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1
The Developmental History of Orgonomic Functionalism*
Since the best way to introduce someone to a new realm of knowledge is to describe the process by which it has evolved, I shall attempt to introduce the reader to orgonomic functional-ism by presenting the uniformity of the results which have been obtained over a period of three decades.
Thus far, I have provided essentially thematic and historical descriptions. What I now want to do is to rearrange the familiar material, the many observations, clinical and experimental facts, and theoretical conclusions, and I want to do this in such a way that the rationality of consistent natural research presents itself to us in a logical sequence of observation, hypothesis, ex-perimental confirmation, and new findings. This arrangement of the orgonomic facts will ultimately lead us to formulate func-tional equations which will link up with the thought operations of classical mathematics and provide satisfactory insight into the modus operandi of a thinking being who seeks to comprehend the natural world around him. Observer and natural function, subjective sensation and objective stimulus, perception and ob-ject will appear to us in the new light of a functional unity of all nature. Ultimately we will have to acknowledge that the biological structure of the observer cannot be excluded from his study of nature or from any assessment of the results of his research. Scientific thinking embodies a certain logic and ration-ality, and these reflect nothing less than the harmony of natural events which, until now, have been extolled only in great poetry. We will also be able to assign the irrational to its proper place and trace its history for a short distance.
*Translated from the German by Derek and Inge Jordan.
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2 WILHELM REICH
THE REALM OF THE PSYCHE IS NOT OF SUPERNATURAL ORIGIN
The development of the system of functional thought proceed-ed from one unproven conviction: Human emotional life is not of supernatural origin. It is located within the bounds of nature and is investigable. Like the rest of nature, it obeys the functional laws of matter and energy.
This conviction had to wrestle with two gigantic facts with which it was at variance:
1. The laws of natural events as uncovered by chemistry, phys-ics, and mathematics cannot be brought into accord with the functions which characterize emotional life. Seen from a fun-damental standpoint, the mechanistic material view of nature covers only unessential realms of the living.
2. For the vast majority of human beings, the broad realm of emotions, sensations, philosophies of life, and practical lifestyles is anchored in rnystical, supernatural forces which are universally based, in one form or another, on the idea of a God-like entity existing beyond the range of ali sensory perceptions. This idea contradicted the view that human emotional life was located within the sphere of comprehensible natural processes.
Thus, even before it could begin to operate effectively, the technique of functional thinking carne up against the rigid walls of the two systems of thought employed by humankind, namely mechanism (materialism, atomism, chemism, etc.) and mysticism (idealism, metaphysics, spiritualism, etc.) which can look back on several thousand years of development and are supported by powerful social organizations.
There was no question of providing a purely philosophical ba-sis for the this-sidedness of the emotional sphere of life. This would not have solved anything and, sooner or later, it would have silently disappeared. There was only one route to take, and that was to engage in the direct observation of natural events and to explain these observations by logical analysis. The words "function" and "functional" were in use at the time but they said nothing about the basic problem. On the contrary, they of-
The Developmental History of Orgonomic Functionalism 3
ten led people astray, as for example in the case of psychiatry, where "functional" illnesses were regarded as "imaginary" complaints. And there was a deep, unbridgeable gap between the medicai and the physical concept of what is "functional."
NATURAL FUNCTIONING IS BASICALLY AN ENERGY PROCESS
To the ancient Greek observers of nature, the inanimate world seemed filled with .substance in motion. There was a prevailing view that everything moves, everything is "in flux." This basic viewpoint persists in present-day natural research. "Movement" and "energy process" are inseparable because movement, or the overcoming of space, presupposes a force which impeis the sub-stance. Today I can no longer explain why in my natural scientif-ic conception I gave preference to the "energy" process over "matter" or "substance." This attitude on my part was more likely to create problems because the principal direction of thought in physics and chemistry was atomistic, i.e. materialistic; in other words, ali nature was conceived of as having evolved from atoms in motion. This view had imposed itself on the elec-tron theory, which was at the time (approximately 1919) gaining considerable ground. Even the smallest units of electricity pos-sessed mass, i.e. they were particles, although of a special kind. The contradiction contained in the emerging theory of function-alism was thus as follows:
If natural functioning is basically an energy process, it follows logically that there must also be a primary or primordial energy. However, since electrons already possess mass, then "matter" or particles must also have a primary existence. In purely logical terms it is unlikely that two such different entities as energy and mass could simultaneously be primary phenomena. And classi-cal physics, including the modern energy-mass relationship, con-cluded that mass and energy are primordial natural phenomena. Einstein had already eliminated the absolute distinction between mass and energy. Energy (E) was now mass moving at the speed
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6 WILHELM REICH
Now, since the sensation of pleasure is a psychic function while a drive is a physical function, two previously separate functions in the organism were, with one stroke, combined into a "functional unit." Drive and pleasure were one and the same as far as motor activity is concerned.
Drive
Pleasure
Motor activity was no longer a function of "drive"; instead, the drive urge was the function of a still undefined biological motor activity. The same was true for the sensation of pleasure.
Bodily excitation, the drive, was identical with a psychic sen-sation with respect to a certain biological process, sexual motor activity. At that time it was not clear what was moving in the body. And it was equally unclear what was meant by the term "sexual function." Freudian sexual psychology was fully aware of these uncertainties. Freud assumed that the drives "are rooted in biological processes" and that these processes are in some way chemical in nature. Later, psychoanalysis completely lost its orientation regarding such fundamental questions of science. It became bogged down in an embarrassing mixture of psychiatric business and loose talk about human beings.
However, the thought technique of orgonomic functionalism had gained its first important position: Ideas may come and go. Their existente depends on the state of motion of the body's energy.
Sensation and excitation are identical in one still undeter-mined common functioning principie. Sensation is a function of excitation, and excitation in turn is a function of sensation. They are inseparable and form a functional unit; and at the same time they are not one and the same, but different from each other, indeed even opposed to each other. This gave rise to the first formulation of the "simultaneity of identity and an-tithesis."
This development occurred between 1919 and 1923. It was not clearly understood at the time that this was an innovation in thinking, but the result was presented in my paper entitled
The Developmental History of Orgonomic Functionalism 7
"Über Triebenergetik"* (1923) and in my psychoanalytic studies on genitality from then on.
These initial observations were the starting point for the for-mulation which was so important in shaping my later compre-hension of the processes of consciousness, namely that ideas are "concentrations of energy quanta," i.e., that psychic ideas can be traced back to energy processes.
This innovation in thinking was totally without precedent in the field of natural science. The fundamentaliy new element here was the assumption that two functions could be simultaneously identical and antithetical. Natural philosophy could only offer the monistic view of the unity of body and soul, the dualistic conception of psychophysical parallelism, the mechanistic-materialistic, one-sided dependence of the soul on the body, and the spiritualistic (idealistic-metaphysical) dependence of matter on a supernatural world spirit. Freud's method of thinking was essentially materialistic, but dualistic. It operated with two types of drive which had no connection in the depths. At first, there were the "sexual instincts" and the "ego instincts"; later, there were "sexual instincts" and the "death instinct." It was not un-til many years later, around 1927, that I found out about the system of thought known as "dialectic materialism" postulated by Friedrich Engels ("Anti-Dühring").
This initial, still groping attempt to relate a psychic idea to an energetic state of movement decided the course of my work up to the discovery of the cosmic orgone and the orgonometric functional equations of 1947. It is not easy to clarify this here in simple terras, but the following diagram may serve to indicate why the psychoanalytic formulation and my initial functional formulation on the emotional process inevitably led in two op-posite directions.
Cosmic orgone 01104.--• C1-11.0 Psychology energy
Affect Idea
Diagram of the Relationship between Idea and Drive Energy
*"Concerning the Energy of Drives." Included in Early Writings, Volume One, Farrar, Straus and Giroux, New York, 1975. [Eds.]
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10 WILHELM REICH
"PSYCHIC ENERGY" — A FUNCTION OF BIOLOGICAL CELL EXCITATION
I have said already that sexual excitation was regarded as an effect caused by "chemical substances" which later became known as "sexual hormones." It was not stated how chemical, hormonal processes generate sexual excitation. The functional method of thinking had to overcome this chemical prejudice.
Sexual excitation is obviously an energy process. In contrast, chemical processes are materially based, because they are charac-terized essentially by the formation or dissolution of bonds be-tween atoms. The production or consumption of heat which takes place when this happens has nothing to do with the very manifest phenomenon of "excitation." The materially and chem-ically based interpretation of sexual emotion tried in vain to link a living function directly with a function of inanimate matter. This was a short circuit in mechanistic thinking. It bordered on the uncritical to assume that a living function originated from a nonliving function, without making the slightest attempt to explain the details of how this transition occurred. This faulty thinking is quite generally characteristic of the biochemical view-point in biology.
Functionalism proceeded in a different way. It grouped togeth-er the observable phenomena in the organism which are connect-ed with sexual excitation, and in the process it took another decisive step forward in the development of this thought tech-nique, at the same time casting light on an important phenome- non: Observations revealed directly and irrefutably that the sen- sation of pleasure and the sexual urge go together with excitation of the autonomic nervous system. This was a continu- ation of the link between somatic drive and psychic pleasure sensation which has been described previously. Instinctual drive and pleasure sensation are functionally identical as far as the mo- tor functions of the living organism are concerned. This now showed that the somatic drive is functionally identical with an excitation, i.e. a function or movement (not an immobile "sub-stance") of the living nervous apparatus.
Thus, functionalism did not commit the error of deliberately and unjustifiably linking psychic function with a somatic func-
The Developmental History of Orgonomic Functionalism 11
tion. Instead, through careful observation of the phenomena, it discovered a simultaneous interdependence and thus functional identity of psychic pleasure sensation, bodily sexual urge, and an observable excitation of the autonomic nervous system.
Nowadays, these facts are banal clichés even outside the field of orgonomy. But at that time, in the twenties, they were not self-evident. Even Müller, who was far ahead of his time, spoke in his collective work Die Lebensnerven (1931) in dualistic and finalistic terms of the "goal" of pleasure which is "served" by the excitation of the parasympathetic apparatus. In the function-al view there was no apparatus here and goal there. Thus the former was not in the "service" of the latter. Instead, pleasure sensation, instinctual drive, and parasympathetic excitation were merely different aspects of one and the same function, the total excitation of the living organism. These different aspects of one function were inseparable, because there is no pleasure sensation without instinctual drive, no instinctual drive without pleasure sensation, and neither exist without biological excitation, and vice-versa. The various "aspects," "purposes," "services," "goals," etc. do not exist at all. They were merely inventions of human fantasy, i.e. incorrect assumptions of mechanistic-mystical thought. When it is carefully considered, the statement "drive is in the service of pleasure or reproduction" is entirely meaningless. Where does the drive come from? And where is the pleasure sensation located? These are the logical questions which we must then ask.
The formulation of the unity of pleasure, drive, and biological excitation also resulted in the solution of the problem posed by Freud, namely, how can sexual excitation change into anxiety. Freud had correctly observed that when sexual excitation is re- pressed, it is replaced in many cases by anxiety. However, Freud was unable to explain this fact. At a later date, he completely abandoned the idea of a correlation between sexuality and anxi-ety, to the detriment of the research being carried out on drive processes. More than that, he totally separated both functions, erroneously ascribing anxiety to the "ego" and sexuality to the "id." He nevertheless admitted that the problem remained un-solved.
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In contrast, functionalism was on the right track. If pleasure sensation, sexual drive, and parasympathetic excitation form one functional unit, if in addition—and this has been confirmed clinically—anxiety appears when sexual excitation and the pleas-ure sensation disappear, then anxiety belongs in a specific, al-though still incomprehensible way, to the functional unit of bio-logical excitation, bodily urge, and psychic sensation. Once this precondition was understood, it was no longer difficult to solve the riddle.
Biological excitation takes place in the nervous system of the living organism, i.e. in the autonomic nervous system. However, this nervous system consists of two groups of nerves which func-tion antithetically, the parasympathetic and the sympathetic. All the phenomena of the pleasure function are associated with exci-tations of the parasympathetic. When the pleasure function can-not operate, anxiety appears. It follows logically that if the parasympathetic function cannot operate, the sympathetic is stimulated. The phenomena of anxiety go together with func-tions of the sympathetic system, provided that expansive im-pulses are developed against the resistance of a contraction. If the sympathetic system is functionally antithetical to the parasympathetic system, then, logically, anxiety must be the an-tithesis of pleasure. Thus, pleasure does not change into anxiety, but in anxiety biological excitation functions in an opposite direc-tion to that of pleasure.
This represented a very important step forward in the formu-lation of the life function. It was also supported by clinically verifiable phenomena. Anxiety is experienced essentially in the cardio-diaphragmatic region and, unless one is severely dis-turbed, pleasure is experienced essentially in the genital. Thus the heart and genital are two antithetical realms in which the unitary biological excitation may become concentrated. Cardiac anxiety disappears when genital excitation occurs. If the biologi-cal excitation is concentrated essentially in the genital apparatus, then the genital urge and the corresponding pleasure sensation are experienced. If the biological excitation is concentrated es-sentially in the cardio-diaphramatic region, one experiences anxi-ety and is incapable of pleasure.
The Developmental History of Orgonomic Functionalism 13
With these formulations, orgonomic functionalism had dis-covered, at first unconsciously, the "basic antithesis of the liv-ing": the antithesis of pleasure and anxiety, of parasympathetic and sympathetic, of expansion and contraction of the vital ap-paratus, of periphery and center of the organism. The detailed clinicai and experimental elaboration of this functioning realm of biological energy took about twelve years to complete (from 1925 to 1937). It spontaneously opened up the area of bion and orgone research.
I have already stressed that orgonomic functionalism is not just a different or new kind of natural philosophy, but a differ-ent and new kind of tool of natural research. An initially very unsophisticated tool, e.g. a stone axe, made possible the discov-ery of iron, and the discovery of iron made it possible to refine the tool from a stone axe into an axe made of iron, and so on. Thus, the method or the tool of natural research undergoes a development which is often far more important than the facts which are discovered.
With the theoretical formulation of the pleasure-anxiety an-tithesis, which is rooted in biological excitation and differentiat-ed in various directions of one and the same excitation, energetic functionalism had won a more controllable, usable position. Whatever the natural facts involved, it was now atile to apply the following methodological principies over and over again to ascertain to what extent these principies were valid; whether they can comprehend only certain parts of nature or whether they are generally valid; in other words, whether ali nature follows the functional law which revealed itself in the functioning of the life apparatus and its emotions.
It should be stressed that by approaching natural research via the psychic emotions, the sphere of emotions has always re- mained within the realm of what can be investigated. Further-more, the results which were ultimately obtained and used to develop an overall view of nature veered sharply away from the direction of mechanism and mysticism, without ending up in spiritualism.
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principies, then the formulation was incorrect. The antithetical functions and their common functioning principies cannot be arbitrarily arranged. Actual (objective) antitheses must be deter-mined which are rooted in an actual (objective) common princi-pie. The pleasure sensation, for example, can be antithetical to both the emotion of anxiety and that of rage. But in the antithe-sis between pleasure and anxiety the common functioning princi-pie is different from that in pleasure and rage. In the first in-stance, the common functioning principie is the general biological excitation. The capacity of this excitation to function or flow in two opposite directions, i.e., toward the periphery and toward the center, determines the antithesis of pleasure and anxi-ety. This can be seen clearly in the physiological phenomena of expansion in pleasure and contraction in anxiety.
On the other hand, the general biological excitation occurring in the antithesis of pleasure and rage can no longer be taken as the direct common functioning principie when expansion and contraction of the living organism are seen as primary functions, because both pleasure and rage go together with an expansion of the living organism. Contraction is excluded. The plasmatic expansion which together with its opposite, contraction, is based on the common principie of excitation at a deeper levei of func-tioning, itself becomes the common functioning principie of two antitheses, pleasure and rage, but at a higher levei. Expansion is narrower than general excitation. It is therefore a principie of higher and thus lesser order.
This gives rise to an important principie for assessing the ranking of functions. They may be dose to or far from the general natural principie. The closer they lie, the more all-encompassing they are; the further away they are located, the narrower they are, and the smaller their range of function. Thus we detect the "depth" of the function, not in the fact that it is split up, because ali functions divide, but in the breadth of the functioning realm, in the number of common functioning principies which it embraces.
The common functioning principie of pleasure and rage is thus the expansion of the living system. The antithesis of pleas-ure and rage derives from the fact that in pleasure the biological
The Developmental History of Orgonomic Functionalism 17
excitation affects the surface of the body, whereas in rage the deeper lying musculature is mobilized and the excitation does not reach the skin. In pleasure the energy charge of the skin increases, while it decreases in rage. These phenomena are demonstrable at the oscillograph.* Now, since the surface of the skin functions essentially as a sensory apparatus while in con-trast the musculature functions as a motor and destruction ap-paratus, this physiological difference also explains the difference between the goals of pleasure and rage. The goal of the former is the tactile sensation of pleasure at the surface of the organ-ism, while the goal of the latter is motor action and destruction.
Functionalism thus derives instinctual goals from instinctual functions, and not, the other way around, instinctual functions from instinctual goals, as is done by metaphysics. The motor action of the musculature is older than the goal of destruction, and the pleasure function existed before the goal of pleasure.
Functionalism does not derive motor activity as the "conse-quence" from muscular action as the "cause," as is done by mechanistic materialism, but instead muscular movement and destructive motor activity are seen to be functionally identical in the action of hating. The one is inconceivable without the other. Functionalism replaces "causes" by "common function-ing principies" of an ever deeper and more broadly encompass-ing order. This method of thinking will later prove to be correct in orgonometric investigations.
PRIMARY AND SECONDARY DRIVES
The splitting of a common functioning principie into two op-posite component functions is a natural process which generally follows an "externai" stimulus. For example, the action of water on yeast cells provides the stimulus for budding to occur through swelling. The action of the male sperm cell on the fe-male egg is the stimulus for progressive division of the egg. Wa-
*Cf. Reich, The Bioelectrical Investigation of Sexuality and Anxiety, Farrar, Straus and Giroux, New York, 1982. [Eds.]
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ter or the sperm cell are not the "causes" of the budding or of the division. In general, functions split up under the in-fluence of their paired function.
If the pleasure function, for example, cannot function un-disturbed under certain externai conditions, then the expansion function of the life apparatus splits into the desire for pleasure and into rage. In the human animal, the contradiction between organism and authoritarian social organization has caused secondary drives, foreign to the rest of nature, to emerge from the primary natural drives, which are expansion functions. The antithesis of primary and secondary drives is easy to determine from the presence or absence respectively of the capacity for natural orgastic convulsion. The primary drives bring about "gratification," i.e. an objective reduction in the energy levei. The secondary drives do not produce any gratification in the core of the organism. The characteristic which opposes the secondary drives to the primary drives, namely orgastic impo-tence, becomes the common functioning principie of ali secon-dary drives.
The function "orgastic potency" brings together one broad group of vital phenomena into a functional unit. "Orgastic im-potence," as a common functioning principie, groups together a specifically different type of human behavioral characteristics into a fundamental unit. In my book Character Analysis,* I have described these two groups as "genital" and "neurotic" in character, and I therefore do not have to deal with them any further here. We wiil return to this only when studying organ sensation as a tool of natural research.**
The group which has orgastic impotence as its common func-tioning principie splits into two comprehensive subgroups which are opposed to each other, but which are functionally identical as far as the inability to achieve gratification is concerned: por-nographic sexuality and moralism. This contradiction, which has been the scourge of human life for thousands of years, is alien
The Developmental History of Orgonomic Functionalism 19
to the other group whose common functioning principie is natu-ral orgastic potency. In that group there is no such antithetical division and disunity. Sexuality and morality, nature and culture form a unit. The common functioning principie of orgastic potency also functions in the two mutually interacting directions of work and love.
The following are examples of paired functions and their com-mon functioning principie:
Primary drives
Secondary drives
Expansion of the living organism
Capacity to experience sexual gratification
Genuine goodness
Work
Love
Moralism
Pornography
Homosexuality
Sadism
Compulsory work
Inability to work
Let us now return to the main thread of our topic.
THE RIGIDIFICATION OF THE HUMAN ORGANISM
Orgastic potency
Orgastic potency
Orgastic impotence
Orgastic impotence
Orgastic impotence
*Cf. Reich, Character Analysis, Farrar, Straus and Giroux, New York, 1972. [Eds.] Human organisms in which behavior can be grouped together
**Cf. Reich, Ether, God and Devil, Farrar, Straus and Giroux, New York, 1973. [Eds.] under the common functioning principie of orgastic impotence,
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i.e. the incapacity for orgastic convulsion, formed a new and broad area of research for functionalism from which orgonomic biopathology emerged.
Establishing the common functioning principie of orgastic im-potence immediately raised the next question: What is the basic function to which the many different forms of orgastic impo-tence can be reduced? The answer is: rigidification or armoring of the organism, i.e., chronic contraction of large muscle areas.
If muscular armoring is the common functioning principie to which ali phenomena of orgastic impotence can be traced, if orgastic impotence itself is a common functioning principie of higher order than muscular armoring, which itself splits, then the logical question to ask is: Where is the antithesis of orgastic impotence with its many divisions? Clinical examination of pa-tients answered this major question in an extremely fruitful manner.
The functional antithesis is the respiratory block. Anxiety about orgastic pleasure is an important part of orgastic impo-tence. This anxiety causes the sufferer to hold his or her breath at the moment when orgastic excitation increases. This prevents the orgastic discharge. The respiratory block causes the orgastic impotence, and the orgastic impotence determines the respiratory block. Both are rooted in muscular armoring:
Respiratory block
Orgastic impotence
Muscular armoring splits up into several paired antithetical functions: The respiratory block and the incapacity for orgastic convulsion, as described above, the need for pleasure and the incapacity for pleasure (pleasure anxiety), or in the need for love and the inability to love. We find it also in sadism and remorse, as in the case of obsessional illness; in perversion and moralism; in compulsive work and the inability to work; or in sharp differentiations between good and evil, etc., etc.
The respiratory block, itself a variant of muscular armoring, becomes the common, higher functioning principie of a series
The Developmental History of Orgonomic Functionalism 21
of pathological functions, such as a rigid chest, high blood pres-sure, enlargement of the heart, excess of carbon dioxide in the blood, etc.
High blood pressure
Enlargement of the heart
If we now stop tracing muscular armoring as a common func-tioning principie of the respiratory block and orgastic impo-tence, and instead follow it into the depths as a part-function of a deeper, common functioning principie, the next question follows logically:
What is the antithesis of muscular armoring, and what is the common functioning principie of armoring and its still unknown antithesis?
The only reliable way to answer such functional questions is to carefully examine the phenomena and expressions of the known function from which we are continuing our search. Clini-cal studies of muscular armoring show that it is not a static, rigid formation, but instead it corresponds to a standstill of the life functions as a result of the dynamic equilibrium of opposing forces. The armoring does not function like a wall made of ce-ment, but instead like two automobiles whose engines are run-ning, but which cannot move because they are acting against each other with equal force. This immobility resulting from the blocking of vitality is merely an external appearance. If we push one of the cars even just a little to the side, then both automo-biles start to move. Exactly the same thing happens when we "mobilize" armorings, technically speaking.
What now follows is still an unproved assumption. It attempts to pave the way for grasping a cardinal problem of human exis-tence, the solution of which would presumably eliminate a whole series of current social conflicts.
Outside the sphere of human existence, in living and nonliving nature, we encounter a functionalism which is characterized by great simplicity. This simplicity and the transparency of natural phenomena have from time immemorial led the major poets and
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philosophers to speak of the nobility and simplicity of nature. Natural law is characterized by:
1. the common functioning principie which dominates and permeates broad areas (attraction, pulsation, vascular system).
2. the variants of the functioning principie, each of which in turn can become a higher order common principie.
3. the bringing together of large or small groups of variants into a functional unit which has a common functioning princi-pie (organisms, species of animais, and plants, etc.).
The division of a seed into root and stem, then of the stem into branches, the branches into twigs, and the twigs into leaf stalks; the splitting up of the nervous systems and of the vascu-lar systems of animais; the division of the animal egg into cells, which are then grouped together into various organs, and the grouping of the organs into the functional unity of the organism are ali simple, uncomplicated functions. This does not mean that the splitting processes are not numerous or variegated or that many functions of living organisms are not difficult to comprehend. Of course they are. But they are not complicated in the sense of entangled, opaque, and insoluble. For instance, with the exception of the human animal and his institutions, there is nothing in the realm of living and nonliving nature which one could refer to as suppression in the biosocial sense of the word with which civilized man has been so very familiar for several millennia. Nobody can assert that "suppression" or "power conflicts" are primary topics anywhere in nature outside the sphere of human existence.
In investigating this subject, orgonomic functionalism did not set out with the intention of solving the "riddle of human mis-ery." However, as it developed, a certain peculiarity, which has no equal anywhere else in nature, was discovered in the area of human character formation. It was logical to ask whether this specifically human kind of functioning forms the basis of ali philosophies which accord human beings a "special," "cho-sen" position, strictly separated from animais, in the overail scheme of nature.
Numerous misconceptions of sex-economic sociology derive from ignorance of the order of rank which should be assigned
The Developmental History of Orgonomic Functionalism 23
to the various functioning realms, and from the fact that the common, underlying principie of two mutually interacting derivatives is overlooked. One particularly good example of this is the interaction of typical individual character structure and so-cial institutions. Until a few decades ago, character formation was thought of as something which was inherited in an unde-fined manner. Then, around 1928, character analysis recognized the overwhelming importance of social environment for charac-ter formation. Character analysis discovered that the social ori-gin of a person is fixed in frozen form in his character. By modifying the instinctual drives, social institutions produced the typical character structure, and the character structure of the hu-man beings of a particular epoch reproduced the social institu-tions and corresponding ideologies. This was the answer to the question left open by Marxist sociology as to how, and with the help of which functions, the "material basis" is converted into the "ideological superstructure."
Society and character structure thus form a clear, simple rela-tionship of antithesis and interaction. But functionalism did not stop there. Human character structure itself divides up with re-gard to the functioning principie of drive economy into two sharply defined, again antithetical variations, i.e. into the genital character, distinguished by a self-regulating sexual economy, and the neurotic character, which is revealed in a disordered sexual economy. The functioning principie of drive economy is a bio-logical principie. It operates in a much wider realm than its par-ticular derivative functions, society and character structure. 1f we only relate society to character and character to society, then although this is correct it is incomplete and sometimes leads to incorrect conclusions. For example, the existing typical character structure of human beings is regarded as "normal" because it conforms to, reflects, and anchors the existing social structure. But this conclusion is only correct as long as we remain within the boundaries of current processes between society and human beings. We immediately discover, however, that we are moving in a circle when we try to eliminate deplorable conditions and catastrophes in existing circumstances. It is not enough to think merely in terms of the antithetical relationship between man and
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28 WILHELM REICH
space. Only then will he make the correct assessment, namely, that the earth is also moving.
We know that ali the progress made in human thought and judgment has come about because the innovators have placed themselves outside whatever they had to judge in order to dis-cover new facts.
Functionalism very soon found itself outside the frame of thought of the mechanistic-mystical civilization of the last two to four thousand years, when it started to investigate natural functions from a fundamentally new standpoint. What was this new standpoint, the new framework, from which the world of mechanism and mysticism was observed? Although I did not realize it at first, it lay in a much broader functioning realm of nature, namely, in that of the living. Quite simply, I no longer studied human beings merely as humans, as members of a church, as subjects of a state, as bearers of civilization, etc., but as living organisms. The function of a "living organism" is understandably much broader than the function of a "hu-man." In contrast, the results of mechanistic natural science, and certainly those of metaphysics, are conclusions by humans as humans about nature, that is to say, they are the statement of a narrower functioning principie about a much broader one. This would not in itself be confusing if man took what he has in common with nature and made that the standpoint of his observations and judgments. However, over the centuries and in-deed millennia, the armored human being has taken his own peculiarities and deviations, and the unnatural, biologically ab-normal variants thereof, as his standpoint for judging the world. For this sin he has paid the terrible price of unnecessary and cruel suffering on an infinitely large scale, but he is far from finished with his payments. From his position of abnormality, he has conceived of his own godlike origin, and from this he has created God according to his own image. To this God he has assigned his own pettiness and vengefulness, his own moral brutality, and he has made sacrifices to him: He has slaughtered children, burned his widowed spouses, or tortured and executed people of different faiths—in the Middle Ages for religious rea-sons and in the modern age for state-political reasons. Whoever
The Developmental History of Orgonomic Functionalism 29
insists on regarding this as "normality," whoever is unable to break out of this frame of thinking has in fact sold his soul to his own devil. And in his devil the human animal will sooner or later recognize a God who was perverted into a devil by the characterological armoring. For "God" and "Devil" are not ab-solute opposites and certainly not metaphysical opposites, be-cause they have their common root in the human animal's natu-ral feelings for life.
If further research on functionalism in nature should confirm my assumption that the human animal is the only product of nature whose functioning is disrupted and modified by an inter-vening block, the armor, then psychology would have gained a new, not to be underestimated position vis á vis metaphysics. The block caused by armoring in the human animal becomes the common functioning principie of a whole range of compli-cated ideological formations in which mankind is trapped.
To be continued.
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Projeto Arte Org Redescobrindo e reinterpretando W. Reich Caro Leitor Infelizmente, no que se refere a orgonomia, seguir os passos de Wilhelm Reich e de sua equipe de investigadores é uma questão bastante difícil, polêmica e contraditória, cheia de diferentes interpretações que mais confundem do que ajudam. Por isto, nós decidimos trabalhar com o material bibliográfico presente nos microfilmes (Wilhelm Reich Collected Works Microfilms) em forma de PDF, disponibilizados por Eva Reich que já se encontra circulado pela internet, e que abarca o desenvolvimento da orgonomia de 1941 a 1957. Dividimos este “material” de acordo com as revistas publicadas pelo instituto de orgonomia do qual o Reich era o diretor. 01- International Journal of Sex Economy and Orgone Research (1942-1945). 02- Orgone Energy Bulletin (1949-1953) 03- CORE Cosmic Orgone Engineering (1954-1956) E logo dividimos estas revistas de acordo com seus artigos, apresentando-os de forma separada (em PDF), o que facilita a orga-nizá-los por assunto ou temas. Assim, cada qual pode seguir o rumo de suas leituras de acordo com os temas de seu interesse. Todo o material estará disponível em inglês na nuvem e poderá ser acessado a partir de nossas páginas Web. Sendo que nosso intuito aqui é simplesmente divulgar a orgonomia, e as questões que a ela se refere, de acordo com o próprio Reich e seus colaboradores diretos relativos e restritos ao tempo e momento do próprio Reich. Quanto ao caminho e as postulações de cada um destes colaboradores depois da morte de Reich, já é uma questão que extrapola nossas possibilidades e nossos interesses. Sendo que aqui somente podemos ser responsáveis por nós mesmos e com muitas restrições. Alguns destes artigos, de acordo com nossas possiblidades e interesse, já estamos traduzindo. Não somos tradutores especializados e, portanto, pedimos a sua compreensão para possíveis erros que venham a encontrar. Em nome da comunidade Arte Org.
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Textos da área do funcionalismo orgonômico Texts from the area of Orgonomic Functionalism. ---------------------- International Journal of Sex Economy and Orgone Research
----------------------- Orgonomic Functionalism ----------------------- 01 Theodore P.Wofe. The Sex-Economic Concept of Psychosomatic Indentity and Antithesis 1942 International Journal of Sex Economy and Orgone Research Volume 1 Number 1 1942 Interval 38-59 Pag. 33-54 02 Wilhelm Reich. Biophysical Functionalismo and Mechanistic Natural Science 1941 International Journal of Sex Economy and Orgone Research Volume 1 Number 2 1942 Interval 1-11 Pag. 97-107 03 Wilhelm Reich. Orgonotic Pulsation I 1944 International Journal of Sex Economy and Orgone Research Volume 3 Numbers 2 3 1944 Interval 1-54 Pag. 97-150 04 Wilhelm Reich. The Living Productive Power, Working Power of Karl Marx (1936) 1944 International Journal of Sex Economy and Orgone Research Volume 3 Numbers 2 3 1944 Interval 55-68 Pag. 151-164 05 R. H. Attkin. Mechanistic Thinking as the Original Sin 1947 McF 207 Annals of the Orgone Institute, Number 1. 1947 Interval 51-54 Pag. 95-101-------------------------------- --------------------------------
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Orgone Energy Bulletin ------------------------------- -------------------------- Orgonomic Functionalism -------------------------- 01 Wilhelm Reich Cosmic Energy and Ether 1949 McF 302 Orgone Energy Bulletin, Vol. 1, No. 4. Oct. 1949 Interval 3-11 Pag. 143-159 02 Notes Editorial. Basic Natural-Scientific Research 1949 McF 302 Orgone Energy Bulletin, Vol. 1, No. 4. Oct. 1949 Interval 24-24 Pag. 184-185 03 Wilhelm Reich Orgonomic Functionalism Parte II A 1947 McF 303 Orgone Energy Bulletin, Vol. 2, No. 1. Jan. 1950 Interval 3-10 Pag. 1-15 04 Wilhelm Reich Orgonomic Functionalism Parte II B 1947 McF 304 Orgone Energy Bulletin, Vol. 2, No. 2. Apr. 1950 Interval 3-10 Pag. 49-62 05 Communications. Psychology and Natural Science 1950 McF 304 Orgone Energy Bulletin, Vol. 2, No. 2. Apr. 1950 Interval 23-24 Pag. 88-90 06 Wilhelm Reich Orgonomic Functionalism Parte II C 1947 McF 305 Orgone Energy Bulletin. Vol. 2, No. 3. Jul. 1950 Interval 4-17 Pag. 99-123 07 Wilhelm Reich Orgonometrie Equations I A. General Form 1949 McF 306 Orgone Energy Bulletin. Vol. 2, No. 4. Oct. 1950 Interval 5-16 Pag. 161-183 08 Wilhelm Reich Orgonometrie Equations I B. Complete 1950 McF 308 Orgone Energy Bulletin. Vol. 3, No. 2. Apr. 1951 Interval 4-7 Pag. 65-71
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09 R. H. Atkin. Mathematical Questiones Without Answers 1951 McF 308 Orgone Energy Bulletin. Vol. 3, No. 2. Apr. 1951 Interval 25-27 Pag. 106-110 10 Wilhelm Reich Orgonomic Functionalism Parte II D 1947 McF 311 Orgone Energy Bulletin. Vol. 4, No. 1. Jan. 1952 Interval 2-8 Pag. 1-12 11 Charles R. Keller. Causality and Freedom A funcional Analysis 1952 McF 311 Orgone Energy Bulletin. Vol. 4, No. 1. Jan. 1952 Interval 20-23 Pag. 37-43 12 Wilhelm Reich Orgonomic Functionalism Parte II E 1947 McF 314 Orgone Energy Bulletin. Vol. 4, No. 4. Oct. 1952 Interval 11-16 Pag. 186-196 ------------------------------- ------------------------------- -------------------- Wilhelm Reich Orgonomic Functionalism ------------------- 01 Wilhelm Reich The Developmental History of Orgonomic Functionalism A 1946 Wilhelm Reich-Orgonomic Functionalism - Vol I. I Interval 6-20 Pag. 1-29 02 Wilhelm Reich The Biological Revolution from Homo Normalis to the Child of the Future 1950 Wilhelm Reich-Orgonomic Functionalism - Vol I. I Interval 21-43 Pag. 30-74 03 Wilhelm Reich A Note on Sympathetic Understanding. Wilhelm Reich-Orgonomic Functionalism - Vol I. I Interval 43-47 Pag. 75-82 04 Wilhelm Reich The Silente Observer A 1952 Wilhelm Reich-Orgonomic Functionalism - Vol I. I Interval 47-55 Pag. 83-99
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05 Wilhelm Reich Functional Thinking 1950 Wilhelm Reich-Orgonomic Functionalism - Vol I. I Interval 56-62 Pag. 100-112 06 Wilhelm Reich The Developmental History of Orgonomic Functionalism B 1946 Wilhelm Reich-Orgonomic Functionalism - Vol II. II Interval 4-15 Pag. 1-23 07 Wilhelm Reich The Silente Observer B 1952 Wilhelm Reich-Orgonomic Functionalism - Vol II. II Interval 16-20 Pag. 24-33 08 Wilhelm Reich Wrong Thinking Kills 1936 Wilhelm Reich-Orgonomic Functionalism - Vol II. II Interval 21-25 Pag. 34-43 09 Wilhelm Reich On Using The Atomic Bomb 1945 Wilhelm Reich-Orgonomic Functionalism - Vol II. II Interval 26-28 Pag. 44-49 10 Wilhelm Reich Mans Roots In Nature 1950 Wilhelm Reich-Orgonomic Functionalism - Vol II. II Interval 29-41 Pag. 50-74 11 Wilhelm Reich The Developmental History of Orgonomic Functionalism C 1947 Wilhelm Reich-Orgonomic Functionalism - Vol III. III Interval 4-13 Pag. 1-19 12 Wilhelm Reich Orgonotic Pulsation 1944 A Wilhelm Reich-Orgonomic Functionalism - Vol III. III Interval 14-35 Pag. 20-63 13 Wilhelm Reich The Evvasiveness of Homo Normalis 1947 Wilhelm Reich-Orgonomic Functionalism - Vol III. III Interval 36-49 Pag. 64-91 14 Wilhelm Reich The Developmental History of Orgonomic Functionalism D 1947 Wilhelm Reich-Orgonomic Functionalism - Vol IV. IV
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Interval 4-13 Pag. 1-18 15 Wilhelm Reich Orgonotic Pulsation 1944 B Wilhelm Reich-Orgonomic Functionalism - Vol IV. IV Interval 13-24 Pag. 19-40 16 Wilhelm Reich Orgone Functions in Weather Formation 1946 Wilhelm Reich-Orgonomic Functionalism - Vol IV. IV Interval 24-29 Pag. 41-51 17 Wilhelm Reich The Attitude of Mechanistic Natural Science to the Life Problem 1941 Wilhelm Reich-Orgonomic Functionalism - Vol IV. IV Interval 30-35 Pag. 52-63 18 Wilhelm Reich Orgonomic Functionalism in Non-Living Nature A 1947 Wilhelm Reich-Orgonomic Functionalism - Vol V. V Interval 4-13 Pag. 1-19 19 Wilhelm Reich Orgonotic Pulsation 1944 C Wilhelm Reich-Orgonomic Functionalism - Vol V. V Interval 14-26 Pag. 20-44 20 Wilhelm Reich Parents as Educators 1926 Wilhelm Reich-Orgonomic Functionalism - Vol V. V Interval 26-37 Pag. 45-66 21 Wilhelm Reich Open Season on Truth 1942 Wilhelm Reich-Orgonomic Functionalism - Vol V. V Interval 37-48 Pag. 67-88 22 Wilhelm Reich The Fundamental Problem of Form 1935 Wilhelm Reich-Orgonomic Functionalism - Vol V. V Interval 48-48 Pag. 89-89 23 Wilhelm Reich Orgonomic Functionalism in Non-Living Nature B 1947 Wilhelm Reich-Orgonomic Functionalism - Vol VI. VI Interval 4-14 Pag. 1-21
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24 Wilhelm Reich Orgonotic Pulsation D 1944 Wilhelm Reich-Orgonomic Functionalism - Vol VI. VI Interval 15-21 Pag. 22-35 25 Wilhelm Reich Desert Development and Emotional Dedness 1953 Wilhelm Reich-Orgonomic Functionalism - Vol VI. VI Interval 22-29 Pag. 36-50 26 Wilhelm Reich Process Of Integration in the Newborn and the Schizophrenic 1950 Wilhelm Reich-Orgonomic Functionalism - Vol VI. VI Interval 29-39 Pag. 51-71 27 Wilhelm Reich The Meaning of Disposition to Disease 1944 Wilhelm Reich-Orgonomic Functionalism - Vol VI. VI Interval 40-41 Pag. 72-75 28 Wilhelm Reich The Difficulty 1948 Wilhelm Reich-Orgonomic Functionalism - Vol VI. VI Interval 42-42 Pag. 76-76 ----------------- -------------------------- --------- CORE. ----------------- -------------------------- Orgonomic Functionalism -------------------------- 01 Robert A. McCullough. Rocky Road Toward Functionalism 1955 McF 319 CORE. Vol. 7, No. 3,4. Dec. 1955 Interval 26-31 Pag. 144-154