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TRANSCRIPT
Numerical investigation of soil-atmosphere interaction
Ni AN
Outline
Introduction
Methodology adopted
Development of a coupled hydro-thermal model
Applications
Environmental chamber
Rouen embankment
Héricourt embankment
Conclusions
2
Introduction Methodology Coupled hydro-thermal soil model Application Conclusion 3
Background
Tennessee, USA, after a heavy rainfall (2010)M. L1
Rainfall/Evaporation,
Solar radiation, etc.
Water content
Suction
Temperature
Settlement, Cracks,
Reduction of
stability…
Country Road 687 south of Angleton, Texas, after a
long time drought (2011)
Atmosphere
Soil
hydro-thermal
behavior
Engineering
problems
Introduction Methodology Coupled hydro-thermal soil model Application Conclusion 4
Objective
Soil-atmosphere
interaction model
Coupled
hydro-thermal model
Analyse soil hydro-thermal behavior under climate effect
Introduction Methodology Coupled hydro-thermal soil model Application Conclusion 5
Methodology adopted
Soil-atmosphere interaction model:
Coupled hydro-thermal soil model
Soil water content/suctionSoil temperature
Initial conditions * :
Soil temperature T and suction jBoundary conditions *
GHLR En
ntoffrain IERR
Rainfall Rain; Runoff Roff;
Evaporation E:
Air relative humidity, air temperature, wind speed
Net solar radiation Rn:
Solar radiation, dew temperature, air temperature
Sensible heat H: Air temperature
Latent heat LE : Evaporation
Soil surface temperature T and suction j
Introduction Methodology Coupled hydro-thermal soil model Application Conclusion 6
Coupled hydro-thermal model
Flow
EquationHeat flow Water flow
Flow
Conservation
Governing
equation wlTT KKTK
tC
t
TC
j
jjjjj
vatmv
ll
vl
Dq
ykq
qqq
j
jjjj
TTTT KTK
tC
t
TC
vlw
qt
w
)(
0
vvh qLTq
vv
h
LCT
qt
)(
0
Introduction Methodology Coupled hydro-thermal soil model Application Conclusion 7
Application 1- Environmental chamber
Test number Air flow rate
(L/min)
Temperature in
heating tube (°C)
Test duration (day)
Test 1 185 50 11.5
Test 2 172 200 11.5
Test 3 130 50 17.5
Test 4 130 200 30
Introduction Methodology Coupled hydro-thermal soil model Application Conclusion
0.3,3.0
0.0002
356.0
040.0
1
1
nm
S
s
r
m
nrs
re
j
smK
m
KK
s
mms
/01×36.1
05.0
S11S
5
1
2/1
e5.0
e1
1
8
Soil parameters*
VG model
Thermal conductivity curve Soil water retention curve Hydraulic conductivity curve
(Côté and Konrad, 2005)
VG model
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.40.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
Measured data
Fitting curve
Th
erm
al c
on
du
ctiv
tiy
(W
/mK
)
Volumetric water content (%)10
-110
010
110
210
310
410
5
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Data by Song et al. (2014)
Data by Doussan et al. (2009)
Data by Mbonimpa et al. (2004)
VG model
Volu
met
ric
wat
er c
onte
nt
(%)
Matric suction (kPa)
10-2
10-1
100
101
102
103
104
10-11
10-10
10-9
10-8
10-7
10-6
10-5
10-4
10-3
Data by Song et al. (2014)
Data by Dussan et al. (2009)
Data by Mbonimpa et al. (2004)
VG model-drying
VG model-wetting
Un
satu
rate
d h
yd
rau
lic
con
du
ctiv
ity
(m
/s)
Matric suction (kPa)
r
rr
dryrdrysat
S
S
155.31
55.3
)(
Introduction Methodology Coupled hydro-thermal soil model Application Conclusion 9
Initial and boundary conditions *
Boundary conditions *Initial conditions *
① Water flux BC: Evaporation
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
Act
ual
evap
ora
tion r
ate
(mm
/day
)
Time (day)
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
Act
ual
evap
ora
tion (
mm
/day
)
Time (day)
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
Act
ual
evap
ora
tion r
ate
(mm
/day
)
Time (day)
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
Act
ual
evap
ora
tion r
ate
(mm
/day
)
Time (day)
Test 1
Test 3
Test 2
Test 4
② Heat flux BC:
GT
GLH
vn
E
Soil temperature T and suction j
Introduction Methodology Coupled hydro-thermal soil model Application Conclusion 10
Results and analysis: Soil temperature
-0.30
-0.25
-0.20
-0.15
-0.10
-0.05
0.00
8 10 12 14 16 18 20
0 day (measured)
0.2 day (measured)
0.5 day (measured)
1 day (measured)
2 day (measured)
4 day (measured)
6 day (measured)
8 day (measured)
11.5 day (measured)
0 day (computed)
0.2 day (computed)
0.5 day (computed)
1 day (computed)
2 day (computed)
4 day (computed)
6 day (computed)
8 day (computed)
11.5 day (computed)
Temperature (ºC)
Dep
th (
m)
-0.30
-0.25
-0.20
-0.15
-0.10
-0.05
0.00
12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30
0 day (measured)
0.2 day (measured)
0.5 day (measured)
1 day (measured)
2 day (measured)
4 day (measured)
6 day (measured)
8 day (measured)
11.5 day (measured)
0 day (computed)
0.2 day (computed)
0.5 day (computed)
1 day (computed)
2 day (computed)
4 day (computed)
6 day (computed)
8 day (computed)
11.5 day (computed)
Temperature (ºC)
Dep
th (
m)
-0.30
-0.25
-0.20
-0.15
-0.10
-0.05
0.00
8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34
0 day (measured)
0.25 day (measured)
0.5 day (measured)
1 day (measured)
2 day (measured)
4 day (measured)
6 day (measured)
8 day (measured)
12 day (measured)
18 day (measured)
20 day (measured)
30 day (measured)
0 day (computed)
0.2 day (computed)
0.5 day (computed)
1 day (computed)
2 day (computed)
4 day (computed)
6 day (computed)
8 day (computed)
12 day (computed)
18 day (computed)
20 day (computed)
30 day (computed)
Temperature (ºC)
Dep
th (
m)
-0.30
-0.25
-0.20
-0.15
-0.10
-0.05
0.00
8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22
0 day (measured)
0.2 day (measured)
0.5 day (measured)
1 day (measured)
4 day (measured)
6 day (measured)
8 day (measured)
11.5 day (measured)
15 day (measured)
17.5 day (measured)
0 day (computed)
0.2 day (computed)
0.5 day (computed)
1 day (computed)
4 day (computed)
6 day (computed)
8 day (computed)
11.5 day (computed)
15 day (computed)
17.5 day (computed)
Temperature (ºC)
Dep
th (
m)
Test 1
Test 3
Test 2
Test 4
Introduction Methodology Coupled hydro-thermal soil model Application Conclusion 11
Results and analysis: Soil volumetric water content
-0.30
-0.25
-0.20
-0.15
-0.10
-0.05
0.00
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
0 day (measured)
0.2 day (measured)
0.5 day (measured)
1 day (measured)
2 day (measured)
4 day (measured)
6 day (measured)
8 day (measured)
11.5 day (measured)
0 day (computed)
0.2 day (computed)
0.5 day (computed)
1 day (computed)
2 day (computed)
4 day (computed)
6 day (computed)
8 day (computed)
11.5 day (computed)
Volumetric water content (%)
Dep
th (
m)
-0.30
-0.25
-0.20
-0.15
-0.10
-0.05
0.00
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
0 day (measured)
0.2 day (measured)
0.5 day (measured)
1 day (measured)
2 day (measured)
4 day (measured)
6 day (measured)
8 day (measured)
11.5 day (measured)
0 day (computed)
0.2 day (computed)
0.5 day (computed)
1 day (computed)
2 day (computed)
4 day (computed)
6 day (computed)
8 day (computed)
11.5 day (computed)
Volumetric water content (%)
Dep
th (
m)
-0.30
-0.25
-0.20
-0.15
-0.10
-0.05
0.00
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
0 day (measured)
0.25 day (measured)
0.5 day (measured)
1 day (measured)
2 day (measured)
4 day (measured)
6 day (measured)
8 day (measured)
12 day (measured)
18 day (measured)
20 day (measured)
30 day (measured)
0 day (computed)
0.2 day (computed)
0.5 day (computed)
1 day (computed)
2 day (computed)
4 day (computed)
6 day (computed)
8 day (computed)
12 day (computed)
18 day (computed)
20 day (computed)
30 day (computed)
Volumetric water content (%)
Dep
th (
m)
-0.30
-0.25
-0.20
-0.15
-0.10
-0.05
0.00
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
0 day (measured)
0.2 day (measured)
0.5 day (measured)
1 day (measured)
4 day (measured)
6 day (measured)
8 day (measured)
11.5 day (measured)
15 day (measured)
17.5 day (measured)
0 day (computed)
0.2 day (computed)
0.5 day (computed)
1 day (computed)
4 day (computed)
6 day (computed)
8 day (computed)
11.5 day (computed)
15 day (computed)
17.5 day (computed)
Volumetric water content (%)
Dep
th (
m)
Test 1
Test 3
Test 2
Test 4
Introduction Methodology Coupled hydro-thermal soil model Application Conclusion 12
Application 2- Rouen embankment (2D)
Rouen
28.2 m long, 1.8 m high,
Slope 1: 2, 2:3 (Vertical: Horizontal).
Silt treated by 2% CaO
Introduction Methodology Coupled hydro-thermal soil model Application Conclusion 13
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.40.0
0.4
0.8
1.2
1.6
2.0
Measured data
Fitting curve
Th
erm
al c
on
du
ctiv
tiy
(W
/mK
)
Volumetric water content (%)
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40
Volu
met
ric
wat
er c
onte
nt
Suction (kPa)
Fitting curve- SWRC
Sample 1
Sample 2
Sample 3
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
10-14
10-13
10-12
10-11
10-10
10-9
10-8
Fitting curve
Measured data
Hy
dra
uli
c co
nd
uct
ivit
y (
m/s
)
Suction (kPa)
2.2,18.0
0025.0
37.0
004.0
1
1
nm
S
s
r
m
nrs
re
j
808.01818.2
smK
m
KK
s
mms
/01
5.0
S11S
9
1
2/1
e5.0
e1
1
Soil parameters*
Thermal conductivity curve Soil water retention curve Hydraulic conductivity curve
(De Vrie, 1963; Cui et al., 2005) VG model VG model
Introduction Methodology Coupled hydro-thermal soil model Application Conclusion 14
Initial conditions *
Introduction Methodology Coupled hydro-thermal soil model Application Conclusion
Mass balance: Energy balance:
Soil-atmosphere interaction model
Energy transferWater transfer
Daytime Nighttime(Blight, 1997)
(Blight, 1997)
ntaoffrain IERR HLGR En
15
Rainfall Rain :
Runoff Roff :
Evaporation Ea: Air relative humidity, air temperature, wind speed
Soil temperature and suction
ap
as
a
p
a
hbuaE
ee
ee
E
E
100
0
Net solar radiation Rn: Solar radiation, dew temperature, air temperature
Sensible heat H: Air temperature
Latent heat LE : Evaporation
Introduction Methodology Coupled hydro-thermal soil model Application Conclusion 16
Boundary conditions *
+ Infiltration
- Evaporation
ntvn IL
ntoffrain IERR
+ Heating
- Cooling
GTvn
HLGR En
Water flux BC Heat flux BC
2011/1
0/1
2011/1
0/2
9
2011/1
1/2
6
2011/1
2/2
4
2012/1
/21
2012/2
/18
2012/3
/17
2012/4
/14
2012/5
/12
2012/6
/9
2012/7
/7
2012/8
/4
2012/9
/1
2012/9
/29
2012/1
0/2
7
2012/1
1/2
4
-3.0x10-6
-2.0x10-6
-1.0x10-6
0.01.0x10
-62.0x10
-63.0x10
-64.0x10
-65.0x10
-66.0x10
-67.0x10
-68.0x10
-6
Infi
ltra
tion (
m/s
)
Infiltration (BC7)
2011/1
0/1
2011/1
0/2
9
2011/1
1/2
6
2011/1
2/2
4
2012/1
/21
2012/2
/18
2012/3
/17
2012/4
/14
2012/5
/12
2012/6
/9
2012/7
/7
2012/8
/4
2012/9
/1
2012/9
/29
2012/1
0/2
7
2012/1
1/2
4
0100200300400500600700800
Soil heat (BC7)
Soil
hea
t (W
/m2)
Introduction Methodology Coupled hydro-thermal soil model Application Conclusion
Results- water content (?)
2011/1
0/2
6
2011/1
0/3
0
2011/1
1/3
2011/1
1/7
2011/1
1/1
1
2011/1
1/1
5
2011/1
1/1
9
2011/1
1/2
3
2011/1
1/2
7
2011/1
2/1
2022242628303234363840
Vo
lum
etri
c w
ater
co
nte
nt
(%)
Measured data-3C4
Calculated data-3C4
0
2
4
6
8
10
Rainfall
Rai
nfa
ll (
mm
/h)
2011/1
0/2
6
2011/1
0/3
0
2011/1
1/3
2011/1
1/7
2011/1
1/1
1
2011/1
1/1
5
2011/1
1/1
9
2011/1
1/2
3
2011/1
1/2
7
2011/1
2/1
2022242628303234363840
Vo
lum
etri
c w
ater
co
nte
nt
(%)
Measured data-3C2
Calculated data-3C2
0
2
4
6
8
10
RainfallR
ainfa
ll (
mm
/h)
Introduction Methodology Coupled hydro-thermal soil model Application Conclusion 18
Corrected model dimension*
Introduction Methodology Coupled hydro-thermal soil model Application Conclusion 19
Corrected model dimension*
BC2
BC3
BC4
BC5BC6BC7
BC8
1.233 m1.800 m 6.050 m2.667 m5.4
00 m
1.8
80 m
Subgrade
0.2
8m
0.450 m
Introduction Methodology Coupled hydro-thermal soil model Application Conclusion 20
② near slope surface points
(point 3C4, 3C2 and 4C0)
2011/9
/20
2011/1
0/1
8
2011/1
1/1
5
2011/1
2/1
3
2012/1
/10
2012/2
/7
2012/3
/6
2012/4
/3
2012/5
/1
2012/5
/29
2012/6
/26
2012/7
/24
2012/8
/21
2012/9
/18
2012/1
0/1
6
2012/1
1/1
3
2012/1
2/1
1
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Tem
per
atu
re (
°C)
Measured data-1C5 Measured data-2C5
Calculated data-1C5 Calculated data-2C5
2011/1
0/1
5
2011/1
1/1
2
2011/1
2/1
0
2012/1
/7
2012/2
/4
2012/3
/3
2012/3
/31
2012/4
/28
2012/5
/26
2012/6
/23
2012/7
/21
2012/8
/18
2012/9
/15
2012/1
0/1
3
2012/1
1/1
0
2012/1
2/8
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Tem
per
ature
(°C
)
Measured data-3C4 Measured data-3C2 Measured data-4C0
Calculated data-3C4 Calculated data-3C2 Calculated data-4C0
④ interior middle points
(point 1C4, 1C2 and 1C0)2011/1
0/1
5
2011/1
1/1
2
2011/1
2/1
0
2012/1
/7
2012/2
/4
2012/3
/3
2012/3
/31
2012/4
/28
2012/5
/26
2012/6
/23
2012/7
/21
2012/8
/18
2012/9
/15
2012/1
0/1
3
2012/1
1/1
0
2012/1
2/8
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Measured data-2C4 Measured data-2C2 Measured data-2C0
Calculated data-2C4 Calculated data-2C2 Calculated data-2C0Tem
per
ature
(°C
)
2011/1
0/1
5
2011/1
1/1
2
2011/1
2/1
0
2012/1
/7
2012/2
/4
2012/3
/3
2012/3
/31
2012/4
/28
2012/5
/26
2012/6
/23
2012/7
/21
2012/8
/18
2012/9
/15
2012/1
0/1
3
2012/1
1/1
0
2012/1
2/8
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Measured data-1C4 Measured data-1C2 Measured data-1C0
Calculated data-1C4 Calculated data-1C2 Calculated data-1C0Tem
per
ature
(°C
)
Results and analysis: Soil temperature
Seasonal variation+ daily fluctuations Seasonal variation
① near top surface points
(point 1C5 and 2C5)
③ interior points
(point 2C4, 2C2 and 2C0)
Introduction Methodology Coupled hydro-thermal soil model Application Conclusion 21
2011/1
0/1
5
2011/1
1/1
2
2011/1
2/1
0
2012/1
/7
2012/2
/4
2012/3
/3
2012/3
/31
2012/4
/28
2012/5
/26
2012/6
/23
2012/7
/21
2012/8
/18
2012/9
/15
2012/1
0/1
3
2012/1
1/1
0
2012/1
2/8
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Vo
lum
etri
c w
ater
co
nte
nt
(%)
Measured data-1C5 Measured data-2C5
Calculated data-1C5 Calculated data-2C5
② near slope surface points
(point 3C4, 3C2 4C0)
2011/1
0/1
5
2011/1
1/1
2
2011/1
2/1
0
2012/1
/7
2012/2
/4
2012/3
/3
2012/3
/31
2012/4
/28
2012/5
/26
2012/6
/23
2012/7
/21
2012/8
/18
2012/9
/15
2012/1
0/1
3
2012/1
1/1
0
2012/1
2/8
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Vo
lum
etri
c w
ater
co
nte
nt
(%)
Measured data-4C0 Measured data-3C4 Measured data-3C2
Calculated data-4C0 Calculated data-3C4 Calculated data-3C2
2011/1
0/1
5
2011/1
1/1
2
2011/1
2/1
0
2012/1
/7
2012/2
/4
2012/3
/3
2012/3
/31
2012/4
/28
2012/5
/26
2012/6
/23
2012/7
/21
2012/8
/18
2012/9
/15
2012/1
0/1
3
2012/1
1/1
0
2012/1
2/8
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Measured data-3C0 Measured data-2C0 Measured data-1C0
Calculated data-3C0 Calculated data-2C0 Calculated data-1C0
Vo
lum
etri
c w
ater
co
nte
nt
(%)
Results and analysis: Soil volumetric water content
① near top surface points
(point 1C5 and 2C5)
③ interior points (point 3C0, 2C0 and 1C0)
No seasonal variation
Introduction Methodology Coupled hydro-thermal soil model Application Conclusion
Application 3- Héricourt embankment (2D)
• 107 m long, 5 m high,
• Slope 1: 2 (Vertical: Horizontal).
22
Site:
Franche-Comté region, the northeast of France.
Climate type:
Continental climate influenced by ocean.
TN
GNT 0/31.5
1%CaO+5%CEM II
3%CEM II
2%CaO
R1
R2
R3
R4
R5
R6
R7
R8
R9
R10
R11
PST 1
PST 2
CDF 0ASS 0
R0
Runoff collector
Meteorological
station
0.25 m
0.30 m
0.30 m
0.30 m
0.30 m
0.30 m
0.30 m
0.30 m
0.30 m
0.30 m
0.30 m
0.30 m
0.30 m
0.30 m
0.30 m
0.40 m
0.30 m
PST 0
5.0 m8.3 m
TN
8.3 m
Silt treated part
Clay treated part
Bassin
Highway
Héricourt embankment
silt treated soil (53.5 m)
Héricourt
clay treated soil (53.5 m)
Introduction Methodology Coupled hydro-thermal soil model Application Conclusion
8.1,18.0
003.0
4.0
004.0
1
1
nm
S
s
r
m
nrs
re
j
808.01818.2
smK
m
KK
s
mms
/01
5.0
S11S
9
1
2/1
e5.0
e1
1
23
Soil parameters*
VG model
Thermal conductivity curve Soil water retention curve Hydraulic conductivity curve
(De Vrie, 1963; Cui et al., 2005)
VG model
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.40.0
0.4
0.8
1.2
1.6
2.0
Measured data
Fitting curve
Th
erm
al c
on
du
ctiv
tiy
(W
/mK
)
Volumetric water content (%)
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40
0.45
Volu
met
ric
wat
er c
onte
nt
Suction (kPa)
Fitting curve- SWRC
Measured data
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
10-14
10-13
10-12
10-11
10-10
10-9
10-8
Fitting curve
Measured data
Hydra
uli
c co
nduct
ivit
y (
m/s
)
Suction (kPa)
Introduction Methodology Coupled hydro-thermal soil model Application Conclusion 24
Field meteorological data (06/07/2011 to 26/07/2011):
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02468
101214161820
Rai
nfa
ll (
mm
/30
min
s)
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0100200300400500600700800900
1000
So
lar
rad
iati
on
(W
/m2)
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0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
Runoff
(m
m/h
our)
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0
2
4
6
8
10
Win
d s
pee
d (
m/s
)
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0102030405060708090
100
Rel
ativ
e hum
idit
y (
%)
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0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Air
tem
per
ature
(°C
)
Introduction Methodology Coupled hydro-thermal soil model Application Conclusion
Results and analysis: Group 1
25
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0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Tem
per
atu
re (
°C) Measured data-I1 Measured data-I2 Measured data-I3
Calculated data-I1 Calculated data-I2 Calculated data-I3
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20
25
30
35
40
45
50
Volu
met
ric
wat
er c
onte
nt
(%)
Measured data-I1 Measured data-I2 Measured data-I3
Calculated data-I1 Calculated data-I2 Calculated data-I3
Group 1: Interior points (I1, I2 and I3)
Introduction Methodology Coupled hydro-thermal soil model Application Conclusion
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20
25
30
35
40
45
50
Measured data-S1 Measured data-S2 Measured data-S3
Calculated data-S1 Calculated data-S2 Calculated data-S3
Vo
lum
etri
c w
ater
co
nte
nt
(%)
40 cm
33 cm
15 cm
Results and analysis: Group 2
26
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0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Measured data-S1 Measured data-S2 Measured data-S3
Calculated data-S1 Calculated data-S2 Calculated data-S3
Tem
per
atu
re (
°C)
Group 2: Near soil surface points (S1, S2 and S3)
Introduction Methodology Coupled hydro-thermal soil model Application Conclusion
Conclusions
Development of a numerical tool combing fully coupled hydro-thermal model and soil-
atmosphere interaction model .
In environmental chamber, soil hydro-thermal behavior in four tests are simulated correctly,
validating the proposed method.
For Rouen embankment, seasonal variations of soil temperature (+daily variation for points
near surface region) are observed and soil volumetric water content show reasonable
variations.
At Héricourt embankment, soil temperature and volumetric water content at the interior
points normally keep stable as their initial states. While for the points near surface, their
behaviors are influenced effectively by soil-atmosphere interaction.
Further application for the long term behavior.
Extension to deformable materials (clay).
27
Thank you for your attention !