ni/fef2’bilayers:’model’exchange’bias’system examples_files/eb_presentation.pdf ·...

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Ni/FeF 2 shows coexistence of nega3ve and posi3ve EB domains Ni/FeF 2 bilayers: model exchange bias system Bidomain state Ni FeF 2 NEB PEB frac;on of posi;ve/nega;ve EB domains can be tuned by the strength of H FC and/or paAerning Roshchin et al, EPL 71, 297 (2005) Petracic et al., APL 87, 222509 (2005) Kovylina et al, APL 95, 152507 (2009) Li et al, APL 94, 142503 (2009) Morales et al, APL 104, 032401 (2014) US Patent Number 7,764,454 FeF 2 (70 nm)/Ni (20 nm)/Al (4 nm) bidomain state can be used in mul;state magne;c recording each of the remanence states defines a digit EB domains: AF regions for which the pinned uncompensated AF spins induce posi;ve or nega;ve unidirec;onal anisotropy in the FM.

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Page 1: Ni/FeF2’bilayers:’model’exchange’bias’system Examples_files/EB_presentation.pdf · Sample’preparaon’ FeF 2:’e9beam’evaporaon’onto’a’ ’(110)’MgF 2 ’single’crystal’

•  Ni/FeF2  shows  coexistence  of  nega3ve  and  posi3ve  EB  domains  

Ni/FeF2  bilayers:  model  exchange  bias  system  

Bi-­‐domain  state  

Ni  

FeF2  NEB     PEB    

frac;on  of  posi;ve/nega;ve  EB  domains  can  be  tuned  by  the  strength  of  HFC  and/or  paAerning  

Roshchin  et  al,  EPL  71,  297  (2005)    Petracic  et  al.,  APL  87,  222509  (2005)  Kovylina  et  al,  APL  95,  152507  (2009)  

Li  et  al,  APL  94,  142503  (2009)    

Morales  et  al,  APL  104,  032401  (2014)  US  Patent  Number  7,764,454  

FeF2  (70 nm)/Ni  (20 nm)/Al  (4 nm)  

•   bi-­‐domain  state  can  be  used  in  mul;-­‐state  magne;c  recording  

•   each  of  the  remanence  states  defines  a  digit        

EB  domains:  AF  regions  for  which  the  pinned  uncompensated  AF  spins  induce  posi;ve  or  nega;ve  unidirec;onal  anisotropy  in  the  FM.    

Page 2: Ni/FeF2’bilayers:’model’exchange’bias’system Examples_files/EB_presentation.pdf · Sample’preparaon’ FeF 2:’e9beam’evaporaon’onto’a’ ’(110)’MgF 2 ’single’crystal’

Sample  prepara;on  

FeF2:  e-­‐beam  evapora;on  onto  a      (110)  MgF2  single  crystal  

sample  (110)

Al  Ni  

FeF2  

MgF2  

FM  

AF  

[001]  crystal  domains    

2  nm  0  -­‐  11  nm  

70  nm  

AF  easy  axis  

polycrystalline  

single  crystal  

single  crystal  

30-­‐80  nm  

AF   HA  

FM   H’A  

MgF2  

FeF2  

5  nm  

FeF2  

Ni  

Cross-­‐sec;on  HRTEM  S.  Estradé,  F.  Peiró,  UB    

Page 3: Ni/FeF2’bilayers:’model’exchange’bias’system Examples_files/EB_presentation.pdf · Sample’preparaon’ FeF 2:’e9beam’evaporaon’onto’a’ ’(110)’MgF 2 ’single’crystal’

Imaging  of  Magne;c  Domains:  XMCD-­‐PEEM  

70  nm  

(110)

Al  Ni  FeF2  

MgF2  

4  nm  2  nm  

Magne;za;on  direc;on    

FeF2  easy  axis  

T=  29  K  

[001]  

ZFC  

•   Fe  signal  disappears  above  TN  •   pinned  Fe  spins  induce  local  reversal  of  the  overlying  Ni  spins  when  cooling  through  TN    

•   Coexistence  of  EB  domains  with  opposite  orienta3ons  

•   Fe  uncompensated  domains  replicate  inverted  Ni  paAern  

PEEM  measurements  at  PEEM3,  ALS  

Page 4: Ni/FeF2’bilayers:’model’exchange’bias’system Examples_files/EB_presentation.pdf · Sample’preparaon’ FeF 2:’e9beam’evaporaon’onto’a’ ’(110)’MgF 2 ’single’crystal’

Tunable  configura;ons  of  EB  domains    

•  ZFC  from  a  Ni  saturated  state    Measurements  at  H=0,  T=30  K  

•  Fe  XMCD:  Fe  uncompensated  spins  

Fe  XMCD   •  Ni  XMCD:      dark:  ini;al  saturated  state    bright:  inverted  domains      ader  cooling  through  TN  of  FeF2  

•  Domain  paeerns  are:  -  stochas;c  -   stable  -   reproducible  over  cycling      

FeF2  easy  axis  Magne;za;on  direc;on    

Page 5: Ni/FeF2’bilayers:’model’exchange’bias’system Examples_files/EB_presentation.pdf · Sample’preparaon’ FeF 2:’e9beam’evaporaon’onto’a’ ’(110)’MgF 2 ’single’crystal’

Frac;on  of  Ni  inverted  domains  vs  Ni  thickness  

•  bare  FeF2  layer:  Equal  probability  of  domains  with  opposite  orienta;on  is  consistent  with  the  absence  of  local  exchange  interac;on  with  the  Ni  overlayer  

•   FM  layer  thickness  has  a  large  influence  on  the  AF  uncompensated  domain  configura;on      

sta;s;cal  error  bars  

AF  

FM  

δDW  

tFM  

Energy  balance:    

lateral  domain  walls  of  inverted  FM  domains  (propor;onal  to  domain  perimeter:  scales  with  FM  thickness)      

vs  

forma;on  of  small  uncompensated  AF  domains  to  reduce  both  the  magnetosta;c  energy  and  the  frustra;on  at  boundaries  between  crystal  domains  

Page 6: Ni/FeF2’bilayers:’model’exchange’bias’system Examples_files/EB_presentation.pdf · Sample’preparaon’ FeF 2:’e9beam’evaporaon’onto’a’ ’(110)’MgF 2 ’single’crystal’

Focused  ion  beam  lithography  of  square  arrays  of    200  nm  square  an;dots  with  an;dot  densi;es  (AD)=  9%,  12%,  and  24%    

Kovylina  et  al,  Nanotechnology  21  175301  (2010)  

Lateral  confinement  through  an;dot  paeerning  

6  nm  

70  nm  

Page 7: Ni/FeF2’bilayers:’model’exchange’bias’system Examples_files/EB_presentation.pdf · Sample’preparaon’ FeF 2:’e9beam’evaporaon’onto’a’ ’(110)’MgF 2 ’single’crystal’

AD=  24%:  Remarkable  increase  of  the  frac;on  of  inverted  Ni  domains  

 !  FM  order  gets  destabilized  

AD≤12%:  constant  and  comparable  to  con;nuous  areas      

Lateral  confinement  by  an;dot  paeerning  ZFC  

H=0,  T=30  K  

Magne;za;on  direc;on    AF  easy  axis  

[001]  

Ni  XMCD

 Ni  XMCD

 

AD  12%   FC  (HFC=50  Oe)  H=0,  T=30  K  

increase  in  the  frac;on  of  inverted  Ni  domains  ader  FC  

Page 8: Ni/FeF2’bilayers:’model’exchange’bias’system Examples_files/EB_presentation.pdf · Sample’preparaon’ FeF 2:’e9beam’evaporaon’onto’a’ ’(110)’MgF 2 ’single’crystal’

•  an;dot  separa;on  imposes  a  maximum  threshold  for  the  average  size  of  the  inverted  domains    

•  Under  FC  the  frac;on  of  inverted  domains  is  always  enhanced:  

-  Zeeman  energy  of  pinned  uncompensated  Fe  spins  promotes  addi;onal  inverted  domains  along  the  field  direc;on      

Lateral  confinement  by  an;dot  paeerning  

•  progressive  reduc;on  of  the  correla;on  length  of  inverted  domains  with  increasing  an;dot  density  

•  laterally  constraining  the  FM/AF  heterostructure  by  paeerning  may  be  an  effec;ve  way  to  fine  tune  the  EB  cri;cal  size  

•   Radial  distribu;on  func;on  analysis:  -   lateral  correla;on  length  of  the  Ni  domains  

sta;s;cal  error  bars  

Page 9: Ni/FeF2’bilayers:’model’exchange’bias’system Examples_files/EB_presentation.pdf · Sample’preparaon’ FeF 2:’e9beam’evaporaon’onto’a’ ’(110)’MgF 2 ’single’crystal’

Temperature  dependence  across  the  TN  of  FeF2  

66  K   65  K   64.5  K   64  K  67  K  

5  μm    

Ni  XMCD  (cooling)  

•  Temperature-­‐dependent  data  recorded  “on  the  fly”    -  short  image  acquisi;on  ;me  and  no  T  stabiliza;on  

•  Purpose-­‐built  algorithm  enabling  automa;c  processing  and  analysis  of  large  stacks  of  images  with  low  SNR  -  dis;nguish  nuclea;on,  expansion,  and  coalescence  

events  

Page 10: Ni/FeF2’bilayers:’model’exchange’bias’system Examples_files/EB_presentation.pdf · Sample’preparaon’ FeF 2:’e9beam’evaporaon’onto’a’ ’(110)’MgF 2 ’single’crystal’

•   Ni  cycle  1  •   Ni  cycle  2  •   Fe  cycle  3  

Temperature  dependence  across  the  TN  of  FeF2  •  The  inverted  Ni  domains  appear  right  ader  

the  AF  transi;on  is  crossed  

•   the  Fe  uncompensated  domains  reproduce  well  the  Ni  domain  fill  frac;on  

•   this  frac;on  reaches  satura;on  within  only  a  few  degrees  below  TN  

•   Ni  reversal  mechanism  involves  nuclea;on  and  expansion  

6  nm  Ni  

Page 11: Ni/FeF2’bilayers:’model’exchange’bias’system Examples_files/EB_presentation.pdf · Sample’preparaon’ FeF 2:’e9beam’evaporaon’onto’a’ ’(110)’MgF 2 ’single’crystal’

Summary:  Ni/FeF2  nanostructures  

•  The   spa;al   confinement  of   a   FM  ac;vely   controls   the  AF  uncompensated  domain   structure   in   exchange   biased   systems,   either   through   thickness  varia;on  or  laterally  via  paeerning.  

•  The   compe;ng   FM   and   AF   interac;ons   lead   to   tunable   configura;ons   of  coexis;ng   posi;ve   and   nega;ve   EB   domains   in   Ni/FeF2   bilayers   for   Ni  thicknesses  below  10  nm.  

•  An;dot  paeerning  of  the  whole  Ni/FeF2  heterostructure  creates  addi;onal  posi;ve  EB  domains  below  a  cri;cal  an;dot  interspace  of  the  order  of  a  few  FeF2  crystal  domains.  

Ongoing:  

•   finish  a  growth  model  of  inverted  Ni  domains  /  uncompensated  Fe  domains  across  TN:  nuclea;on,  expansion  and  coalescence  events  vs  T  (sta;s;cs)