ni1- intro to dc standards

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Data CenterData Center Facility Global Facility Global

StandardsStandards

Where Education Meets IT, Facilities & Design

Presenter InformationPresenter Information

OutlineOutline

�� WhatWhat’’s a data center?s a data center?

�� Data center elementsData center elements

�� Availability & ReliabilityAvailability & Reliability

�� Standards & BenchmarksStandards & Benchmarks

�� RedundancyRedundancy

�� The Tier systemThe Tier system

WhatWhat’’s a Data Center?s a Data Center?

�� Sole Sole –– use for information processing or use for information processing or

network operationsnetwork operations

�� Independent of size & Tier ratingIndependent of size & Tier rating

�� Must have a generatorMust have a generator

�� With/without raised floorWith/without raised floor

�� Defined by functionality and systemsDefined by functionality and systems

Data Center ElementsData Center Elements

�� The Physical Layer = The Built The Physical Layer = The Built

EnvironmentEnvironment

�� Site SystemsSite Systems

�� Building SystemsBuilding Systems

�� Utility SystemsUtility Systems

The SiteThe Site

�� Location & site risk assessmentLocation & site risk assessment

�� Site massingSite massing

�� WeatherWeather

�� SeismicSeismic

�� Physical securityPhysical security

�� Staff impactsStaff impacts

�� IncentivesIncentives

Linked to DR/BC plansLinked to DR/BC plans

Planning & ArchitecturePlanning & Architecture

�� Solves most of the siteSolves most of the site’’s risk profiles risk profile

�� Meets IT flow and adjacencies issuesMeets IT flow and adjacencies issues

�� The data center and the supporting The data center and the supporting

facilities are designed to maximize IT staff facilities are designed to maximize IT staff

and system efficiency.and system efficiency.

Program Flow DiagramProgram Flow Diagram

SECURITY

CRITICAL ENVIRONMENTS / PROCESS SPACE

DATA CENTER & PBX

UPS SYSTEMS

BATTERY/D.C. SYSTEMS

UPS OUTPUT

SWITCHGEAR

POWER MONITORING

12 Kv SERVICE

ENTRANCE

NORMAL & EMERGENCY

SWITCHGEAR

ENERGY PLANT &

C/E SUBSTATIONS &

UPS INPUT

CHILLERS

WATER TREATMENT

LOCAL HEATING

HUMIDIFICATION &

PUMPING SYSTEMS

UTILITY

DISTRIBUTION

EQUIPMENT

ELECTRICAL

LOAD BANKS

GENERATORS

DAY TANKS

LOADING

DOCK

NON-SECURE

DOCK

FUEL OIL

STORAGE &

CONDITIONING

OFFICE AREAS REQUIRING

UPS AND/OR GENERATOR POWER

OR 7X24 COOLING

OPERATIONS

CENTER

DC

DC

DATA CTR

TEMPORARY

CHILLER

CONNECTION

INCOMING UTILITY SERVICE

INCOMING UTILITY SERVICE

SINGLE UTILITY

FEEDER

TEMPORARY

GENERATOR

CONNECTION

TEMP/EMERGENCY GENERATOR SERVICEENGINEERING MAINTENANCE AND ADMIN SHOPS

P

SECURE

DOCK

MATS MATS

OP CENTER CRIT SERVICES

HELP DESK CRITICAL SERVICES

GENERATOR INPUT TO DATA CENTER

PARTS & TOOL

STORAGE

CHEMICAL &

PAINT STORAGE

MATS

MATS

MATERIAL

MATERIAL

TRAP

HELP DESK PRINT

MDF CRITICAL SERVICES

OFFICE SPACE CRITICAL SERVICES

NON-SECURE

STORAGE

M

DEVELOPMENT

TEST BED/

CHANGE

CONTROL

VENDOR

SECURE

STORAGE

VENDOR

OFFICES

STAGING &

ASSEMBLY

SECURE / MIS-ONLY CIRCULATION

MIS-SECURE PEOPLE & MATS

VENDOR VENDOR

PRINT

STAGING &

DISTRIBUTION

SOFTWARE

LIBRARY

ROSS & VENDOR

INCOMING FIBER

SERVICE POP #1

INCOMING FIBER

SERVICE POP #2

FIBER

SERVICES

ENTRANCE #1

FIBER /

COPPER

MDF

PRINT CRITICAL SERVICES

PRINT / PAPER

STORAGE

THERMAL

STORAGE

DOMESTIC WATER

FIRE PROTECTION

MAKE-UP WATER

LOCAL WELL

MUNICIPAL

WATER SUPPLY

Pre-Action DC

NON-CRITICAL

OFFICE AREAS

COOLING

TOWERS

SERVICE YARD

SATELLITE

FARM

FIBER

SERVICES

ENTRANCE #1

DATA CENTER ADJACENCY DIAGRAM

Utility SystemsUtility Systems�� Cooling plantsCooling plants

�� Ventilation systemsVentilation systems

�� Thermal storageThermal storage

�� Water storageWater storage

�� ControlsControls

�� MonitoringMonitoring

�� Utility servicesUtility services

�� UPS powerUPS power

�� GeneratorsGenerators

�� Power distributionPower distribution

�� LightingLighting

�� Grounding/lightning protectionGrounding/lightning protection

�� Fire alarm and suppressionFire alarm and suppression

Availability & ReliabilityAvailability & Reliability

�� Where do the definitions come from?Where do the definitions come from?

�� Are they the same?Are they the same?

ReliabilityReliability

�� Reliability = the ability of a system to Reliability = the ability of a system to

perform its intended function perform its intended function

�� This tends to be a topology function with This tends to be a topology function with

an arithmetic solution based on how a an arithmetic solution based on how a

system is constitutedsystem is constituted

AvailabilityAvailability

�� Availability = the longAvailability = the long--term fraction of time term fraction of time that a system is in service and is that a system is in service and is satisfactorily performing its intended satisfactorily performing its intended functionfunction

�� Unlike reliability, this is a timeUnlike reliability, this is a time--related related issuedissued

�� Other factors affect availability such as Other factors affect availability such as human error, operations and maintenancehuman error, operations and maintenance

OutagesOutages

�� A failure may not lead to an outage, as A failure may not lead to an outage, as

redundancy in the system may save redundancy in the system may save

you.you.

�� An outage is a loss of service or An outage is a loss of service or

disconnection of the load (planned or disconnection of the load (planned or

unplanned).unplanned).

�� The biggest impact to availability is The biggest impact to availability is

PEOPLE! PEOPLE! Human error is the largest Human error is the largest

root cause to outages or failures.root cause to outages or failures.

RedundancyRedundancy

�� WhatWhat’’s redundancy?s redundancy?

�� Typical redundancy descriptions:Typical redundancy descriptions:

�� NN

�� N+1N+1

�� 2N or System + Systems2N or System + Systems

�� 2(N+1) 2(N+1)

�� xx-- or multior multi--N or Distributed RedundantN or Distributed Redundant

Standards & BenchmarksStandards & Benchmarks

�� What affects your design and facility?What affects your design and facility?

�� Where did they come from?Where did they come from?

�� Who maintains them?Who maintains them?

�� Moving from definitions towards Moving from definitions towards

performanceperformance--based standardsbased standards

Standards & BenchmarksStandards & Benchmarks

�� British StandardsBritish Standards Institution (BS) Institution (BS)

�� ANSI / TIA / EIAANSI / TIA / EIA

�� The Uptime InstituteThe Uptime Institute

�� ASHRAE ASHRAE

�� BICSIBICSI

�� IEEEIEEE

�� ISO/IEC 24764 (New)ISO/IEC 24764 (New)

Standard Organizations (Typical Standard Organizations (Typical –– UK & EU)UK & EU)

�� ANSI/TIA/EIAANSI/TIA/EIA--568568--B.1 B.1 -- Commercial Building Commercial Building

Telecommunications Cabling Standard, Part 1: General Telecommunications Cabling Standard, Part 1: General

Requirements Requirements

�� ANSI/TIA/EIAANSI/TIA/EIA--568568--B.2 B.2 -- Commercial Building Commercial Building

Telecommunications Cabling Standard, Part 2: Balanced Telecommunications Cabling Standard, Part 2: Balanced

Twisted Pair Cabling Components Twisted Pair Cabling Components

�� ANSI/TIA/EIAANSI/TIA/EIA--568568--B.3 B.3 -- Optical Optical FibreFibre Cabling Components Cabling Components

Standard Standard

�� ANSI/TIA/EIAANSI/TIA/EIA--569569--B B -- Commercial Building Standard for Commercial Building Standard for

Telecommunications Pathways and Spaces Telecommunications Pathways and Spaces

�� ANSI/TIA/EIAANSI/TIA/EIA--606606--A A -- The Administration Standard for the The Administration Standard for the

Telecommunications Infrastructure of Commercial Buildings Telecommunications Infrastructure of Commercial Buildings

�� ANSI/TIA/EIAANSI/TIA/EIA--607607--A A -- Commercial Building Grounding and Commercial Building Grounding and

Bonding Requirements for TelecommunicationsBonding Requirements for Telecommunications


�� BS7671: 2001 Requirements for Electrical BS7671: 2001 Requirements for Electrical

Installations. (16th edition IEE Wiring Regulations) Installations. (16th edition IEE Wiring Regulations)

�� BS 7273BS 7273--1:2000 Code of Practice for the Operation 1:2000 Code of Practice for the Operation

of fire protection measures of fire protection measures

�� BS 6266:1992 BS 6266:1992 -- Code of Practice for fire protection Code of Practice for fire protection

for electronic data processing installations for electronic data processing installations

�� BS 5839BS 5839--1: 1988 Fire detection and alarm systems 1: 1988 Fire detection and alarm systems

for buildings. Code of practice for system design, for buildings. Code of practice for system design,

installation and servicinginstallation and servicing


�� BS EN 50091BS EN 50091--1:1993 1:1993 -- Specification for Uninterruptible Power Specification for Uninterruptible Power

Supplies (UPS). General and Safety Requirements Supplies (UPS). General and Safety Requirements

�� BS EN 12825: 2001 BS EN 12825: 2001 -- Raised Access Floors Raised Access Floors

�� BS EN 1047: BS EN 1047: Physical security and environment

protection

�� BS 4434 BS 4434 -- Safety and Environmental aspects in the design, Safety and Environmental aspects in the design,

construction and installation of Refrigeration appliances and construction and installation of Refrigeration appliances and

systems systems

�� BS ISO 8995:2002 Lighting of indoor work places BS ISO 8995:2002 Lighting of indoor work places

�� TIA/ EIA TIA/ EIA -- PN PN --33--0092 0092 -- Telecommunications Infrastructure Telecommunications Infrastructure

Standard for Data Standard for Data CentresCentres (Draft document) (Draft document)

Standard OrganizationsStandard Organizations�� ASHRAEASHRAE

�� Thermal Guidelines for Data Processing EnvironmentsThermal Guidelines for Data Processing Environments

�� ANSIANSI�� T1.336 Engineering Requirements for a Universal T1.336 Engineering Requirements for a Universal Telecommunications Frame (waiting publication)Telecommunications Frame (waiting publication)

�� EIAEIA�� EIAEIA--310310--D Cabinets, Racks, Panels and Associated EquipmentD Cabinets, Racks, Panels and Associated Equipment

�� NFPANFPA�� NFPA 75 Standard for the Protection of Information Technology NFPA 75 Standard for the Protection of Information Technology EquipmentEquipment

�� TelcordiaTelcordia TechnologiesTechnologies�� GRGR--6363--CORE (NEBS) Physical ProtectionCORE (NEBS) Physical Protection

�� CENELECCENELEC�� Information Technology Information Technology –– Generic Cabling Systems Part 5: Data Generic Cabling Systems Part 5: Data CentersCenters

�� TIATIA�� TIATIA--942 Telecommunication Infrastructure for Data Centers942 Telecommunication Infrastructure for Data Centers

�� BICSIBICSI�� BICSI 002 Data Center Design and Implementation Best PracticesBICSI 002 Data Center Design and Implementation Best Practices

The Tier Rating SystemThe Tier Rating System

�� Allows for the differentiation between Allows for the differentiation between

varying system reliabilitiesvarying system reliabilities

�� Four Tiers Four Tiers –– One, Two, Three & Four.One, Two, Three & Four.

�� Newer standards offer clear Newer standards offer clear availabilityavailability

requirements that do not demand a certain requirements that do not demand a certain

topology.topology.

�� Fire protection redundancy not related to Fire protection redundancy not related to

Tier ratings.Tier ratings.

Use of Standards for EvaluationsUse of Standards for Evaluations

YesYesIn some casesIn some casesNoNoNoNoSystem allows fault tolerance and selfSystem allows fault tolerance and self--heals heals

failures?failures?

YesYesYesYesWithin some systems with Within some systems with

paralleled components, paralleled components,

but not consistent but not consistent

throughout the electrical throughout the electrical

system.system.

NoNoSystem allows concurrent maintenance and System allows concurrent maintenance and

operationsoperations

At least two resulting in a At least two resulting in a

minimum of N+2minimum of N+2

Single or more, depending Single or more, depending

on the critical power loadon the critical power load

Single or NSingle or NSingle or NSingle or NDistinct UPS Sources (A, B, etc.)Distinct UPS Sources (A, B, etc.)

YesYesYesYesYesYesNoNoRedundant System Components (UPS, Redundant System Components (UPS,

Gens, etc.)Gens, etc.)

Two or more activeTwo or more activeTwo, one active or one Two, one active or one

passive or nonpassive or non--UPS UPS

powerpower

SingleSingleSingleSingleNumber of Power Delivery Paths to the Number of Power Delivery Paths to the

Critical LoadCritical Load

Fault TolerantFault TolerantConcurrently Maintainable Concurrently Maintainable

& Operable& Operable

Redundant Component / Redundant Component /

Single PathSingle Path

Single PathSingle PathCommon Industry DescriptionCommon Industry Description

10.4 Electrical Systems Overview & 10.4 Electrical Systems Overview &

Design CriteriaDesign Criteria

Tier 4Tier 4Tier 3Tier 3Tier 2Tier 2Tier ITier ISystem / TierSystem / Tier

Use of Standards for EvaluationsUse of Standards for Evaluations

YesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesLabelingLabeling

Parallel Redundant, Parallel Redundant,

Distributed Redundant or Distributed Redundant or

Block Redundant Block Redundant

SystemsSystems

Parallel Redundant Parallel Redundant

Modules or Distributed Modules or Distributed

Redundant Modules or Redundant Modules or

Block Redundant SystemBlock Redundant System

Parallel Redundant Parallel Redundant

Modules or Distributed Modules or Distributed

Redundant ModulesRedundant Modules

Single Module or Parallel Single Module or Parallel

NonNon--Redundant ModulesRedundant Modules

UPS TopologyUPS Topology

Multiple N, 2N, 2N+1 or Multiple N, 2N, 2N+1 or

any configuration greater any configuration greater

than N+1 that does not than N+1 that does not

compromise redundancy compromise redundancy

during failure or during failure or

maintenance modes of maintenance modes of

operationoperation

N+1N+1N+1N+1NNUPS RedundancyUPS Redundancy

No single points of failure No single points of failure

for distribution systems for distribution systems

serving electrical serving electrical

equipment or mechanical equipment or mechanical

systemssystems

No single points of failure No single points of failure

for distribution systems for distribution systems

serving electrical serving electrical


systemssystems

One or more single points One or more single points

of failure for distribution of failure for distribution

systems serving electrical systems serving electrical


systemssystems

One or more single points One or more single points

of failure for distribution of failure for distribution

systems serving electrical systems serving electrical


systemssystems

Single Points of FailureSingle Points of Failure

YesYesIf planned during the initial If planned during the initial

designdesign

NoNoNoNoAbility to Add Systems or Components Ability to Add Systems or Components

TransparantlyTransparantly to Existing Loadsto Existing Loads

SingleSingle--, Dual, Dual-- or Polyor Poly--

Cord Feed with either Cord Feed with either

100% capacity on each 100% capacity on each

cord or adequate capacity cord or adequate capacity

on each cord mapped to on each cord mapped to

the individual IT system the individual IT system

should a given source fail should a given source fail

(i.e. 5 to make 6 or 2 to (i.e. 5 to make 6 or 2 to

make 3 inputs).make 3 inputs).

SingleSingle--, Dual, Dual-- or Polyor Poly--

Cord Feed with either Cord Feed with either

100% capacity on each 100% capacity on each

cord or adequate capacity cord or adequate capacity

on each cord mapped to on each cord mapped to

the individual IT system the individual IT system

should a given source fail should a given source fail

(i.e. 5 to make 6 or 2 to (i.e. 5 to make 6 or 2 to

make 3 inputs).make 3 inputs).

SingleSingle-- or Dualor Dual--Cord fed Cord fed

with no redundancy up to with no redundancy up to

critical power system critical power system

capacity. No ability to capacity. No ability to

switch automatically switch automatically

between input sources via between input sources via

static switchstatic switch--based PDU based PDU

or panel.or panel.

SingleSingle-- or Dualor Dual--Cord fed Cord fed

with no redundancy up to with no redundancy up to

critical power system critical power system

capacity. No ability to capacity. No ability to

switch automatically switch automatically

between input sources via between input sources via

static switchstatic switch--based PDU based PDU

or panel.or panel.

Computer & Telecom Equipment Power Computer & Telecom Equipment Power

CordsCords

10.4 Electrical Systems Overview & 10.4 Electrical Systems Overview &

Design CriteriaDesign Criteria

Tier 4Tier 4Tier 3Tier 3Tier 2Tier 2Tier ITier ISystem / TierSystem / Tier

Electrical Power FlowElectrical Power Flow

Basic Power Flow ComponentsUtility

Standby

Power

Electrical

Distribution

Non-Critical

Load

UPS

Critical

Load

The Tier 1 SystemThe Tier 1 System

Single PathSingle Path�� Industry Description: Single PathIndustry Description: Single Path

�� System Redundancy: NSystem Redundancy: N

�� UPS Source Available to the Critical Load: OneUPS Source Available to the Critical Load: One

�� Ability to Be Maintained While Under Load: NoAbility to Be Maintained While Under Load: No

�� Ability to Recover from Failures: NoAbility to Recover from Failures: No

�� Resulting Definition: Single Path / Single Module / Resulting Definition: Single Path / Single Module / Single SourceSingle Source

�� The Tier 1 data center is a basic data center with no The Tier 1 data center is a basic data center with no redundancy. It has a single path for power and redundancy. It has a single path for power and cooling distribution with no redundant components. cooling distribution with no redundant components. This system can not be maintained while itThis system can not be maintained while it’’s s operating and a failure will likely result in a loss of operating and a failure will likely result in a loss of electrical service to the load. This system has a electrical service to the load. This system has a single electrical supply to the load and no source single electrical supply to the load and no source diversity. This system candiversity. This system can’’t be maintained without t be maintained without interruption to the load. Mechanical and vital house interruption to the load. Mechanical and vital house loads would be also be supplied by nonloads would be also be supplied by non--redundant redundant power systems.power systems.

The Tier 1 SystemThe Tier 1 System

Single Path (cont)Single Path (cont)�� Single points of failure are common throughout Single points of failure are common throughout

the electrical system, and critical load the electrical system, and critical load

interruptions are likely during both routine interruptions are likely during both routine

maintenance activities and unanticipated maintenance activities and unanticipated

failures.failures.

�� Single pathSingle path

�� No redundant componentsNo redundant components

�� Single points of failure existSingle points of failure exist

�� Load interruption during maintenance and failure Load interruption during maintenance and failure

modes of operationmodes of operation

Tier 1 TopologyTier 1 TopologySingle Path (w/o Redundant Components)Single Path (w/o Redundant Components)

� Single path� Without redundant components

N

TIATIA--942 / 942 /

Tier 1 Tier 1 Technology Technology

Spaces and Spaces and

Functional Functional

AreasAreas

Tier 1

Tier 1

The Tier 2 SystemThe Tier 2 SystemSingle Path with Redundant ComponentsSingle Path with Redundant Components

�� Industry Description: Single Path with Redundant Industry Description: Single Path with Redundant ComponentsComponents

�� System Redundancy: NSystem Redundancy: N

�� UPS Source Available to the Critical Load: OneUPS Source Available to the Critical Load: One

�� Ability to Be Maintained While Under Load: At the Ability to Be Maintained While Under Load: At the system level only, but not in the distribution systemsystem level only, but not in the distribution system

�� Ability to Recover from Failures: Only at the system Ability to Recover from Failures: Only at the system level.level.

�� Resulting Definition: Single Source / Multiple Resulting Definition: Single Source / Multiple Module / Single PathModule / Single Path

The Tier 2 SystemThe Tier 2 SystemSingle Path with Redundant Components (cont)Single Path with Redundant Components (cont)

�� The Tier 2 system may experience a failure while The Tier 2 system may experience a failure while itit’’s operating due to a lack of redundancy in the s operating due to a lack of redundancy in the distribution system. Redundant components may distribution system. Redundant components may exist on an n+1 and paralleled basis in the UPS or exist on an n+1 and paralleled basis in the UPS or generator systems, but a Tier 2 system does not generator systems, but a Tier 2 system does not offer redundancy in the distribution system. A offer redundancy in the distribution system. A failure in the n+1 systems would not likely result in failure in the n+1 systems would not likely result in a load failure, but would reduce the redundancy a load failure, but would reduce the redundancy level in the paralleled systems to level in the paralleled systems to ““nn””. This system . This system has a single electrical supply to the load and no has a single electrical supply to the load and no source diversity and any failure in the distribution source diversity and any failure in the distribution system will likely result in a loss of electrical service system will likely result in a loss of electrical service to the load. Largeto the load. Large--scale system maintenance canscale system maintenance can’’t t be performed without interruption to the load. be performed without interruption to the load. Mechanical and vital house loads would be Mechanical and vital house loads would be supplied by nonsupplied by non--redundant power systems.redundant power systems.

The Tier 2 SystemThe Tier 2 SystemSingle Path with Redundant Components (cont)Single Path with Redundant Components (cont)

�� Single points of failure are present in Single points of failure are present in

the distribution system, and critical the distribution system, and critical

load interruptions are likely during load interruptions are likely during

both routine maintenance activities both routine maintenance activities

and unanticipated failures.and unanticipated failures.

Tier 2 TopologyTier 2 TopologySingle Path w/ Redundant ComponentsSingle Path w/ Redundant Components

� Single path� With redundant components

N+1

Entrance Room

(Tier 1 and higher)

Horiz Dist

Area

Equip Dist

Area

Computer

Room

Horiz Dist

AreaZone Dist Area

Offices, Operations

Center, Support

Rooms

Telecom RoomMain Dist Area

(Tier 1 and higher)

Horiz Dist

Area

Equip Dist

Area

Equip Dist

Area

Carriers

Customer Owned

Maintenance Hole

(Tier 1 and higher)

Customer Owned

Maintenance Hole

(Tier 2 and higher)

Tier 2

Carriers Carriers Carriers

TIATIA--942 / 942 /

Tier 2Tier 2Technology Technology



AreasAreas

The Tier 3 SystemThe Tier 3 SystemConcurrently Maintainable and OperableConcurrently Maintainable and Operable

�� Industry Description: Concurrently Maintainable and OperableIndustry Description: Concurrently Maintainable and Operable

�� System Redundancy: N+1, as a minimumSystem Redundancy: N+1, as a minimum

�� UPS Source Available to the Critical Load: One active and UPS Source Available to the Critical Load: One active and

one passive or not on UPS power.one passive or not on UPS power.

�� Ability to Be Maintained While Under Load: Yes, with a Ability to Be Maintained While Under Load: Yes, with a

reduction of the system redundancy from N+1 or better to N reduction of the system redundancy from N+1 or better to N

during maintenance activities.during maintenance activities.

�� Ability to Recover from Failures: At the plant and distributionAbility to Recover from Failures: At the plant and distribution

level, but with a reduction of the system or distribution level, but with a reduction of the system or distribution

redundancy from N+1 or better to N after the failure and prior redundancy from N+1 or better to N after the failure and prior

to the recovery.to the recovery.

�� Resulting Definition: Multiple Source / Resulting Definition: Multiple Source / ““NN”” Rated Single or Rated Single or

Multi Module System / Dual or Multiple PathMulti Module System / Dual or Multiple Path

The Tier 3 SystemThe Tier 3 SystemConcurrently Maintainable and Operable (cont)Concurrently Maintainable and Operable (cont)

�� The Tier 3 system possesses redundancy in the The Tier 3 system possesses redundancy in the power paths to the critical load, albeit with only one power paths to the critical load, albeit with only one of those paths being on UPS power. The individual of those paths being on UPS power. The individual critical power systems are rated for a portion of the critical power systems are rated for a portion of the total load, with a common and centralized total load, with a common and centralized dedicated UPS system providing the dedicated UPS system providing the ““redundantredundant””supply to the supply to the ““lineline”” systems. The systems. The ““redundantredundant””system, similar to the system, similar to the ““lineline”” systems may possess systems may possess either a single or multiple modules. either a single or multiple modules.

The Tier 3 SystemThe Tier 3 SystemConcurrently Maintainable and Operable (cont)Concurrently Maintainable and Operable (cont)

�� This concurrently and maintainable system provides load This concurrently and maintainable system provides load source selection either via static transfer switches or by source selection either via static transfer switches or by the internal power supplies in the IT systems the internal power supplies in the IT systems themselves. There would be no single points of failure in themselves. There would be no single points of failure in either the critical power system or the power systems either the critical power system or the power systems supporting the mechanical or vital house/support loads. supporting the mechanical or vital house/support loads. The Tier 3 system allows for complete maintenance The Tier 3 system allows for complete maintenance during normal operations, but loses redundancy or during normal operations, but loses redundancy or reducing redundancy to reducing redundancy to ““nn”” when a given system or when a given system or power path fails or for selected failure or maintenance power path fails or for selected failure or maintenance modes of operations.modes of operations.

�� All maintenance and failure modes of operation are All maintenance and failure modes of operation are transparent to the loadtransparent to the load

Tier 3 TopologyTier 3 TopologyConcurrent Maintenance & OperationsConcurrent Maintenance & Operations

� Multi Module System� Dual or Multiple Path� Assured dual power path� Loss of redundancy duringfailure or maintenance

TIATIA--942 / 942 /

Tier 3 Tier 3 Technology Technology



AreasAreas

Entrance Room

(Tier 1 and higher)

Horiz Dist

Area

Equip Dist

Area

Computer

Room

Horiz Dist

AreaZone Dist Area

Offices, Operations

Center, Support

Rooms


(Tier 1 and higher)

Horiz Dist

Area

Equip Dist

Area

Equip Dist

Area

Secondary

Entrance Room

(Tier 3 and higher)

Carriers

Customer Owned

Maintenance Hole

(Tier 1 and higher)

Customer Owned

Maintenance Hole

(Tier 2 and higher)

Tier

1 Tier

3

Tier

1

Tier 3

Tier 2

Tier 3


The Tier 4 SystemThe Tier 4 SystemFault TolerantFault Tolerant

�� Industry Description: Fault TolerantIndustry Description: Fault Tolerant

�� System Redundancy: 2N, 2(N+1), System Redundancy: 2N, 2(N+1), xNxN or any or any variety of topologies in excess of N+1 meeting the variety of topologies in excess of N+1 meeting the performance standard.performance standard.

�� UPS Source Available to the Critical Load: Two or UPS Source Available to the Critical Load: Two or more active.more active.

�� Ability to Be Maintained While Under Load: Yes, Ability to Be Maintained While Under Load: Yes, with a reduction no worse than N+1 during with a reduction no worse than N+1 during maintenance activities.maintenance activities.

�� Ability to Recover from Failures: Yes, with a Ability to Recover from Failures: Yes, with a reduction no worse than N+1 during after the failure reduction no worse than N+1 during after the failure and prior to the recovery.and prior to the recovery.

�� Resulting Definition: Multiple path, with redundant Resulting Definition: Multiple path, with redundant components and systems and dual source critical components and systems and dual source critical power power –– Multiple Source or Sources / Multiple Multiple Source or Sources / Multiple ““NN”” or or Better than Better than ““NN”” -- Rated Single or Multi Module Rated Single or Multi Module System / Dual or Multiple Path.System / Dual or Multiple Path.

The Tier 4 SystemThe Tier 4 SystemFault Tolerant (cont)Fault Tolerant (cont)

�� This system possesses redundancy in the power This system possesses redundancy in the power paths, and there may be more than two paths, and there may be more than two independent sources of UPS power to the critical independent sources of UPS power to the critical load. The individual critical power systems are load. The individual critical power systems are rated for the complete load for the 2N / Systemrated for the complete load for the 2N / System--PlusPlus--System option or multiple UPS systems for System option or multiple UPS systems for larger loads, where the system diversity is larger loads, where the system diversity is undertaken solely by the connection of the critical undertaken solely by the connection of the critical loads to the various / numerous UPS systems. loads to the various / numerous UPS systems.

The Tier 4 SystemThe Tier 4 SystemFault Tolerant (cont)Fault Tolerant (cont)

�� The UPS system would consist of paralleled UPS The UPS system would consist of paralleled UPS module or single / highmodule or single / high--kW rotary UPS systems. The kW rotary UPS systems. The Fault Tolerant system provides load source selection Fault Tolerant system provides load source selection either via static transfer switches or by the internal power either via static transfer switches or by the internal power supplies in the IT systems themselves. There would be supplies in the IT systems themselves. There would be no single points of failure in either the critical power no single points of failure in either the critical power system or the power systems supporting the mechanical system or the power systems supporting the mechanical or vital house/support loads. The Tier 4 system allows or vital house/support loads. The Tier 4 system allows for complete maintenance during normal operations, and for complete maintenance during normal operations, and does not lose redundancy during either failure or does not lose redundancy during either failure or maintenance modes of operations.maintenance modes of operations.

�� All maintenance and failure modes of operation are All maintenance and failure modes of operation are transparent to the load.transparent to the load.

2N: System+System

Tier 4 TopologyTier 4 TopologyFault TolerantFault Tolerant

xN: Multi-System

� Multiple path� Redundant components� Assured dual source critical power� No loss of redundancy during failure or maintenance

TIATIA--942 / 942 /

Tier 4Tier 4Technology Technology



AreasAreas

Entrance Room

(Tier 1 and higher)

Horiz Dist

Area

Equip Dist

Area

Computer

Room

Horiz Dist

AreaZone Dist Area

Offices, Operations

Center, Support

Rooms


(Tier 1 and higher)

Horiz Dist

Area

Equip Dist

Area

Equip Dist

Area

Secondary

Entrance Room

(Tier 3 and higher)

Secondary Dist

Area

(Tier 4)

Carriers

Customer Owned

Maintenance Hole

(Tier 1 and higher)

Customer Owned

Maintenance Hole

(Tier 2 and higher)

Tier 1

Tier 3

Tier 1

Tier 4

Tier 3

Tier 2

Tier 4

Tier 3

Tier 4


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