nitrate leaching from turf fertilization- a summary of fdep-funded research
DESCRIPTION
Nitrate Leaching From Turf Fertilization- A Summary of FDEP-Funded Research. Laurie E. Trenholm Urban Turfgrass BMP Specialist UF-IFAS. Master Gardener Turfgrass Field Day – May 31st. Contact Crystal in the Statewide MG office to register. UF West Florida Research and Education Center, Jay. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Nitrate LeachingFrom Turf Fertilization- A
Summary of FDEP-Funded Research
Laurie E. TrenholmUrban Turfgrass BMP Specialist
UF-IFAS
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Master Gardener TurfgrassField Day – May 31st
Contact Crystal in the Statewide MG office to register
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UF West Florida Research and Education Center, Jay
UF Plant Science Research and Education Unit, Citra
Ft. Lauderdale Research and Education Center
DEP Nutrient Leaching Study
2004-2011
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DEP Research – Nutrient Leaching
• Part of a FDEP $4.5 million grant to study nutrient leaching in lawn grasses
• Statewide project• Apply nitrogen and phosphorus to
lawngrasses under a wide variety of circumstances
• Measure visual quality, physiological responses, and nitrate and phosphate concentration in leachate
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As nitrate percolates downward through the column, it collects in reservoir filled with gravel. At bottom of lysimeter is a portal for tubing that runs to collection device aboveground. To collect leachate, a vacuum pump is attached the the tubing and water evacuated from base. A sub-sample is collected for analysis.
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Research Projects1. Nitrate Leaching from Newly Sodded Turf2. Nitrate Leaching Due to N Rate3. Nitrate Leaching Due to N Source4. Nitrate Leaching in Winter Months5. Phosphorus Leaching6. Nitrate Leaching Due to Mowing Height7. Nitrate Leaching Due to Clipping
Management
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Nitrate Leaching from Newly Sodded Turf
• Floratam and Empire were planted as sod and nitrogen treatments applied same day
• Half of the plots received 2nd nitrogen application 30 days after planting
• N applied as water soluble urea 2 irrigation regimes
TreatmentsN Rate Frequency1. 0.5 lb N DOP2. 1.0 lb N DOP3. 2.0 lb N DOP4. 0.5 lb N DOP + 30
DAP5. 1.0 lb N DOP + 30
DAP6. 2.0 lb N DOP + 30
DAP
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Nitrate-N Leached Over 60 Day Study Period
Total NO3-N Leached(kg N ha-1)
Empire Floratam
Source of Variation
Yr 1 Yr 2 Yr 1 Yr 2
Nitrogen Treatment (NT)
NS NS ** NS
Irrigation (IR) NS NS NS NS
NT * IR NS NS NS NS
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NO3-N Leached From Newly Sodded Floratam
02468
101214161820
F1 N 0.5F1 N 1.0F1 N 2.0F2 N 0.5F2 N 1.0F2 N 2.0
Nitr
ate-
N L
each
ed (k
g ha
-1)
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Nitrate Leaching From Newly Sodded Floratam
05
1015202530354045
0.5 1 2
FT DOPFT 30 DAP
NO
3- N
Lea
ched
(kg
ha-1
)
N Rate (lbs 1,000 ft-2)
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Percent of Applied N Leached From Newly Sodded Floratam
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
0.5 1 2
DOP30 DAP
NO
3- N
Lea
ched
(kg
ha-1
)
N Rate (lbs 1,000 ft-2)
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NO3-N Leached From EmpireN
itrat
e-N
Lea
ched
(kg
ha-1)
05
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
08
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Conclusions• Important to note that these rates of leaching are
MUCH higher than from established turf • Do not fertilize newly planted sod for 30-60 days
after planting• No pre-plant fertilizer incorporation, even with
biosolid products• Without an established root system, more N likely
to leach• Turf quality and establishment time not
compromised by lack of fertilization
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Nitrate Leaching Due to N Rate• 3-yr study 2005-2007• Established Floratam and Empire• N applied in 4 applications throughout the
year at rates of 1, 4, 7, or 10 lbs N 1,000 ft-2
• N applied as water soluble urea • 2 irrigation regimes (1” @ 1x wkly, 0.5” @ 2x
wkly)
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Source of Variation Cumulative NO3-N Leached Cumulative NO3-N Leached
kg ha-1 kg ha-1
2006 2007
NR ** ***
Grass *** ***
IR NS *
NR*Grass NS ***
NR*IR * ***
Grass*IR NS NS
NR*Grass*IR NS *
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Nitrogen Rate Study - Nitrate-N Leaching from Floratam
0
1
2
3
4
5Yr
1 F
C1
Yr1
FC2
Yr2
FC1
Yr2
FC2
Yr2
FC3
Yr2
FC4
Yr3
FC1
Yr3
FC2
Yr3
FC3
Yr4
FC4
1 lb N4 lb N7 lb N10 lb N
Nitrogen applied as 100% soluble urea
NO
3- N
Lea
ched
(kg
ha-1)
Trenholm et al. 2009
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Nitrogen Rate Study -Percent of Applied N Leached from Floratam
0123456789
10
SA 1 lb NSA 4 lb NSA 7 lb NSA 10 lb N
Nitrogen applied as 100% soluble urea
Perc
ent o
f App
lied
N L
each
ed
Trenholm et al. 2009
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Nitrogen Rate Study- Nitrate-N Leaching from Empire
0
10
20
30
40
50
1 lb N4 lb N7 lb N10 lb N
Nitrogen applied as 100% soluble urea
NO
3- N
Lea
ched
(kg
ha-1
)
Trenholm et al. 2009
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Nitrogen Rate Study - Percent of Applied N Leached from Empire
05
10152025303540
Zoy 1 lb NZoy 4 lb NZoy 7 lb NZoy 10 lb N
Nitrogen applied as 100% soluble urea
NO
3- N
Lea
ched
(kg
ha-1)
Trenholm et al. 2009
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Conclusions• A healthy turf cover mitigated N leaching
loads• Importance of BMPs in maintaining a healthy
turf cover (fertilization, mowing, irrigation)• As SA matured after first year, nitrate
leaching was minimized, regardless of N rate• When turf cover was eroded, N leaching
losses increased• Current N recommendations for SA are good
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Conclusions• Zoysia more prone to increased leaching as applied
N increased– Greater disease at higher N rates
• Zoysia N recommendations being revised downwards to reduce disease and potential for greater N losses
• Empire needs for N lower than in SA – quality and color good with less N
• Highest tendency for increased leaching occurred in spring and fall, not in summer
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Nitrate Leaching Due to Nitrogen Source
• 8 nitrogen sources applied @ 1 lb N 1,000 ft-2 4x yr
• Established Floratam and Empire
• 4 yr study
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Nitrogen SourcesN Sources –applied at 1 lb N every 60 days1. Control2. Water soluble ammonium nitrate3. Water soluble urea4. 30% Sulfur coated urea5. 50% Sulfur coated urea6. Polymer sulfur coated urea (Duration) 7. Polymer sulfur coated urea applied at 2 lbs N every 120
days8. Milorganite
24
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NO3-N Leaching Due to Nitrogen Source
Source of Variation
2008 2009 2010 2011
Grass NS NS NS NSNitrogen Source (NS)
*** NS NS *
G * NS *** NS NS NS
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NO3-N Loads 2009-2011
Contro
lAN
Urea
30% S
CU
50% S
CU
Duratio
n
Duratio
n 2 lb
Milorga
nite
0
5
10
15
20
25
200920102011
*
*
*
27
NO
3-N
Leac
hing
Load
Kg h
a-1
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NO3-N Loading By Fertilizer Cycle, 2011
Winter FC1 FC2 FC3 FC40123456789
10
ControlANUrea30%SCU50%SCUPSCUPSCU2lbMilN
O3-
N L
oadi
ngK
g ha
-1
28
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Conclusions• No significant differences in NO3-N loading between grasses• Differences due to N source in 2 of 4 yrs• Where differences occurred, greatest loading from AN (2008)
and AN, PSCU at 2 lb twice a year, and Milorganite (2011)• What about ordinances banning use of water soluble N
sources?• Should DACS allow Fertilizer Label Rule to change to allow
application of 2 lb PSCU products?• Should DACS allow Fertilizer Label Rule to change to allow
application of up to 1 lb water soluble N?
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Nitrate Leaching in Winter Months• Apply N at different
rates monthly throughout winter to Floratam and Ultimate zoysiagrass
• Control, .125, .25, .50, 1.0 and 2.0 lbs N 1,000 ft-2 mo.
• N applied as water soluble urea
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Nitrate Leaching in Winter MonthsCumulative NO3-N Leached
2006-07 2007-08 2008-09
Nitrogen Rate ** * *
Grass *** *** ***
NR x Grass ** NS **
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Nitrate Leaching in Winter Months(Yr 1 Nov-March Cumulative)
N Rate, lbs. 1,000 ft-2
2006-07
Nitr
ate-
N Le
ache
d (k
g ha
-1)
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Nitrate Leaching in Winter MonthsYr 2 (Dec-Mar Cumulative)
N Rate, lbs. 1,000 ft-2
2007-08
Nitr
ate-
N Le
ache
d (k
g ha
-1)
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Nitrate Leaching in Winter MonthsYr 3 (Nov-March Cumulative)
N Rate, lbs. 1,000 ft-2
2008-09
Nitr
ate-
N Le
ache
d (k
g ha
-1)
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Analysis of Variance by Month
ANOVA by Month
Yr 1 Yr 2 Yr 3
Grass (G) ** * *
Nitrogen (N) *** *** ***
Month (M) *** *** ***
G*N ** NS **
G*M *** NS **
N*M *** *** ***
G*N*M *** NS **
35
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Conclusions• While there were few differences in leaching at the lower N
rates, these loading rates exceed what occurs during the growing season
• Leaching higher in zoysia and at two highest N rates• Turf quality/color not improved by fertilization• Trend towards greater leaching in winter/spring than in fall
months• If additional N applications to be done due to summer bans
or contractual obligations, they should be done in fall rather than spring
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UF-IFAS Recommended Annual N Rates
*Empire zoysiagrass needs lower N rates than our official recommendations to reduce disease and nutrient loading – these are not “official IFAS recommendations” yet
North Central Southlbs. N 1000 ft-2
St. Augustinegrass
2-4 2-5 4-6
Zoysiagrass 2-4 2-5 4-6Empire* 2-3 3 3-4Bahiagrass 2-3 2-4 2-4
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Other Factors to Reduce Nutrient Movement
• Do not apply nitrogen fertilizer at excessive rates – stick to the UF-IFAS recommendations
• Remove fertilizer granules from impervious surfaces• Remove leaf clippings from impervious surfaces• Use deflector shields around water bodies• Maintain a buffer zone around water bodies• All of these will likely have more impact on reducing
pollution than nitrogen source used
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We thank the Florida Department of Environmental Protection for funding
this research