NIGERIA AMONG THE WIND POWERED NATIONS

A

PAPER PRESENTATION

BY

ADENIJI, AYODEJI SAMUEL(MNSE,MIEEE,MAFRIWEA)

Email: samueldeji@yahoo.com, Tel:+2347030709556,+23470588149,

VERGNET WIND ENERGY LIMITED, LAMBAR RIMI KATSINA

AT THE NIGERIA ALTERNATIVE ENERGY EXPO 2012 (NAEE 2012)

VENUE: Cultural Centre Kuto Abeokuta, Nigeria

29th October – 31st October 2012

Introduction

Wind is a form of solar energy. Winds are caused by the uneven heating of the atmosphere by the sun, the irregularities of the earth's surface, and rotation of the earth. Wind flow patterns are modified by the earth's terrain,

bodies of water, and vegetative cover. This wind flow, or motion energy, when "harvested" by modern wind turbines, can be used to generate electricity. Modern wind turbines fall into two basic groups; the horizontal-axis variety, like the traditional farm windmills used for pumping water, and the vertical-axis design, like the eggbeater-style Darrieus model, named after its French inventor. Most large modern wind turbines are horizontal-axis turbines.

Horizontal turbine components include:

blade or rotor, which converts the energy in the wind to rotational shaft energy;

a drive train, usually including a gearbox and a generator; a tower that supports the rotor and drive train; and other equipment, including controls, electrical cables, ground support

equipment, and interconnection equipment.

Wind turbines are often grouped together into a single wind power plant, also known as a wind farm, and generate bulk electrical power. Electricity from these turbines is fed into a utility grid and distributed to customers, just as with conventional power plants.

A wind farm is a group of wind turbines in the same location used to produce electric power. A large wind farm may consist of several hundred individual wind turbines, and cover an extended area of hundreds of square miles, but the land between the turbines may be used for agricultural or other purposes. A wind farm may also be located offshore.

Society is currently facing two serious challenges – climate change and the security of future energy supplies – and it is technology in the proven form of renewable energy that will play a vital role in meeting both of these challenges head on.But climate change is not the only driver for investment in renewables. Last year, RES published a survey of future global energy supplies, which concluded that the world faces a serious shortfall between demand and supply for oil and gas that could become evident soon after 2010, with a 10 percent shortfall by 2020 and an 18 per cent shortfall by 2030. Eventually this gap will be filled by a mix of renewables, clean coal and nuclear. However, wind power as a safe, carbon-neutral, economic and indigenous energy resource, is the best choice to fill the electricity generation gap left by gas in the short and medium term.

Nigeria Must not be left behind as Wind energy is one of the fastest growing technologies in energy generation industry nowadays. The erratic and epileptic state of power in this country and the concern about global warming should be a great concern for all and should drive us into strong

demand for wind generation. The main advantages of electricity generation from wind are the absence of harmful emissions, very clean and the almost infinite availability of the wind that is converted into electricity.

Wind Energy Development Environmental Concerns

Wind energy development environmental concerns include, noise, visual impacts, and avian and bat mortality

Although wind power plants have relatively little impact on the environment compared to fossil fuel power plants, concerns have been raised over the noise produced by the rotor blades, visual impacts, and deaths of birds and bats that fly into the rotors (avian/bat mortality).

Noise

Like all mechanical systems, wind turbines produce some noise when they operate. Most of the turbine noise is masked by the sound of the wind itself, and the turbines run only when the wind blows. In recent years, engineers have made design changes to reduce the noise from wind turbines. Early model turbines are generally noisier than most new and larger models. As wind turbines have become more efficient, more of the wind is converted into rotational torque and less into acoustic noise. Additionally, proper siting and insulating materials can be used to minimize noise impacts.

Visual Impacts

Because they must generally be sited in exposed places, wind turbines are often highly visible; however, being visible is not necessarily the same as beingintrusive. Aesthetic issues are by their nature highly subjective. Proper sitingdecisions can help to avoid any aesthetic impacts to the landscape. One strategy being used to partially offset visual impacts is to site fewer turbines in any one location by using multiple locations and by using today's larger and more efficient models of wind turbines.

Avian/Bat Mortality

Bird and bat deaths are one of the most controversial biological issues related to wind turbines. The deaths of birds and bats at wind farm sites have raised concerns by fish and wildlife agencies and conservation groups.

On the other hand, several large wind facilities have operated for years with only minor impacts on these animals.

To try to address this issue, the wind industry and government agencies have sponsored research into collisions, relevant bird and bat behavior, mitigation measures, and appropriate study design protocols. In addition, project developers are required to collect data through monitoring efforts at existing and proposed wind energy sites. Careful site selection is needed to minimize fatalities and in some cases additional research may be needed to address bird and bat impact issues.

While structures such as smokestacks, lighthouses, tall buildings, and radio and television towers have also been associated with bird and bat kills, bird and bat mortality is a serious concern for the wind industry.

Other Concerns

Unlike most other generation technologies, wind turbines do not use combustion to generate electricity, and hence don't produce air emissions. The only potentially toxic or hazardous materials are relatively small amounts of lubricating oils and hydraulic and insulating fluids. Therefore, contamination of surface or ground water or soils is highly unlikely. The primary health and safety considerations are related to blade movement and the presence of industrial equipment in areas potentially accessible to the public. An additional concern associated with wind turbines is potential interference with radar and telecommunication facilities. And like all electrical generating facilities, wind generators produce electric and magnetic fields.

Wind Powered Nations and their Motivations

The most overused necessity is electricity. The high demand on power usage has become a problem to some countries and Nigeria in Particular. Scarcity of water greatly affects the supply of electricity that can result to power outage. Since almost everything are being powered by electricity, an absence of is a great loss of money to most businesses and a big discomfort to most households.

Non-renewable resources like natural gases, oil and petroleum became a hit. Many realized that the use of these resources is beneficial as an alternative way in producing electricity. The only disadvantage is that, the source is limited which is not an assurance that you can use it continuously. One good option that they have thought of using is the energy generated by the wind.

The number of countries using wind energy for electricity generation increased in the first half of 2012 to 86. All wind turbines installed worldwide have crossed 254 Gigawatt and can generate 430 TWh per annum, equalling 2,5 % of the global electricity consumption(WWEA,September 2012).

Using wind as the main source of energy is a win-win situation. Its source is unlimited, free and most of all, natural. With these characteristics, many countries have decided to use wind turbines but here are the countries that are fervent users of wind energy, thus cradles of wind turbines:

1. United States. US is considered as one of the most successful and advanced country today. Of course, they use higher voltages of energy and they were also ranked first in generating energy through wind turbines. Power coming from these economical wind turbines is well used in the United States. Other renewable resources such as petroleum and various gases coming from fossils fuels results some side effects that are hazardous to human health. This community considers wind turbine as safe and effective renewable energy that can provide efficient electricity. Wind turbines are widely scattered in the US after the power of wind turbines were discovered. Total Installed Capacity as at June 2012 is 49,802MW

2. Germany. This country is a pro-green community. More than 10% of the household are greatly dependent on wind turbines for their own power supply. With the same status like US, Germany is also considered as one of the most affluent countries that have advanced technology. They prefer to use wind energy compared to the gas that was produced by fossil fuels. They wanted to maintain the healthy environment on earth by relying to these wind turbines that are eco-friendly. Their contribution as a concerned citizen protecting the earth is a good example in influencing people to rely on nature. Installed Capacity as at June 2012 is 30,016MW

The Wind Fortress: Burg 1 Wind Farm in Germany shows ruling power

Source: WindPowerMonthly.com

3. India. This is also considered as a developing country that has a huge number of inhabitants. The big population consumes a big amount of energy in each household. More than 5% of the population relies on the effectiveness of wind power to be their tool in creating renewable energy of their own to sustain electricity. The growth of the percentage varies each year. Installed Capacity as at June 2012 is 17,351MW

Hail the Gods: A Wind Farm in India salutes at the gray dusk

Source: Dynamatics.com

4. France. Their cities are known of their lighting method. They use other renewable resources such as hydro-power and nuclear energy as well as wind power in generating electricity. Cities in France are generating their own power by using wind turbines for about 1% or more.  They discovered the advantage of using wind turbines since it is safe and

free and is not hazardous to the environment. Installed Capacity as at June 2012 is 7,182MW

Gracing the Arable Fields: Serene wind turbines in the lovely rolling countryside in France

Source: Spuddey.Wordpress.com

5. United Kingdom. Wind turbines are scattered on their shores that seem like fences that enfolds the whole area. United Kingdom is also one of the countries that are actively using wind turbines as their source of electrical power. Their annual usage of wind energy is about 1-2%. There are certain areas in UK that provides good location for a wind turbine to take advantage of the wind’s full capacity. Installed Capacity as at June 2012 is 6,840MW

The Wind Shepherds: A wind farm in Scotland, UK serves as cradle of herds

Source: UK.Reuters.com

6. Spain. A whopping 11% of this country’s society is inclined in making use of our natural resources. The benevolent act of preserving nature concerning the earth is an attitude admirable for Spain. This mindset opened their consciousness to be protective to the environment and this is reflected on how active they are in using the natural energy coming from the wind that is generated through wind turbines. Installed Capacity as at June 2012 is 22,087MW

Remembering Olympus: Meira Wind Farm in Galicia, Spain prevails in the thick mist

Source: RechargeNews.com

7. China. This country is perceived to be destructing the environment but China wanted to change this perception by engaging themselves in using renewable resources that is purely natural like this wind energy. The vast amounts of energy that are taken out from electric companies are widely distributed to each household but cannot accommodate all families in an area because of the country’s big population. This circumstance motivated China to find an alternative source to supply them enough electrical energy. Installed Capacity as at June 2012 is 67,774MW representing by far the largest windfarm market adding well over 1,500MW in 2012.

Call of Duty: Wind turbines in Da Bancheng Wind Farm in China gather for full force

Source: TheHindu.com

8. Italy. Another environment friendly country, Italy is an elegant place and are well-liked by most tourist because of its panoramic view and beautiful architectures. Even this fine country also believes in wind turbine in providing excellent energy but is still environment friendly. Wind turbines are used partly in homes and even businesses in the said country. Installed Capacity as at June 2012 is 7,280MW

Welcoming the Blues: A wind farm in Italy greeting the bright blue skies

Source: EnergyInsight.info

Denmark. Since the first oil crises in 1973 the main objectives of Danish energy policy have been: Security of energy supply, diversification in use of energy sources, environmental and

climate aspects of the use of energy, cost effectiveness of energy supplies. In order to realize these goals various policies are being followed. One policy is to develop as well as utilize new energy technologies. Another objective is to focus on energy solutions. This alone proves that Denmark is also environment conscious like the above mentioned countries. This country is proud of their clean and peaceful living to where there’s no pollution that can damage the environment. Installed Capacity as at June 2012 is 5,511

Empire Next to Bermuda: A huge offshore wind farm in Denmark rules the seas

Source: TreeHugger.com

10. Portugal. Although the country is just small, their contribution in maintaining a healthy environment is big. Around 11% of the country’s residents are using wind power. They also believe in the effectiveness of the natural energy from wind to provide them electricity. Wind turbines are greatly used in this country.

Behold the Heights: Wind turbines towering the mountain peaks of Portugal

Source: CSRPlus.co.uk

These countries belonged to the top ten spots that actively use wind energy by wind turbines. As you can see, wind turbines are already known worldwide as an excellent source of electricity. These countries have proven the efficiency of the device to provide an alternative source of energy without spending much and without compromising the environment and the welfare of the people.

Currently there are ninety seven (97) countries that have an installed capacity of wind power.

The various countries are listed in Table 1 below:

Country ISO code ContinentNumber of wind farms listed

Capacity (MW)in the database

Albania AL Europe 2 650

Algeria DZ Africa 1 25

Argentina AR South America 15 174

Armenia AM Asia 2 93

Australia AU Oceania 52 3,218

Austria AT Europe 113 1,315

Azerbaijan AZ Asia 3 6

Bangladesh BD Asia 2 2

Belarus BY Europe 3 4

Belgium BE Europe 85 1,391

Brazil BR South America 82 1,814

Bulgaria BG Europe 44 803

Canada CA North America 134 6,288

Cape Verde CV Africa 4 25

Chile CL South America 9 313

China CN Asia 460 47,920

Colombia CO South America 1 20

Costa Rica CR North America 11 281

Croatia HR Europe 10 198

Cuba CU North America 3 8

Cyprus CY Asia 6 228

Czech Republic CZ Europe 50 262

Denmark DK Europe 1,435 4,826

Dominican Republic

DO North America 2 94

Ecuador EC South America 3 24

Egypt EG Africa 8 547

Eritrea ER Africa 1 1

Estonia EE Europe 30 435

Ethiopia ET Africa 2 171

Faroe Islands FO Europe 2 5

Fiji FJ Oceania 1 11

Finland FI Europe 73 232

France FR Europe 676 7,789

Gambia GM Africa 1 1

Germany DE Europe 3,651 33,332

Greece GR Europe 121 1,683

Grenada GD North America 1 1

Guyana GY South America 1 14

Honduras HN North America 1 102

Hungary HU Europe 32 543

India IN Asia 411 14,104

Indonesia ID Oceania 1 1

Iran IR Asia 8 146

Ireland IE Europe 132 1,884

Israel IL Asia 1 6

Italy IT Europe 327 8,219

Jamaica JM North America 4 51

Japan JP Asia 207 2,005

Jordan JO Asia 3 2

Kenya KE Africa 2 38

Latvia LV Europe 9 32

Libya LY Africa 1 20

Lithuania LT Europe 51 198

Luxembourg LU Europe 13 45

Macedonia MK Europe 1 1

Mauritania MR Africa 2 35

Mauritius MU Africa 1 2

Mexico MX North America 20 1,583

Mongolia MN Asia 8 51

Morocco MA Africa 15 1,352

Mozambique MZ Africa 1 1

Namibia NA Africa 1 1

Netherlands NL Europe 179 2,770

New-Zealand NZ Oceania 17 624

Nicaragua NI North America 4 163

Nigeria NG Africa 1 11

Norway NO Europe 29 900

Pakistan PK Asia 1 6

Panama PA North America 4 406

Peru PE South America 2 1

Philippines PH Oceania 3 59

Poland PL Europe 95 1,867

Portugal PT Europe 252 4,493

Puerto Rico PR North America 1 76

Romania RO Europe 45 2,259

Russia RU Asia 8 15

Saint Kitts and Nevis

KN North America 2 303

Slovakia SK Europe 3 6

South Africa ZA Africa 4 62

South Korea KR Asia 34 578

Spain ES Europe 902 22,808

Sri Lanka LK Asia 5 47

Sweden SE Europe 765 3,161

Switzerland CH Europe 34 46

Taiwan TW Asia 20 509

Tanzania TZ Africa 1 50

Tunisia TN Africa 3 243

Turkey TR Asia 62 2,823

Ukraine UA Europe 13 245

United-Kingdom GB Europe 348 10,540

Uruguay UY South America 7 166

USA US North America 959 57,615

Vanuatu VU Oceania 1 4

Venezuela VE South America 1 101

Vietnam VN Asia 5 92

Table 1: Countries around the world and their Wind Power Installed capacity

Africa Perspective and Initiatives on Wind Power

There are sixteen countries in the continent of Africa know to have an installed capacity of wind power or an ongoing wind farm project in the database. Table 2 reflects the status of Windpower installed in Africa.

African Countries Using Wind Power for Electricity Generation

CountryWind Farm

Listed Capacity in MWAlgeria 1 25Capeverde 4 25Egypt 8 547Eritrea 1 1Gambia 2 1Kenya 2 38Libya 1 35mauritania 2 35Mauritius 1 2Morocco 15 1,352Mozambique 1 1Nambia 1 1Nigeria 1 11South africa 1 50Tanzania 1 50

Tunisia 3 243

Table 2: Status of Wind Power Installed in Africa

Challenges that Must be Addressed in Africa Wind Power Installations

Although wind energy is a clean and renewable source of electric power, many challenges must be addressed. Wind turbines are complex machines, with large flexible structures working under turbulent and unpredictable environmental conditions, and are connected to a constantly varying electrical grid with changing voltages, frequency, power flow, and the like. Wind turbines have to adapt to those variations, so their efficiency and reliability depend heavily on the control strategy applied. As wind energy penetration in the grid increases, additional challenges are being revealed: response to grid disturbances, active power control and frequency regulation, reactive power control and voltage regulation, restoration of grid services after power outages, and wind prediction.

The Government of South Africa has set up the South African Renewables Initiative (SARi)to develop a financing arrangement that would enable a critical mass of renewables to be developed in South Africa, through a combination of international loans and grants, as well as domestic funding.

East Africa Case StudyThe existing level of dedication has yet to be put into action. The potential for decentralsolutions with investments by the private sector still has to be fully exploited.• Sector reform liberalization of the power sectoro Unbundlingo Establishment of an independent, sufficiently financed and efficient regulatoro Possibility to sell power to the grid: standardized Power Purchase Agreements(PPAs)

• PSP in renewable energies sector policyo Long term perspective with binding quantitative objectiveso Adequate fixed PPA tariffs for renewable energieso Avoidance of thermal power plants (especially diesel plants)• Finance and subsidieso Government guaranteed schemes for private sector financingo Pilot projects and schemes through national development bankso Facilitation of use of climate change funding i.e. CDM mechanisms, support

from national focal point, lobbying on international level for simplifiedprocedureso Exemption from import duties for all kinds of renewable energy and climatefriendly technologieso Tax exemption for private sector investment in renewable energy projectso Use of budget funds for PPP projects• Use of rural electrification funds for private sector projectso Establishment of an explicit and clear policyo Establishment of a strong implementation agencyo Provision of adequate fundingo Efficient and clear procedure for the distribution of funds (tendering or call forproposals)• Encouragement of PSP in power sectoro Policy for funding Private Sector Participation in infrastructureo Promotion of Public Private Partnershipo Legal framework for PPPo Use of development partner funds for PSPo Model PPA for electricity from grido Adequate prices for production from renewable energy.

Nigeria: Case Study

The Nigeria Policy documents has identified the following as the barriers to Renewable Electricity Industry

Barriers to the renewable electricity industry

Specific policy, regulatory, financing and investment, technological, public awareness, quality and standards, poor resource database and intermittency of resource availability confront the development of the market for renewable electricity. a) Policy and regulatory barriers The focus of national policy has consistently been on centralized conventional sources of electric power. Several incentives were established to promote investments in conventional power generation. Subsidizing grid power has so far penalized investments in alternative energy solutions. This lack of a level playing field for all energy sources and technologies has constituted a formidable barrier to the growth of alternative electricity services. Until lately, the Power Holding Company of Nigeria (PHCN) was the only entity legally permitted to produce and distribute electricity. Under the 2005 Act, independent power producers are permitted to operate, however, the legal framework for successfully implementing PPA is still evolving. The

perception of significant regulatory risks by potential investors and financial institutions compound the challenges faced by potential renewable electricity investors. Moreover, guaranteed access to the grid is an important element of an investment decision to embark on grid-connected power projects. At present, a non-discriminatory open access to the national electricity grid, for renewable power, is not assured. b) Financing and Investment barriers Renewable energy projects have high initial costs. This affects the overall cost of energy produced per kWh. Investors will not be favorably disposed to wind, small hydro or power from cogeneration plants if they will not make profit by selling the electricity. Average electricity tariff in Nigeria is put at about N6:75 per KW-h (approximately 5 cents per kWh). Average cost of typical sources of renewable power for mini hydro is 5-10 cents; solar PV: 20-40 cents; biomass power: 5-12cents; wind power: 6-10 cents. Without adequate financial incentives market entry will be difficult. Renewable electricity projects are not common practice, therefore bankers perceive a higher degree of risk and are reluctant to lend – instead they give preference to large-scale conventional electricity investments. Interest rates are generally high and the appetite for long term credits are low among financial institutions, especially for non-business-as-usual projects as small scale renewable power projects. Nigeria has no significant manufacturing capacity for components of renewable energy technologies. The existing capacity in solar PV and small hydro plants is limited. Significant supply chain constraints include long project implementation periods, high import tariffs, bottle-necks in the customs clearing of goods and the issue of corruption.

c) Technological Barrier As noted in the 2005 National Renewable Energy Master Plan1 supplies and servicing for renewable electricity projects are not readily available in Nigeria. Therefore, potential IPPs may face significant logistical challenges in procuring equipment and maintenance support for renewable electricity projects. Beyond the local availability of supplies, there are significant gaps in the capacity for manufacture and maintenance of system components such as small hydro and wind turbines. In most cases, the choice and design of turbines are site-specific. With no local turbine manufacturers available in Nigeria, this adds to project complexity and costs. The simple fact that the project will be dependent on manufactures of the turbines for spares and major maintenance presents a major technical challenge. To compound these barriers, these projects are often located in remote areas and therefore face significant challenges in attracting competent and qualified manpower for operations. d) Public awareness There is limited public awareness of the potentials of renewable electricity in meeting some of the energy and development challenges facing the country. The inadequacy of awareness creates a market distortion which results in higher risk perception for potential renewable electricity projects. The general perception is that these forms of energy technologies are not mature and only suited for niche markets. e) Standards and quality control A major constraint to the development of the renewable energy market in Nigeria is the poorly established standard and quality control of locally manufactured and imported technologies. Creating quality assurance is a precondition for building consumer confidence and in growing the market for renewable energy. Two important dimensions to issues of quality include the perception of potential users, poorly developed regime for standards setting, testing and certification as well as professionalism among operators. f) Inadequate resource assessment The growth of the renewable power industry will depend to a large extent on the availability of a solid resource database. Reliable and up-to-date sources of data will assist investors in making decisions on renewable electricity. g) Intermittency of resource availability An underlying barrier affecting all renewable electricity resources is the intermittency of their availability. The challenge of energy storage and system management presents a major challenge and adds to the complexity and costs of renewable electricity. The Policy Guideline establishes a framework to addresses the above barriers. It creates measures that enable market expansion and private sector participation in renewable electricity business. It further facilitates grid-connected and off-grid operations as well as increased role for renewable electricity in rural electrification.

Transmission Issues Associated with Power Evacuation• Major challenges faced are way leave issues.– Globally, transmission line projects have always beenresisted by the host communities.– While elsewhere, resistance is due to fear of electromagneticradiation and degradation of property value, in Nigeria resistance isfuelled by demand for payment of compensation for traversingancestral lands.• The weather has a significant influence on the pace of work. During theperiods of heavy rainfall, not much work can be accomplished.• Again, since the transmission projects cut across forests the work isgenerally slowed down by the lack of access roads, this is made worseduring the rainy season.• Bad roads also affect the transportation and handling of heavy equipmentlike transformers. A case in point is an incident where two powertransformers fell and were damaged when being transported to the site.

Wind Power Potentials in Nigeria

1. Data Source Reflecting the Wind Availability in NigeriaThe data employed for the study were monthly mean wind speeds obtained from the Nigerian meteorological department, Oshodi, Lagos state, Nigeria covering the period from 1987 to 2007. These were recorded continuously using cup-generator anemometer at a height of 10 m. Figs. 1 and 2 gives the 21 years’ monthly and yearly average distribution of the mean speeds, while Figs. 3 and 4 presents the monthly and annual range of mean measured wind speed profiles across the period.

Fig1: Plots of 21 years monthly Average Wind Speed

Fig 2: Plots of 21 years Annual Wind Speed

Global Steps taken that Encourages Wind Power Utilization that can be adopted in Nigeria

Several countries have adopted special programs to subsidize and promote wind energy. Among the most successful ones are the feed-in-tariff (FiT) programs and the production tax credit (PTC) programs. The FiT programs have been adopted by more than 60 countries and states all over the world, including some of the top-producing countries: Germany, Spain, Canada, and Denmark. They typically include: (1) guaranteed grid access for the wind farm, (2) long-term contracts to sell the electricity produced by the wind turbines, and (3) purchase prices for distributed renewable generation that are substantially higher than the retail price of electricity (and will gradually be reduced toward grid parity).

Career Opportunities The wind industry is experiencing record growth, and subsequently the demand for trained labor is increasing at all levels, from high school graduates to students with advanced degrees. A broad range of career opportunities already exists for individuals who wish to work within the wind industry, and the number of positions and career paths is increasing quickly. Many of these opportunities are found within the manufacturing industry and will require trained managers, contractors, engineers, materials specialists, designers, operators of equipment and systems, assemblers, technicians, analysts, utility experts, legal professionals, sales/procurements specialists, and accountants.

Conclusion

It can be summarized that renewable energies have become more and more competitive, mainly due to the increase of oil prices but also as a result of technological progress and economies of scale resulting from growing markets.Renewable energies have thus become a key element of energy supply strategies, aiming at diversified investment portfolios that represent an optimum combination of least cost and riskmitigation aspects. Furthermore it was stated that the expanded use of renewable energies is a key element to limit further global warming and climate change.

Most national energy policies worldwide aim at ensuring an energy portfolio that supports a cleaner environment and stronger economy and that strengthens national security by providing a stable, diverse, domestic energy

supply. Clean energy is a global and urgent imperative. Renewable generation, especially from wind and solar, and smart grid concepts are critical technologies needed to address global energy warming and related issues. The key challenge is to reduce the cost of renewable energies to affordable levels. And Nigeria policy makers can actualize their mid term target of 40MW wind power by the end of Year 2020 as part of NV 20:2020 if extra implementation commitment is placed on the wind power.

Scenes from the 10MW Windfarm in Katsina

Scene 1: Turbine Inspection

Scene 2: Wind Turbine(Nacelle) Installation on the Tubular tower

Scene 3: Installed Turbine

Scene 4: Array of Wind turbines(Nacelles)

Scene 5: various Scenes displaying the Environmental Comfortability of a Wind Farm

Scene 6: HV Transformers at the Shelter base of each turbine

Scene 6: Wind Generated Power Substation

Scene 7: Work on the Transmission Lines from the Substation in Progress

References:

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