nikola tesla - (article) how cosmic forces shape our destinies

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<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN"><HTML><HEAD><TITLE>How Cosmic Forces Shape Our Destinies</TITLE><META http-equiv=3DContent-Type content=3D"text/html; =charset=3Dwindows-1252"><META content=3D"How Cosmic Forces Shape Our Destinies" =name=3Ddescription><META content=3D"nikola tesla 1856-1943, how cosmic forces shape our =destinies"=20name=3Dkeywords><META content=3D"MSHTML 5.50.4522.1800" name=3DGENERATOR><META content=3DFrontPage.Editor.Document name=3DProgId></HEAD><BODY bgColor=3D#ffffff><TABLE cellSpacing=3D0 cellPadding=3D0 width=3D600 border=3D0> <TBODY> <TR> <TD vAlign=3Dcenter noWrap align=3Dmiddle width=3D600><IMG =height=3D26=20 src=3D"http://www.tfcbooks.com/images/tfcb7.gif" =width=3D352></TD></TR> <TR> <TD vAlign=3Dcenter noWrap align=3Dmiddle width=3D599><FONT =face=3DArial size=3D2><A=20 href=3D"http://www.tfcbooks.com/default.htm">Home</A> | <A=20 href=3D"http://www.tfcbooks.com/mall/books.htm">Bookstore</A> =|</FONT><FONT=20 face=3DArial color=3D#000080 size=3D2><STRONG> =</STRONG></FONT><FONT face=3DArial=20 size=3D2><A=20 =href=3D"http://www.tfcbooks.com/articles/newslett.htm">Newsletter</A> | =<A=20 href=3D"http://www.tfcbooks.com/mainpage/teslafaq.htm">Tesla =FAQ</A></FONT>=20 | <A href=3D"http://www.tfcbooks.com/mainpage/glossary.htm"><FONT =face=3DArial=20 size=3D2>Glossary</FONT></A><FONT face=3DArial size=3D2> | =</FONT><FONT=20 face=3DArial size=3D2><A=20 href=3D"http://www.tfcbooks.com/mainpage/links.htm">Links</A> | =</FONT><A=20 href=3D"http://www.tfcbooks.com/mainpage/site_map.htm"><FONT =

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face=3DArial=20 size=3D2>Site Index</FONT></A><FONT face=3DArial size=3D2> | =</FONT><A=20 href=3D"http://www.tfcbooks.com/search.asp"><FONT face=3DArial=20 size=3D2>Search</FONT></A></TD></TR> <TR> <TD vAlign=3Dcenter align=3Dmiddle width=3D600></TD></TR> <TR> <TD vAlign=3Dcenter align=3Dmiddle width=3D600></TD></TR> <TR> <TD vAlign=3Dcenter align=3Dmiddle width=3D600 colSpan=3D2><IMG =height=3D3=20 src=3D"http://www.tfcbooks.com/images/beige11.gif" width=3D598=20 vspace=3D8></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE><DIV align=3Dleft><TABLE cellSpacing=3D1 width=3D600 border=3D0 cellpadding-?0?> <TBODY> <TR> <TD vAlign=3Dtop align=3Dleft width=3D607 bgColor=3D#ffffff> <P align=3Dcenter><FONT face=3DArial size=3D3><STRONG>HOW COSMIC =FORCES SHAPE=20 OUR DESTINIES</STRONG></FONT></P></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE></DIV><DIV align=3Dleft><TABLE cellPadding=3D0 width=3D600 border=3D0> <TBODY> <TR> <TD vAlign=3Dtop align=3Dleft></TD> <TD vAlign=3Dtop noWrap align=3Dleft></TD> <TD vAlign=3Dtop align=3Dleft></TD> <TD vAlign=3Dtop noWrap align=3Dleft></TD></TR> <TR> <TD colSpan=3D4><IMG height=3D2=20 src=3D"http://www.tfcbooks.com/images/beige11.gif" width=3D597=20 vspace=3D2></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE></DIV><DIV align=3Dleft><TABLE cellPadding=3D2 width=3D612 border=3D0> <TBODY> <TR> <TD vAlign=3Dtop width=3D592><FONT face=3DArial size=3D2> <P align=3Dcenter>("Did the War Cause the Italian Earthquake")</P> <P align=3Dcenter>New York American, February 7, 1915</P> <P>Every living being is an engine geared to the wheelwork of the=20 universe. Though seemingly affected only by its immediate =surrounding, the=20 sphere of external influence extends to infinite distance. There =is no=20 constellation or nebula, no sun or planet, in all the depths of =limitless=20 space, no passing wanderer of the starry heaven, that does not =exercise=20 some control over its destiny -- not in the vague and delusive =sense of=20 astrology, but in the rigid and positive meaning of physical =science.=20 <P>More than this can be said. There is no thing endowed with life =-- from=20 man, who is enslaving the elements, to the humblest creature -- in =all=20 this world that does not sway it in turn. Whenever action is born =

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from=20 force, though it be infinitesimal, the cosmic balance is upset and =

universal motion result.=20 <P>Herbert Spencer has interpreted life as a continuous adjustment =to the=20 environment, a definition of this inconceivably complex =manifestation=20 quite in accord with advanced scientific thought, but, perhaps, =not broad=20 enough to express our present views. With each step forward in the =

investigation of its laws and mysteries our conceptions of nature =and its=20 phases have been gaining in depth and breadth.=20 <P>In the early stages of intellectual development man was =conscious of=20 but a small part of the macrocosm. He knew nothing of the wonders =of the=20 microscopic world, of the molecules composing if of the atoms =making up=20 the molecules and of the dwindlingly small world of electrons =within the=20 atoms. To him life was synonymous with voluntary motion and =action. A=20 plant did not suggest to him what it does to us -- that it lives =and=20 feels, fights for its existence, that it suffers and enjoys. Not =only have=20 we found this to be true, but we have ascertained that even matter =called=20 inorganic, believed to be dead, responds to irritants and gives=20 unmistakable evidence of the presence of a living principle =within.=20 <P>Thus, everything that exists, organic or inorganic, animated or =inert,=20 is susceptible to stimulus from the outside. There is no gap =between, no=20 break of continuity, no special and distinguishing vital agent. =The same=20 law governs all matter, all the universe is alive. The momentous =question=20 of Spencer, "What is it that causes inorganic matter to run into =organic=20 forms!" has been answered. It is the sun's heat and light. =Wherever they=20 are there is life. Only in the boundless wastes of interstellar =space, in=20 the eternal darkness and cold, is animation suspended, and, =possibly, at=20 the temperature of absolute zero all matter may die.=20 <P> <CENTER>MAN AS A MACHINE</CENTER> <P>This realistic aspect of the perceptible universe, as a =clockwork wound=20 up and running down, dispensing with the necessity of a =hypermechanical=20 vital principle, need not be in discord with our religious and =artistic=20 aspirations -- those <B>undefinable</B> and beautiful efforts =through=20

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which the human mind endeavors to free itself from material bonds. =On the=20 contrary, the better understanding of nature, the consciousness =that our=20 knowledge is true, can only be all the more elevating and =inspiring.=20 <P>It was Descartes, the great French philosopher, who in the =seventeenth=20 century, laid the first foundation to the mechanistic theory of =life, not=20 a little assisted by Harvey's epochal discovery of blood =circulation. He=20 held that animals were simply automata without consciousness and=20 recognized that man, though possessed of a higher and distinctive =quality,=20 is incapable of action other than those characteristic of a =machine. He=20 also made the first attempt to explain the physical mechanism of =memory.=20 But in this time many functions of the human body were not as yet=20 understood, and in this respect some of his assumptions were =erroneous.=20 <P>Great strides have since been made in the art of anatomy, =physiology=20 and all branches of science, and the workings of the man-machine =are now=20 perfectly clear. Yet the very fewest among us are able to trace =their=20 actions to primary external causes. lt is indispensable to the =arguments I=20 shall advance to keep in mind the main facts which I have myself=20 established in years of close reasoning and observation and which =may be=20 summed up as follows:=20 <P>1. The human being is a self-propelled automaton entirely under =the=20 control of external influences. Willful and predetermined though =they=20 appear, his actions are governed not from within, but from =without. He is=20 like a float tossed about by the waves of a turbulent sea.=20 <P>2. There is no memory or retentive faculty based on lasting =impression.=20 What we designate as memory is but increased responsiveness to =repeated=20 stimuli.=20 <P>3. It is not true, as Descartes taught, that the brain is an=20 accumulator. There is no permanent record in the brain, there is =no stored=20 knowledge. Knowledge is something akin to an echo that needs a =disturbance=20 to be called into being.=20 <P>4. All knowledge or form conception is evoked through the =medium of the=20 eye, either in response to disturbances directly received on the =retina or=20 to their fainter secondary effects and reverberations. Other sense =organs=20 can only call forth feelings which have no reality of existence =and of=20 which no conception can be formed=20

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<P>5. Contrary to the most important tenet of Cartesian philosophy =that=20 the perceptions of the mind are illusionary, the eye transmits to =it the=20 true and accurate likeness of external things. This is because =light=20 propagates in straight lines and the image cast on the retina is =an exact=20 reproduction of the external form and one which, owing to the =mechanism of=20 the optic nerve, can not be distorted in the transmission to the =brain.=20 What is more, the process must be reversible, that in to say, a =form=20 brought to consciousness can, by reflex action, reproduce the =original=20 image on the retina just as an echo can reproduce the original =disturbance=20 If this view is borne out by experiment an immense revolution in =all human=20 relations and departments of activity will be the consequence.=20 <P> <CENTER>NATURAL FORCES INFLUENCE US</CENTER> <P>Accepting all this as true let us consider some of the forces =and=20 influences which act on such a wonderfully complex automatic =engine with=20 organs inconceivably sensitive and delicate, as it is carried by =the=20 spinning terrestrial globe in lightning flight through space. For =the sake=20 of simplicity we may assume that the earth's axis is perpendicular =to the=20 ecliptic and that the human automaton is at the equator. Let his =weight be=20 one hundred and sixty pounds then, at the rotational velocity of =about=20 1,520 feet per second with which he is whirled around, the =mechanical=20 energy stored in his body will be nearly 5,780,000 foot pounds, =which is=20 about the energy of a hundred-pound cannon ball.=20 <P>This momentum is constant as well as upward centrifugal push, =amounting=20 to about fifty-five hundredth of a pound, and both will probably =be=20 without marked influence on his life functions. The sun, having a =mass=20 332,000 times that of the earth, but being 23,000 times farther, =will=20 attract the automaton with a force of about one-tenth of one =pound,=20 alternately increasing and diminishing his normal weight by that =amount=20 <P>Though not conscious of these periodic changes, he is surely =affected=20 by them.=20 <P>The earth in its rotation around the sun carries him with the=20 prodigious speed of nineteen miles per second and the mechanical =energy=20 imparted to him is over 25,160,000,000 foot pounds. The largest =

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gun ever=20 made in Germany hurls a projectile weighing one ton with a muzzle =velocity=20 of 3,700 feet per second, the energy being 429,000,000 foot =pounds. Hence=20 the momentum of the automaton's body is nearly sixty times =greater. It=20 would be sufficient to develop 762,400 horse-power for one minute, =and if=20 the motion were suddenly arrested the body would be instantly =exploded=20 with a force sufficient to carry a projectile weighing over sixty =tons to=20 a distance of twenty-eight miles.=20 <P>This enormous energy is, however, not constant, but varies with =the=20 position of the automaton in relation to the sun. The =circumference of the=20 earth has a speed of 1,520 feet per second, which is either added =to or=20 subtracted from the translatory velocity of nineteen miles through =space.=20 Owing to this the energy will vary from twelve to twelve hours by =an=20 amount approximately equal to 1,533,000,000 foot pounds, which =means that=20 energy streams in some unknown way into and out of the body of the =

automaton at the rate of about sixty-four horse-power.=20 <P>But this is not all. The whole`solar system is urged towards =the remote=20 constellation Hercules at a speed which some estimate at some =twenty miles=20 per second and owing to this there should be similar annual =changes in the=20 flux of energy, which may reach the appalling figure of over one =hundred=20 billion foot pounds. All these varying and purely mechanical =effects are=20 rendered more complex through the inclination of the orbital =planes and=20 many other permanent or casual mass actions.=20 <P>This automaton, is, however subjected to other forces and =influences.=20 His body is at the electric potential of two billion volts, which=20 fluctuates violently and incessantly. The whole earth is alive =with=20 electrical vibrations in which he takes part. The atmosphere =crushes him=20 with a pressure of from sixteen to twenty tons, according, to =barometric=20 condition. He receives the energy of the sun's rays in varying =intervals=20 at a mean rate of about forty foot pounds per second, and is =subjected to=20 periodic bombardment of the sun's particles, which pass through =his body=20 as if it were tissue paper. The air is rent with sounds which beat =on his=20 eardrums, and he is shaken by the unceasing tremors of the earth's =crust.=20

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He is exposed to great temperature changes, to rain and wind.<BR> <P>What wonder then that in such a terrible turmoil, in which cast =iron=20 existence would seem impossible, this delicate human engine should =act in=20 an exceptional manner? If all automata were in every respect alike =they=20 would react in exactly the same way, but this is not the case. =There is=20 concordance in response to those disturbances only which are most=20 frequently repeated, not to all. It is quite easy to provide two=20 electrical systems which, when subjected to the same influence, =will=20 behave in just the opposite way.=20 <P>So also two human beings, and what is true of individuals also =holds=20 good for their large aggregations. We all sleep periodically. This =is not=20 an indispensable physiological necessity any more than stoppage at =

intervals is a requirement for an engine. It is merely a condition =

gradually imposed upon us by the diurnal revolution of the globe, =and this=20 is one of the many evidences of the truth of the mechanistic =theory. We=20 note a rhythm or ebb and tide, in ideas and opinions, in financial =and=20 political movements, in every department of our intellectual =activity.=20 <P> <CENTER>HOW WARS ARE STARTED</CENTER> <P>It only shows that in all this a physical system of mass =inertia is=20 involved which affords a further striking proof. If we accept the =theory=20 as a fundamental truth and, furthermore, extend the limits of our =sense=20 perceptions beyond those within which we become conscious of the =external=20 impressions, then all the states in human life, however unusual, =can be=20 plausibly explained. A few examples may be given in illustration.=20 <P>The eye responds only to light vibrations through a certain =rather=20 narrow range, but the limits are not sharply defined. It is also =affected=20 by vibrations beyond, only in lesser degree. A person may thus =become=20 aware of the presence of another in darkness, or through =intervening=20 obstacles, and people laboring under illusions ascribe this to =telepathy.=20 Such transmission of thought is absurdly impossible.=20 <P>The trained observer notes without difficulty that these =phenomena are=20 due to suggestion or coincidence. The same may be said of oral=20 impressions, to which musical and imitative people are especially=20 susceptible. A person possessing these qualities will often =respond to=20 mechanical shocks or vibrations which are inaudible.=20

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<P>To mention another instance of momentary interest reference may =be made=20 to dancing, which comprises certain harmonious muscular =contractions and=20 contortions of the body in response to a rhythm. How they come to =be in=20 vogue just now, can be satisfactorily explained by supposing the =existence=20 of some new periodic disturbances in the environment, which are=20 transmitted through the air or the ground and may be of =mechanical,=20 electrical or other character.=20 <P>Exactly so it is with wars, revolutions and similar exceptional =states=20 of society.=20 <P>Though it may seem so, a war can never be caused by arbitrary =acts of=20 man.=20 <P>It is invariably the more or less direct result of cosmic =disturbance=20 in which the sun is chiefly concerned.=20 <P>In many international conflicts of historical record which were =

precipitated by famine, pestilence or terrestrial catastrophes the =direct=20 dependence of the sun is unmistakable. But in most cases the =underlying=20 primary causes are numerous and hard to trace.=20 <P>In the present war it would be particularly difficult to show =that the=20 apparently willful acts of a few individuals were not causative. =Be it so,=20 the mechanistic theory, being founded on truth demonstrated in =everyday=20 experience, absolutely precludes the possibility of such a state =being=20 anything but the inevitable consequence of cosmic disturbance.=20 <P>The question naturally presents itself as to whether there is =some=20 intimate relation between wars and terrestrial upheavals. The =latter are=20 of decided influence on temperament and disposition, and might at =times be=20 instrumental in accelerating the clash but aside from this there =seems to=20 be no mutual dependence, though both may be due to the same =primary cause.=20

<P>What can be asserted with perfect confidence is that the earth =may be=20

thrown into convulsions through mechanical effects such as are =produced in=20 modern warfare. This statement may be startling, but it admits of =a simple=20 explanation.=20 <P>Earthquakes are principally due to two causes -- subterranean=20 explosions or structural adjustments. The former are called =volcanic,=20 involve immense energy and are hard to start. The latter are named =

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tectonic; their energy is comparatively insignificant and they can =be=20 caused by the slightest shock or tremor. The frequent slides in =the=20 Culebra are displacements of this kind.=20 <P> <CENTER>WAR AND THE EARTHQUAKE</CENTER> <P>Theoretically, it may be said that one might think of a =tectonic=20 earthquake and cause it to occur as a result of the thought, for =just=20 preceding the release the mass may be in the most delicate =balance. There=20 is a popular error in regard to the energy of such displacements. =In a=20 case recently reported as quite extraordinary, extending as it did =over a=20 vast territory, the energy was estimated at 65,000,000,000,000 =foot tons.=20 Assuming even that the whole work was performed in one minute it =would=20 only be equivalent to that of 7,500,000 horse-power during one =year, which=20 seems much, but is little for a terrestrial upheaval. The energy =of the=20 sun's rays falling on the same area is a thousand times greater.=20 <P>The explosions of mines, torpedoes, mortars and guns develop =reactive=20 forces on the ground which are measured in hundreds or even =thousands of=20 tons and make themselves felt all over the globe. Their effect, =however,=20 may be enormously magnified by resonance. The earth is a sphere of =a=20 rigidity slightly greater than that of steel and vibrates once in =about=20 one hour and forty-nine minutes.=20 <P>If, as might well be possible, the concussions happen to be =properly=20 timed their combined action could start tectonic adjustments in =any part=20 of the earth, and the Italian calamity may thus have been the =result of=20 explosions in France. That man can produce such terrestrial =convulsions is=20 beyond any doubt, and the time may be near when it will be done =for=20 purposes good or apt.</FONT></P></TD></TR> <TR><A name=3D317-NTCP> <TD vAlign=3Dtop align=3Dleft></TD> <TD vAlign=3Dtop></TD></A></TR></TBODY></TABLE></DIV><DIV align=3Dleft><TABLE cellPadding=3D3 width=3D600 border=3D0> <TBODY> <TR> <TD width=3D25><IMG height=3D1 hspace=3D12=20 src=3D"http://www.tfcbooks.com/images/clear1px.gif" width=3D1 =vspace=3D10=20 border=3D0></TD> <TD vAlign=3Dtop align=3Dleft></TD> <TD align=3Dright></TD></TR>

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<TR> <TD width=3D25><IMG height=3D1 alt=3D"1pixclear.gif (44 bytes)"=20 src=3D"http://www.tfcbooks.com/images/clear1px.gif" width=3D1 =vspace=3D3></TD> <TD vAlign=3Dtop align=3Dleft width=3D275><A=20 href=3D"http://www.tfcbooks.com/writings/cosmic_f.htm"><FONT =face=3DArial=20 size=3D2><STRONG>Top</STRONG></FONT></A><FONT face=3DArial =size=3D2><STRONG> |=20 <A =href=3D"http://www.tfcbooks.com/writings/machine.htm">Next =20 Article</A> | <I><A=20 href=3D"http://www.tfcbooks.com/writings/contents.htm">Tesla=20 Articles</A></I><A =href=3D"http://www.tfcbooks.com/writings/contents.htm">=20 Index</A></STRONG></FONT></TD> <TD align=3Dright =width=3D300></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE></DIV><DIV align=3Dleft><TABLE cellPadding=3D2 width=3D600 border=3D0> <TBODY> <TR> <TD width=3D20><IMG height=3D1 hspace=3D12=20 src=3D"http://www.tfcbooks.com/images/clear1px.gif" width=3D1 =vspace=3D1></TD> <TD> <P align=3Dcenter><IMG height=3D2=20 src=3D"http://www.tfcbooks.com/images/beige11.gif" width=3D500=20 vspace=3D1></P></TD></TR> <TR> <TD></TD> <TD> <P align=3Dcenter><FONT face=3DArial size=3D2><A=20 href=3D"http://www.tfcbooks.com/default.htm">Home</A> | <A=20 href=3D"http://www.tfcbooks.com/mall/books.htm">Bookstore</A> =|</FONT><FONT=20 face=3DArial color=3D#000080 size=3D2><STRONG> =</STRONG></FONT><FONT face=3DArial=20 size=3D2><A=20 =href=3D"http://www.tfcbooks.com/articles/newslett.htm">Newsletter</A> | =<A=20 href=3D"http://www.tfcbooks.com/mainpage/teslafaq.htm">Tesla =FAQ</A> |=20 </FONT><A =href=3D"http://www.tfcbooks.com/mainpage/glossary.htm"><FONT=20 face=3DArial size=3D2>Glossary</FONT></A><FONT face=3DArial =size=3D2> |=20 </FONT><FONT face=3DArial size=3D2><A=20 href=3D"http://www.tfcbooks.com/mainpage/links.htm">Links</A> | =</FONT><A=20 href=3D"http://www.tfcbooks.com/mainpage/site_map.htm"><FONT =face=3DArial=20 size=3D2>Site Index</FONT></A><FONT face=3DArial size=3D2> | =</FONT><A=20 href=3D"http://www.tfcbooks.com/search.asp"><FONT face=3DArial=20 size=3D2>Search</FONT></A></P></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE></DIV><DIV align=3Dleft><TABLE cellPadding=3D2 width=3D600 border=3D0>

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nikola tesla - (article) how cosmic forces shape our destinies

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