nm 4103 section ii instruments & radiopharmaceutical production

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NM 4103 Section II Instruments & Radiopharmaceutica l Production

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Page 1: NM 4103 Section II Instruments & Radiopharmaceutical Production

NM 4103Section II NM 4103

Section II

Instruments & Radiopharmaceutica

l Production

Instruments & Radiopharmaceutica

l Production

Page 2: NM 4103 Section II Instruments & Radiopharmaceutical Production

Gas Filled DetectorsGas Filled Detectors

Ionization chambers Operate on 50-300 V Dose Calibrator

Geiger-Muller counters Operate around 1000V

Ionization chambers Operate on 50-300 V Dose Calibrator

Geiger-Muller counters Operate around 1000V

Page 3: NM 4103 Section II Instruments & Radiopharmaceutical Production

Dose CalibratorDose Calibrator

Sealed chamber

Filled with argon & halogen Operating voltage around 150 V

Used for measuring activity of radiopharmaceuticals

Sealed chamber

Filled with argon & halogen Operating voltage around 150 V

Used for measuring activity of radiopharmaceuticals

Page 4: NM 4103 Section II Instruments & Radiopharmaceutical Production

Geiger-Muller CounterGeiger-Muller Counter

Used to detect beta and gamma radiations

Usually operates as a ratemeter Readings can be given in:

uR/hour mR / hour R / hour Cpm

Used for area survey (contamination)Calibrated annually with 226Ra or 137Cs

Used to detect beta and gamma radiations

Usually operates as a ratemeter Readings can be given in:

uR/hour mR / hour R / hour Cpm

Used for area survey (contamination)Calibrated annually with 226Ra or 137Cs

Page 5: NM 4103 Section II Instruments & Radiopharmaceutical Production

Scintillation Detectors

Scintillation Detectors

Well counter Thyroid probe Gamma camera

Gamma rays interact in the sodium iodide detector and light photons are emitted.

Well counter Thyroid probe Gamma camera

Gamma rays interact in the sodium iodide detector and light photons are emitted.

Page 6: NM 4103 Section II Instruments & Radiopharmaceutical Production

DetectorsDetectors

Sodium iodide crystals (most common)

Light generated in the crystal is then directed at the PM tube

Sodium iodide crystals (most common)

Light generated in the crystal is then directed at the PM tube

Page 7: NM 4103 Section II Instruments & Radiopharmaceutical Production

CollimatorsCollimators

Covers the sodium iodide detector Purpose is to limit the field of view

Made of lead Holes of different shapes and sizes

Increased number of holes = increased sensitivity (but loss of resolution)

Covers the sodium iodide detector Purpose is to limit the field of view

Made of lead Holes of different shapes and sizes

Increased number of holes = increased sensitivity (but loss of resolution)

Page 8: NM 4103 Section II Instruments & Radiopharmaceutical Production

Thyroid Probe Collimator

Thyroid Probe Collimator

Single bore Cylinder shaped One PM tube

Single bore Cylinder shaped One PM tube

Page 9: NM 4103 Section II Instruments & Radiopharmaceutical Production

Scintillation Camera Collimators

Scintillation Camera Collimators

Parallel : most common Diverging : organ larger than the size of the detector

Pinhole : small organs/areas (thyroid)

Converging : organ smaller than the size of the detector

Parallel : most common Diverging : organ larger than the size of the detector

Pinhole : small organs/areas (thyroid)

Converging : organ smaller than the size of the detector

Page 10: NM 4103 Section II Instruments & Radiopharmaceutical Production

Parallel-hole Collimator

Parallel-hole Collimator

Can be high-resolution, all purpose or high-sensitivity

Size and number of holes the same, change thickness

Can be high-resolution, all purpose or high-sensitivity

Size and number of holes the same, change thickness

Page 11: NM 4103 Section II Instruments & Radiopharmaceutical Production

Photomultiplier TubePhotomultiplier Tube

Fixed to the sodium iodide crystal

Photocathode / series of dynodes / anode (all in a vacuum glass tube)

Fixed to the sodium iodide crystal

Photocathode / series of dynodes / anode (all in a vacuum glass tube)

Page 12: NM 4103 Section II Instruments & Radiopharmaceutical Production

CyclotronCyclotron

Charged particles are accelerated in circular paths under vacuum by an electromagnetic field

Radionuclides are usually neutron deficient and decay by + emission or electron capture

Examples: Gallium-67 Iodine-67 Indium-111 Thallium-201 PET radiopharmaceuticals (Carbon-11,Nitrogen-13,Oxygen-15,Fluorine-18)

Charged particles are accelerated in circular paths under vacuum by an electromagnetic field

Radionuclides are usually neutron deficient and decay by + emission or electron capture

Examples: Gallium-67 Iodine-67 Indium-111 Thallium-201 PET radiopharmaceuticals (Carbon-11,Nitrogen-13,Oxygen-15,Fluorine-18)

Page 13: NM 4103 Section II Instruments & Radiopharmaceutical Production
Page 14: NM 4103 Section II Instruments & Radiopharmaceutical Production

ReactorReactor

Constructed with fuel rods that undergo spontaneous fission

Radionuclides are usually neutron rich and decay by - emission

Examples: Iodine-131 Molybemum-99 Xenon-133 Cesium-137

Constructed with fuel rods that undergo spontaneous fission

Radionuclides are usually neutron rich and decay by - emission

Examples: Iodine-131 Molybemum-99 Xenon-133 Cesium-137

Page 15: NM 4103 Section II Instruments & Radiopharmaceutical Production

Specific ActivitySpecific Activity

Radioactivity per unit mass Expressed in mCi / mg Accurate only at the date and time of calibration

Radioactivity per unit mass Expressed in mCi / mg Accurate only at the date and time of calibration

Page 16: NM 4103 Section II Instruments & Radiopharmaceutical Production

ConcentrationConcentration

Radioactivity per unit volume Expressed in mCi / ml Accurate only at the date and time of calibration

Radioactivity per unit volume Expressed in mCi / ml Accurate only at the date and time of calibration

Page 17: NM 4103 Section II Instruments & Radiopharmaceutical Production

GeneratorGenerator

Long lived parent radionuclide continually decays to a shorter lived daughter radionuclide

Chemical properties must be different, so they can be easily separated from one another

Generator must be sterile and pyrogen-free

Long lived parent radionuclide continually decays to a shorter lived daughter radionuclide

Chemical properties must be different, so they can be easily separated from one another

Generator must be sterile and pyrogen-free

Page 18: NM 4103 Section II Instruments & Radiopharmaceutical Production
Page 19: NM 4103 Section II Instruments & Radiopharmaceutical Production

Parent/Daughter relationship

Parent/Daughter relationship

Daughter grows as a result of the decay of the parent until equilibrium is reached

Daughter activity is eluted, leaving the parent on the column

After elution, the daughter activity starts to grow again

Daughter grows as a result of the decay of the parent until equilibrium is reached

Daughter activity is eluted, leaving the parent on the column

After elution, the daughter activity starts to grow again

Page 20: NM 4103 Section II Instruments & Radiopharmaceutical Production

99Mo - 99mTc Generator99Mo - 99mTc Generator

99Mo has a half-life of 66 hours & decays by - emission

99mTc has a half-life of 6 hours & decays by isomeric transition

Liquid or solid column

99Mo has a half-life of 66 hours & decays by - emission

99mTc has a half-life of 6 hours & decays by isomeric transition

Liquid or solid column

Page 21: NM 4103 Section II Instruments & Radiopharmaceutical Production

Solid column generatorSolid column generator

Alumina oxide on a column (encased in lead)

99mTc builds up until the maximum activity is reached (usually 4 half-lives)

Wet or dry column generators Dry : after elution, the leftover saline in the column is drawn out with vial

Alumina oxide on a column (encased in lead)

99mTc builds up until the maximum activity is reached (usually 4 half-lives)

Wet or dry column generators Dry : after elution, the leftover saline in the column is drawn out with vial

Page 22: NM 4103 Section II Instruments & Radiopharmaceutical Production
Page 23: NM 4103 Section II Instruments & Radiopharmaceutical Production

~QC testing ~ 99Mo Breakthrough~QC testing ~

99Mo Breakthrough Radionuclide purity Molybdemum contamination in the elution

Limit: 0.15 uCi of 99Mo / 1 mCi of 99mTc

Radionuclide purity Molybdemum contamination in the elution

Limit: 0.15 uCi of 99Mo / 1 mCi of 99mTc

Page 24: NM 4103 Section II Instruments & Radiopharmaceutical Production

~QC testing~Aluminum Breakthrough

~QC testing~Aluminum Breakthrough

Aluminum contamination Limit

10 ug Aluminum ion / ml 99mTc eluate

Aluminum interferes with tagging sulfur colloid and RBC’s

Aluminum contamination Limit

10 ug Aluminum ion / ml 99mTc eluate

Aluminum interferes with tagging sulfur colloid and RBC’s

Page 25: NM 4103 Section II Instruments & Radiopharmaceutical Production

~QC testing~pH

~QC testing~pH

Should be between 4.5 and 7.5 Should be between 4.5 and 7.5