nine process of word formation in english - some detail.pdf

8/14/2019 nine process of word formation in English - some detail.pdf

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Word Formation

Coinage

Borrowing

Compounding

BlendingClipping

Backformation

Conversion

Acronyms Derivation(Affixation)

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the process of taking words from other languages

Loan translation orcalqueAdam's apple: a calque of French pomme d'Adam

loanword: a calque of German Lehnwort

blue-blood: a calque of Spanish sangre azul4

2. Borrowing

croissant (French)alcohol (Arabic)

caf (French)boss (Dutch)

piano (Italian)yoghurt (Turkish)

robot (Czech)satan (Arabic)


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3. Compounding

the process of combining two (or more) words to

form a new word

fire engine greenhouse textbook over-ripe

wallpaper bluebird outpatient bookcase

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4. Blending

similar to compounding,

but parts of the words involved are lost(usually 1st part of 1st word + end of 2nd word)

e.g. brunch (breakfast+ lunch)

smog (smoke+ fog)

motel (motor+ hotel)newscast (news+ broadcast)

fantabulous (? + ?)

modem (modulator + demodulator)

the process of combining the beginning of oneword and the end of another word to form a

new word


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5. Clipping

the process of reducing a word of more than one

syllable to a shorter form); often in casual speech

gasoline gas

laboratory labfanatic fan

facsimile fax

hamburger burger

(names)

Liz

Kathy

Bev

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cellular cell

advertisement adinfluenza flu

examination exam


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6. Back formation

e.g. donation donateeditor edit

burglar burgle

zipper zip

television televise

babysitter babysit

the process of reducing a word such as a noun to ashorter version and using it as a new word such as

a verb


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7. Conversion

V N a guess, a must, a spy, a printout,

walk, run, laugh, touch

N V position, process, contact, notice,

party, fax, butter, bottle

(computer-related term)input, output, window

V ADJsee-through, a stand-up comedian

the process of changing the function of a word,such as a noun to a verb, as a way of forming

new words,also known as (functional shift) and

(category change)


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8. Acronyms (1)

NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization)

TOEFL (Test of English as a Foreign Language)

AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome)

NASA (National Aeronautics & Space Administration) UNESCO (United Nations Educational Scientific and

Cultural Organization)

Radar (radio detecting and ranging)

= a new word is formed from the initial lettersof other words

A. the acronym is pronounced as a word


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8. Acronyms (2)

ATM = automatic teller machine

I.Q. = intelligence quotientMTV = music television

VCR = video cassette recorder

CD = compact disk

USA = The United States of America

UN = The United Nations

= a new word is formed from the initial

letters of other words

B. each letter is sounded out separately

FAO = Food and Agriculture Organization)

UCLA = University of California at Los Angeles)


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Word Formation

Coinage

Borrowing

Compounding

BlendingClipping

Backformation

Conversion

Acronyms Derivation(Affixation)

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+

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nine process of word formation in english - some detail.pdf

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