an advance level Certificate of Education from St Josephs College

Layibi

1994 Obtained Uganda certificate of Education from St Joseph College Layibi

1990 Completed Primary leaving Examinations from Bishop Negri primary School48

Work Experience

1. June 2006- Dec 2012

Employer: Caritas

Job Title: Food security and Livelihood Coordinator

2. Oct 2003- May 2006:

Employer: World Vision Uganda

Job Title: Extension Facilitator (DAP II)

3. August 2003:

Employer: ACF_ USA

Job Title: Food security Worker

Other Relevant Data

Offers consultancy on Food security and Livelihood issues

49

ngo programmes and development of gulu …

Documents