PhonologicalpatternstoconsiderinanarrowtranscriptionofEnglishLinguistics341Consonants

Flapping:/t/and/d/becomeanalveolarflap[]atthebeginningofunstressedsyllables.

Aspiration:voicelessstops(/p/,/t/,/k/)areaspiratedatthebeginningofstressedsyllables([ph],[th],[kh])(andslightlylessaspiratedatthebeginningofunstressedsyllables) Glottalization:/t/becomestheglottalstop[]before/n/. (Forsomespeakers,thishappenssyllablefinally,too:"what"=[w])

Stopsattheendsofwords(orsyllables)maybeunreleased.("stop"=[stp ])

ObstruentDevoicing:stopsandfricativesattheendsofwordscanbedevoiced. ApproximantDevoicing:approximants(/l/,/w/,/j/,//)canbedevoicedafteraspiratedstops.(ex:play,quick,pure,true) PlaceAssimilation:/n/(andsometimes/t/and/d/)adopttheplaceofarticulationofafollowingconsonant.("phonebook"=[fom bk]) Velarstops(/k/,/g/)becomefronter(palatal)whentheyprecedefrontvowels Affrication:/t/and/d/canbecomeaffricates([t],[d])before// Nasalswhichprecedehomorganicstops(=atthesameplaceofarticulation)cansometimesdisappear.("camp"=[khp]) Velarizationof/l/ Somedialects:clear[l]appearssyllableinitially;dark[l]appearssyllablefinally Otherdialects:clear[l]onlyappearsbeforefrontvowels Otherdialects:[l]velarizedprettymucheverywhere

Vowels CanadianRaising/a/and/a/"raise"to[]and[]beforevoicelessconsonants(withinthesamesyllable)("out"=[t]) ForsomeCanadians,/e/and/o/arenotdiphthongs:[e],[o]. Lengthening:vowelsarelongerbeforevoicedconsonantsthanbeforevoicelessconsonants.("bead"=[bi:d],"beat"=[bit]) /u/becomesfronterwhenitprecedesalveolarorpostalveolarconsonants(inthesamesyllable)("loot"=[lt]) Nasalization:Vowelswhichprecedenasalstops(inthesamesyllable)oftenbecomenasalized.("con"=[kh n]) Vowelsbefore//:numberofcontrastsisreduced(fear,fare,car,four,Coors) Vowelsbefore//+V:numberofcontrastsisreducedfurther(weary,wary,sorry) (andinsomeeasterndialects,tojusttwo:weary/wary,sorry) Vowelsbefore/l/: /o/surfacesasmonophthong[o]:"pole"=[phol] /i/becomesadiphthong:"peel"=[phil] /e/becomesatriphthong:"pail"=[phel] Somedialectslosethe//~//distinctionbeforevoicedvelars ("leg"="lag") Laxvowels([],[],[],[],[])canhavea[]or[]offglide,especiallybeforealveolars.("hood"=[hd],"mad"=[md]) Unstressedvowelsarecharacteristically[]inopensyllables(e.g.,"alive"=[laiv])and[] inclosedsyllables(e.g.,"matches"=[mtz]).Andinbothcases,theytendtobeveryshort(e.g.,[]).