njcie autism in academic areas
TRANSCRIPT
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Autism: Teaching Core Subject Areas &
Integrating Social and Behavior Supports
Presented by Karen Umstead BCBABeautiful Minds of Princeton
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Beautiful Minds of Princeton“Teach, Reach, & Expand Potential”
For more information:
Call: 1-800-675-2709
Email: [email protected]
or Visit us:
www.beautifulmindsofprinceton.com
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Introductions• Who am I
• Who are you• Job position (Teacher, Related Service, Para, etc)• Age range of students• Functioning levels (where on the spectrum)• Placement (Self-contained, Resource, In class)
You can also email me for more details on some of the strategies talked about
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I need some helpI need volunteers for our next activity.
If you are not a volunteer, you need to take out something to write on (scrap paper) and something to write with
Every group should have one of my special volunteers
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Communication Activity
You must communicate with your group.
You cannot speak or write (including numbers and letters with fingers).
You’ll have 5 minutes. I’ll give you a warning when there is only 2 minutes left.
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Characteristics of Students with ASD
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A bit of “data collection”• Please consider the following:
• I’ve heard of it
• I’ve tried it
• I’m great at it
• I’m an expert (I could teach it )
• Characteristics of Autism Spectrum Disorders
• ASD diagnosis with the new DSM V
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Layman’s DefinitionA developmental disability that:
• Present during early developmental period
• a spectrum of abilities that range from mild to severe (three different levels now used in diagnosis)
• mainly affecting in areas dealing with:
• social interaction
• communication
• leisure or play skill
Each child is different and presents a different combination of symptoms and severity
New diagnosis created re: social communication disorder (social communication issues but no repetitive behavior)
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Social Interaction• Poor eye contact
• Awkward body positions/walk
• Looking at an object rather than pointing
• Not interested in making friends or interacting with people their own
age
• Existing in their own “world”
• Lack of interest in others or world around them
• You say “How are you?” and then they do not respond or after
answering do not reciprocate asking how you are
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Communication• Nonverbal, making only grunts or noises
• Unable to start a conversation
• Does not understand the give and take involved with
conversing with someone
• Repeating commercials, movies, or what you just said
to them; answer to “how are you?” is always fine
• Doesn’t play kitchen/ house or with dolls/cars
• Difficulty with turn-taking, lack of “imagination”
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Stereotypic Behaviors
• Always talking about shoes, rubber bands, dinosaurs etc
• Throws tantrum if a different route is taken home, store, school,
• Always has to have book bag in specific place or sit in same seat
• Repeated hand-flapping, spinning, rocking, etc
• Rather than play with car, plays only with wheels, spinning them
• Takes an object and uses it so twist/spin rather than it’s given
function e.g. taking drumstick and turning it in fingers in a circle
rather than hitting drum with it)
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Specify if:
• With or without accompanying intellectual impairment
• With or without accompanying language impairment• Associated with a known medical or genetic
condition or environmental factor• Associated with another neurodevelopmental,
mental, or behavioral disorder• With catatonia
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Severity levels for ASD
• Level 1: "Requiring Support"
• Level 2: "Requiring Substantial Support"
• Level 3: "Requiring Very Substantial Support
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Social communication Restricted, repetitive behaviors
Without supports in place, deficits in social communication cause noticeable impairments. Difficulty initiating social interactions, and clear examples of atypical or unsuccessful response to social overtures of others. May appear to have decreased interest in social interactions.
For example, a person who is able to speak in full sentences and engages in communication but whose to- and-fro conversation with others fails, and whose attempts to make friends are odd and typically unsuccessful.
Inflexibility of behavior causes significant interference with functioning in one or more contexts. Difficulty switching between activities. Problems of organization and planning hamper independence.
Level 1- Requiring Support
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Social communication Restricted, repetitive behaviors
Marked deficits in verbal and nonverbal social communication skills; social impairments apparent even with supports in place; limited initiation of social interactions; and reduced or abnormal responses to social overtures from others.
For example, a person who speaks simple sentences, whose interaction is limited to narrow special interests, and how has markedly odd nonverbal communication.
Inflexibility of behavior, difficulty coping with change, or other restricted/repetitive behaviors appear frequently enough to be obvious to the casual observer and interfere with functioning in a variety of contexts. Distress and/or difficulty changing focus or action.
Level 2- Substantial Support
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Social communication Restricted, repetitive behaviors
Severe deficits in verbal and nonverbal social communication skills cause severe impairments in functioning, very limited initiation of social interactions, and minimal response to social overtures from others.
For example, a person with few words of intelligible speech who rarely initiates interaction and, when he or she does, makes unusual approaches to meet needs only and responds to only very direct social approaches
Inflexibility of behavior, extreme difficulty coping with change, or other restricted/repetitive behaviors markedly interfere with functioning in all spheres. Great distress/difficulty changing focus or action.
Level 3- Very Substantial Support
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Positive Descriptors
• Honest
• Reliable
• Determined
• Dedicated
• Great memory
• Attention to detail
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Possible Things you may see
• Hard to distinguish fiction/reality
• Special interests
• Enjoys routines
• Difficulty reading social cues and body language
• Can be perfectionist about work products
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Possible Things you may see
• Can have high levels of stress/anxiety
• Difficulty reading others/expressing emotions
• Perspective-taking difficulties
• Literal thinker
• Trouble with the gray areas (black/white)
• Strong moral code/sense of justice
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Possible Things you may see
• Rigid, inflexible thinking
• Planning ahead difficult
• Difficulty generalizing
• Sensory issues (hyper/hypo)
• Visual/Auditory processing
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AbilitiesStrengths:
• Numbers &/or Math• Memorization• Routines• Pay close attention to detail • Concentrate for very long
periods of time on one thing • Typically visual learners• Reading (decoding)• Honest/genuine• Perfectionist
Weaknesses:• Appropriate language• Impulsive• Reading comprehension• Social skills &
comprehending social cues• Inflexible• Sensory processing• Eye Contact• Play skills• Obsessive• Sometimes delayed reactions
This is not an exhaustive list and each child has different strengths and weaknesses.
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Possible People with ASD
• Albert Einstein• Alexander Graham Bell• Ludwig van Beethoven• Andy Warhol
• Temple Grandin• Henry Ford• Thomas Jefferson• Bill Gates
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General Strategies to Use
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An interesting studyIn a study by Martin, I. & Cramer M. (2005),general education 3rd graders were asked to docopy a passage for 1 minute using their non-dominant hand. Out of 98 students, 35 wordsper min was the average. Martin & Cramersurmised that this because the task was simple(copying) and only required minimal mentaleffort.
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The Passage
I will set a timer for one minute and you can copy it with your non-dominant hand:
My class went on a trip to the zoo. My favorite animal was the polar bear. Did you know that polar bear’s skin is actually black? It helps to trap the sun’s heat and keep it warm. I got to watch the trainers feed fish to the polar bear. I want to work there when I grow up.
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Equal vs Fair
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Fair & Equal
• Fairness does not mean that everyone gets the same thing
• Fairness is everyone gets what he or she needs.
• If someone needs glasses to see, we don’t expect everyone to use glasses.
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Strength-Based Approach
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Comprehensible/StructuredLearning Environments
Program is structured when: the curriculum (activities, schedule, environment) is clear (i.e., comprehensible) to both the students and the educational personnel.
Allows a student with ASD (and others) to:predict what is currently happening within the
learning process and what will happen next anticipate requirements of specific settings learn and generalize a variety of skills
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Structuring the environment (examples)
Visual cues or supports that: Organize the instructional setting Provide a schedule of activities Carefully plan and provide choice making opportunities Provide behavioral support Define specific areas of the classroom and school settings Provide temporal relations (where things are in time or
sequence) Facilitate transitions, flexibility, and change
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Considerations of Visual Supports
• Tailoring visual supports to individual• Objects or Pictures?• Actual pictures, life-like drawings, symbolic?• Background: plain or in context• Size: small? Large? • Response effort: fine/gross motor, easy to use?• Use of assistive technology• Static (picture) vs. Animated (moving, video, etc)• How durable or portable does it need to be?
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Considerations of Visual Supports• Activity/Picture Schedules• Checklists• Color Coding• Manipulatives• Using hand gestures/signs with verbal (can be
simultaneous or highlighting a specific word/action/preposition (e.g. under))
• Try to get student to notice and follow other student’s lead
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Task Analysis
Breaking down a task into smaller components
What are the steps required to complete a task?Be specific.
The idea here is that another person could: Pick up your task analysis Perform it as written Successfully complete it.
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Task Analysis
Example: Unpacking:1. Walk in door2. Go to cubby3. Take off backpack4. Open backpack5. Take out snack6. Put snack in desk7. Hang up backpack &
coat (if wearing one)8. Sit down at desk
Example: Writer’s Workshop1. Write your name on paper2. Think about topic for 1 min3. Draw what you want to write4. Write introductory sentence5. Write 3 describing sentences6. Write conclusion sentence7. Put in writing folder8. Get book to read until
writer’s workshop is done
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Picture/Activity SchedulesA.J. Morning To Do List Done
Unpack my backpack
Read Morning Message
Gather Materials
Sit at my seat and begin my work
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More StrategiesUsing Mnemonics with Pictures • Device/technique to help aide/remember a specific bit
of information (e.g. Roy G Biv)• Examples include rhymes, acronyms, & pics
Can create a flip book/pictures• Can be held together via ring, binder, etc• Can show the sequence of action(s)• Each step would be a different picture (possibly with
color coding for the new step)
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Post-it Magic!
• Carry post-it’s with you to use on-the-spot
• Take the task, break it down and use the post it notes for each step (either written or picture cues)
• Use for choice-making if needed
• Provide as a visual prompt (e.g. take 3 deep breaths)
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Use special interests
Students can:
• Research their favorite topic
• Do an independent study
• Read or write about that area
• Share/present on that topic
• Use as a source of motivation/hero
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Signaling• Signal shows each child when to respond so that
each will give an independent response and yet all children will respond together.
• Provide the instruction first (e.g. spell the word frog) then signal
• Basic signals rules• You talk first then signal• You never signal when talking• You always pause the same length of time between the end of
your talking and the signal for children to respond
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Why Direct Instruction for ASD
• Provides a clear consistent means of instruction and signaling
• Breaks down larger concepts into smaller chunks/units
• User-friendly (aides can help do it)
• Large amount of research support
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Prompting
Least to Most Prompt Hierarchy• Written• Gestural• Verbal (only use when a verbal response is
required)
• Faded Physical• Full Physical
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Inter-related Model
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Handling Behavior
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Wants someone to talk to them
Wants to be held or Rocked
Wet Diaper
Bottle/Milk
Baby Cries
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Three Term Contingency
• Antecedent: what happens before the behavior • Ex: teacher calls on student, demand (come here) is made, peer pushes
• Behavior: ALWAYS describe in specifics (like you’re telling a blind person), only in observable terms• NO: mean look YES: stared directly in other students eyes for 10
seconds with facial muscles tensed
• Consequence: what happens after a behavior • Ex: Student sent to office, Para says do your work, student laughs
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Function of Behavior
• Look at the function (why the behavior is occurring)
• Four main functions• Attention• Escape/Avoidance• Sensory• Tangible (wants to get an item)
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Function: To GainAttention Adult or peer
TangibleGetting object, activity, event
Sensory StimulationVisual, Auditory, Smell, Kinesthetic,
Proprioceptive, Touch, Taste
All are maintained by positive reinforcement
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Function: To Escape
Attention Adult or peer
Escape from Task, setting, object, activity, event
Sensory StimulationInternal stimulation which is painful or
discomforting
All are maintained by negative reinforcement
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Function of Behavior
• John sits down and begins tapping his pencil on the desk. The teacher starts the lesson and John continues to tap. He is asked to stop and he does. While the class is reading their novel silently to themselves, John starts to tap his pencil. Later on, during free time, John is talking with his friends and tapping his pencil on the desk.
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Function of Behavior
• There are three computers in the classroom for students to use when they finish their work. Two students are using the computer when Dylan finishes his last math problem. He turns in his paper and turns around. Another student has just sat down at the third computer. Dylan yells “This is stupid! I was supposed to go on that one! Get up!”
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Function of Behavior• During the discussion of the schedule, Daniel calls out “I
don’t like that sport. I’m not going to play it”. Staff tell
Daniel to remember to raise his hand and that he needs
to try the sport. Daniel replies “I’m not gonna and you’re
not going to make me”. Staff reply “We can talk about
this later”. Daniel shouts out “I’ll talk about it whenever
I feel like it.” Staff ignores Daniel’s outburst and
continues the discussion. Daniel continues to call out for
another 5 minutes and then stops. The probable function
of his behavior is:
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Function of Behavior• The class is lining up to go to the sports activity. Justin
says he needs to go to the bathroom. An aide takes him
to the bathroom and then Justin says he doesn’t feel well
and needs to see the nurse because of his eye hurting.
The aide takes him to the nurse who puts eye drops in
his eyes and says he is fine to go back to the class. The
aide begins to walk Justin towards the gym. Justin
begins crying and saying “I can’t go.” He sits down on
the floor outside the gym and cries. The probable
function of his behavior is:
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Competing Behaviors
• Build plan around hypothesis statement• Identify desired and alternative behaviors• Work to make behavior
• Irrelevant (antecedent) • Inefficient (teaching new skills)• Ineffective (consequence)
• A way to brainstorm strategies to address the problem behavior at different stages
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Build a Competing Behavior Pathway
Setting EventTriggeringAntecedent
Desired Behavior
Problem Behavior Maintaining
Consequence
ReplacementBehavior
MaintainingConsequence
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Shaping
Encourage approximations that are better than the one before it.
Student wants a ball:
Uhhh Bbbbb Baaaa Bawwl Ball
You want the student to sit quietly during reading:
Student sits 30 sec w/o talking, then 60 sec, then 2 min, 3 min, until all of reading time
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Reinforcement-Definition
Anything that increases the future probability of the behavior occurring is considered reinforcement
Are the following things reinforcing?
M&M’s Popcorn Sesame Street
Snickers Flowers Math
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Game: “Shape that Behavior”
Veronica Volunteer loves it when people clap for her. We can shape her behavior by clapping as she gets closer to doing the desired behavior.
I need a volunteer to leave the room.
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Academic Area Specifics
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Please write a sentence for each picture below
From: http://www.exploratorium.edu/brain_explorer/double.html
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• This math question from an admissions test for elementary school in Hong Kong. The question was part of an admissions test for first-graders. They had 20 seconds to answer. Can you solve it?
Where did you park?
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• This math question from an admissions test for elementary school in Hong Kong. The question was part of an admissions test for first-graders. They had 20 seconds to answer. Can you solve it?
Take a 2nd look
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Language Arts (Reading/Writing)
Strengths:• Decoding
• Reading aloud
• Answering who, what, where, when questions
• Basic recall
• Following rules (i before e except after c)
• Using visual cues (photos)
• Repetition
• Spelling
Weaknesses:
• Abstract concepts
• Idioms or figurative language
• Understanding exceptions to the rule
• Understanding a different point of view (perspective-taking)
• Reading Comprehension
• Summarizing
This is not an exhaustive list and each child has different strengths and weaknesses.
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Language Arts (Reading/Writing)
VISUAL VISUAL VISUAL
1. Anaphoric cueing
2. Cloze Exercises
3. Sentence starters
4. Choices
5. Graphic organizers
6. Vocabulary Journal
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Language Arts (Reading/Writing)Anaphoric cueing:
Anaphoric items refer to a previous reference (most common use is pronouns). Prompt students to label it
e.g. Wash six apples. Put THEM in a flat dish. ( six apples <= them)
Cloze Exercises:
The girl went to the _____. She _____ some fruit and then left.
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Vocabulary Building
Make the figurative more concrete.Watch your use of idiomsCreate a vocabulary journal:1. Students write down words/phrase they
don’t understand2. Have them look up the meaning or ask
others to explain it3. Have them illustrate the idiom.
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Breaking down words/sentences• Consider sight words vs. phonics (e.g. Edmark)• Break down the individual phonemes of a word• Consider combining with pictures• Could have visuals of person’s mouth as they pronounce each part of the word/sentence• Consider incorporating discrete trial instruction of phonemes/rhyming words, etc
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BathB A Th
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Syntax Flip Books• Use a loose leaf binder
• Can chose to use pictures to accompany parts of sentence
• Each element can be flipped independently of one another
• Can incorporate a fill-in
• Can color code if you like
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Breaking up sentences
• Can use color coding to show different parts
• Can use “caterpillar” organizer to illustrate different segments of a sentence
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Advanced Organizers
• Give student list of questions to consider before reading a passage
• May want to make a place for student to:• Write down answers or page numbers as they
read• Any questions they have
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More Language Ideas Use visual organizers Give advance warning of important info Use projects Practice rules Use computer games Teach idioms and figures of speech Create dictionaries Use sentence completion/fill in the blank activities Use buddy system Use areas of high interest and knowledge Use outlines/guided notes
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Math/Science/Social Studies
Strengths:
Memorizing fact tables
Basic computation skills
Working independently
Tends to be high interest area
Good at memorizing facts & dates
Weakness:
Word problems
Multi-step problems/projects
Group activities
Analysis & synthesis operations difficult
Conceptualizing events in different time periods
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Math
• Utilize principles of Direct Instruction (Engelmann)
• Using touch points to assist with addition & subtraction (e.g. Touch Math)
• Using schema-based word problem solving
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Touch Math
• Start at the top and move down
• Count 1 for each black dot
• Count 2 for each “double” dot
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Graphic Columns
• Helpful for students who have difficulty keeping numbers lined up correctly
• Can use graph paper or lined paper turned sideways
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8 6
6 7
+
1 5 3
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Graphic Organizing to Compare
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15
35
5
5
AdditionMultiplication
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Social Studies/Science• Create a brief written overview of the chapter/unit/lesson
• Use guided notes, having the students fill in the key points or answers.
• Create blanks on a page. You can photocopy a page from the textbook and blank out certain information you want the student to learn/fill-in. You can also do this with worksheets. For answering questions, you may want to provide a starter sentence or create a fill-in.
• Keep homework assignments manageable, related to key points, etc.
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Social Studies/Science
• Color code materials/notes to make information easier to organize and process
• Allow the use of computer for note-taking, data collection, etc
• If needed, allow student to know ahead of time procedures/directions on conduct experiments or activities
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Attention & Memory Tips
Allow frequent short breaks Use different methods of instruction Encourage physical activity Prepare student before asking them to respond Provide outlines, maps, & graphs Focus on cues for important info Break tasks into smaller steps Set goals and record progress Provide consistent feedback Use visual prompts Cue upcoming transitions
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Graphic Organizers
• Visual symbols are quickly and easily recognized; • Minimum use of text makes it easy to scan for a
word, phrase, or the general idea; and • Visual representation allows for development of a
holistic understanding that words alone cannot convey.
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ExamplesGraphing Various Types of Conceptual Relationships
Examples: Graphic Type
Relationships of ideas appropriate to this type graphic
Humanities Social Science Physical/Life Science
Web (for a concept)
Definitions Attributes Examples
Characteristics of cubism in art
Attributes of the demand curve in economics
Attributes of sun spots in astronomy
Tree (for hierarchies)
Classification Analysis Structure Attributes Examples
Family tree of the Tudor Monarchy in England
Organization of the White House staff
Classes of isotopes in chemistry
Chart (for similar concepts)
Compare Contrast Attributes
Comparison of imagery in poems by Anne Sexton
Comparison of the Viet Nam war to the 1988 war in the Persian Gulf
Comparison of planets of the solar system
Chain (for changes over time)
Process Sequence Cause/Effect Chronology
Plot sequence of a novel
Stages of Piaget's theory of cognitive development
Process of cell division
Sketch (for visualizing a description)
Physical structures
Descriptions of places
Space relations Concrete objects Visual images
Description of the Elizabethan stage set in a drama
Description of a complex apparatus for studying eye movements in reading
The structure of the epidermis and dermis, the two layers of skin
From: "Learning across the curriculum with creative graphing", by Linda Lee Johnson, The Reading Teacher, International Reading Association, 1990.
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Examples (cont)FORMAT FOR WRITING EACH PARAGRAPH
Use this format to write each of the paragraphs in your composition. TOPIC SENTENCE
DETAILS CONCLUDING SENTENCE
________________________________ ________________________________ ________________________________ ______________________________________ ___________________
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Examples (cont)
Examples:
What is it?
Democratic Government
What isn’t it?
Facts:
VOCABULARY DEVELOPMENT
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Examples (cont)
Problem-Solution Organizational Frame
Write Topic Here Native Americans
What problems did they face?
-less land to live on - - -
What changes caused these problems?
-increased number of settlers moving West - -
What did they do to solve the problems?
-agreed to treaties - -
INFORMATIONAL TEXT
Examples of Visual Representatives
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Examples (cont)
TopicFact
Fact Fact
Fact
Fact
Descriptive Pattern
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Example
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Social Skills
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Going on a Picnic
• I am going on a picnic. I would love for you to come but you have to bring something.
• I am going to bring…..
• What are you going to bring?
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Social Skills• Social Stories
• Direct Skill Instruction
• Hidden agenda (discuss body language)
• Fade support as soon as possible to decrease dependence
• Foster appropriate peer and staff social interactions
• Find out what they are good at and use it to their advantage (e.g. have student read to the class)
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Direct Social Skills Instruction
Key components of effective social skills instruction:
Define the skillModel the skill (example & non-example)Role-playFeedback
Another way to view it: 3-D approach Discuss Demonstrate and Do (from Behavior Therapy
Associates)
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Direct Instruction
Think of a specific skill (e.g. greeting, dealing with anger, etc)
Break down the skill into steps (task analysis)
Teach each of the skills
Generalize across settings, staff, materials
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Following Directions
1. Listen carefully to the instructions
2. Ask questions about anything you don’t understand
3. Repeat the instructions to yourself (or the person)
4. Follow instructions
From Skillstreaming task analysis of Following Directions pg. 95
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How to greet someone
1) Walk towards person
2) Stop one arm’s length away
3) Look at the person’s face
4) Say “Hi”
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Modeling & Role-Play
Modeling• Show the correct way and the incorrect way• Modeler should “talk aloud” about the steps they
are taking
Role-play• Give students the opportunity to practice the skill• Be as realistic as possible in creating situations
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Feedback & ReinforcementFeedback
• Peers and staff should give feedback on what the role-play participants did well and areas for improvement
Reinforcement• Behavior specific praise (“That was a great job
remembering to raise your hand”, “I like the way you came and asked me for help”)
• Provide reinforcement as soon as possible after the appropriate behavior
• Make sure the reinforcement is personally meaningful to the individual
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Circle of Friends
A circle usually consists of 6-8 volunteers (most often from the same class or tutorgroup) who meet regularly (usually weekly) with the 'focus child' and an adult.
The circle has three main tasks: • To offer encouragement and recognition for successes and progress; • To identify difficulties, set targets and devise strategies for achieving targets• To help put these ideas into practice.
Setting up a circle includes the following steps:• gaining the support and agreement of the focus child and his or her parents• a meeting with the whole class (which the focus child does not attend) aimed at
recruiting volunteers, which takes roughly 30-40 minutes• informing the parents of volunteers and gaining their agreement to their
children's participation• weekly meetings of the circle, the focus child, and an adult facilitator (taking 20-
30 minutes).
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