no. 2 / 2009 · e q u a lity , a ctio n a g a in st d iscrim in a tio n : l e g a l q u e stio n s...

THE EUROPEAN NETWORK OF LEGAL EXPERTS IN THE FIELD OF GENDER EQUALITY

No. 2 / 2009

In this Issue:Maria do Rosário Palma Ramalho

Nurhan Süral

Reconciling Family and Professional Lifeand the Gender Equality Principlein Employment

Compatibility of Turkey's Legal Ruleson Pregnancy and Maternitywith the EU Acquis

!!

European Gender Equality Law Review !

2009–2 !

EUROPEAN NETWORK OF LEGAL EXPERTS IN THE FIELD OF GENDER EQUALITY !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

European Commission Directorate-General for Employment, Social Affairs and Equal Opportunities

Unit EMPL/G/2 Theme

Equality, Action against Discrimination: Legal Questions

This publication was commissioned by the European Commission under the framework programme PROGRESS (Decision 1672/2006/EC of the European Parliament and the Council, OJ L 315/1 of 15 November 2006). For more information on PROGRESS see: http://ec.europa.eu/employment_social/progress/index_en.htm Editorial board: Susanne Burri Hanneke van Eijken Hélène Masse-Dessen Christopher McCrudden Sacha Prechal Production: Susanne Burri Frans van Eck Hanneke van Eijken Titia Hijmans van den Bergh Titia Kloos Simone van der Post Manuscript completed in December 2009. The information contained in this review reflects, as far as possible, the state of affairs on 1 October 2009. The contents of this document do not necessarily reflect the opinion or position of the European Commission, Directorate-General for Employment, Social Affairs and Equal Opportunities. Neither the European Commission nor any person acting on its behalf is responsible for the use which might be made of the information in this publication.

European Gender Equality Law Review — No. 2/2009 i

Contents !!Introduction " !"#$%%&'("))*' Members of the European Network of Legal Experts in the Field of Gender Equality #!!Reconciling Family and Professional Life and the Gender Equality Principle in Employment $ +$)*$',-'.-#/)*-'0$12$'.$2$13-' Compatibility of Turkey’s Legal Rules on Pregnancy and Maternity with the EU Acquis "%!4")3$%'!5)$1' EU Policy and Legislative Process Update &'!6$%%&7&'8$%'9*:7&%'!European Court of Justice Case Law Update &%!6$%%&7&'8$%'9*:7&%'!European Court of Human Rights Case Law Update '(!6$%%&7&'8$%'9*:7&%'!News from the Member States and EEA Countries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`695U*-8! )/>Q!-0AQ>/! $%!9)7,)! E4G43!`H434V! $#!T6,N6-7)TS+! ->QQ>!N2PG=00G! $L!TU-a)D! N4PJ0!)H/4! ^(!EU7)TS! 6P42/230!M>4P>"AQ0! ^&!EU-,*8)7! 903>0!K2!-2AR3>2!E0P=0!-0=0PB2! ^%!-U9)T.)! -2b0/0!,4#>H! ^#!+7U])O.)! MHZ0/0!90JH32@R! ^^!

ii! European Gender Equality Law Review — No. 2/2009!

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European Gender Equality Law Review — No. 2/2009 1

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Members of the European Network of Legal Experts in the Field of Gender Equality

!!Co-ordinator: +HA0//4!5H33>e!*G34;BG!*/>@43A>GYe!GB4!T4GB43P0/KA!Assistant co-ordinator: N0//4Q4!@0/!6>cQ4/e!*G34;BG!*/>@43A>GYe!GB4!T4GB43P0/KA!!Executive Committee: +0;B0!E34;B0Pe!*G34;BG!*/>@43A>GYe!GB4!T4GB43P0/KA!CB3>AG21B43!9;C3HKK4/e!UbF23K!*/>@43A>GYe!*/>G4K!O>/JK2=!N_Px/4!90AA4IS4AA4/e!5033>AG43!0G!GB4!C2/A4>P!Ko6G0G!0/K!C2H3!K4!C0AA0G>2/e!W30/;4!+HA0//4!5H33>e!*G34;BG!*/>@43A>GYe!GB4!T4GB43P0/KA!!National experts: )//0!+123343!h)HAG3>0ie!)AA2;>0G>2/!F23!a2=4/oA!);;4AA!G2!:HAG>;4!:40/!:0;<=0>/!h54PJ>H=ie!W344!*/>@43A>GY!2F!53HAA4PAe!W0;HPGY!2F!70d!84/2@4@0!,>AB4@0!h5HPJ03>0ie!5HPJ03>0/!84/K43!-4A403;B!W2H/K0G>2/!7>0!6FGAG30G>2HI8423J>0K4A!hCY13HAie!)K@2;0G4!O3>AG>/0!O2PK>/AQR!hCZ4;B!-41HVP>;ie!CB03P4A!*/>@43A>GYe!W0;HPGY!2F!70d!-HGB!T>4PA4/!hS4/=03Qie!C214/B0J4/!5HA>/4AA!+;B22Pe!70d!S4103G=4/G!)//4P>!)PV>!h6AG2/>0ie!*/>@43A>GY!2F!O4/Ge!O4/G!70d!+;B22P!O4@XG!T2HA>0>/4/!hW>/P0/Ki!N4PA>/Q>!*/>@43A>GYe!W0;HPGY!2F!70d!+YP@0>/4!70HP2=!hW30/;4ie!*/>@43A>GY!:40/!92//4Ge!+0>/GI6G>4//4e!W0;HPGY!2F!70d!540G4!-HK2PF!h843=0/Yie!W344!*/>@43A>GY!2F!543P>/e!S4103G=4/G!2F!70d!+21B>0!O2HQ2HP>AI+1>P>2G212HP2A!h8344;4ie!)GG23/4Y!0G!P0d!CA>PP0!O2PP2/0Y!74B2;ZQY!hNH/J03Yie!6yG@yA!723R/K!*/>@43A>GYe!S4103G=4/G!2F!70V2H3!0/K!+2;>0P!70d!N43K[A!,B23J4>3AK\GG>3!h.;4P0/Kie!5>F32AG!*/>@43A>GYe!W0;HPGY!2F!70d!W30/;4A!944/0/!h.34P0/Kie!5033>AG43e!W2H3!C2H3GAe!70d!7>V303Ye!SHVP>/!+>=2/4GG0!-4/J0!h.G0PYie!W433030!*/>@43A>GYe!W0;HPGY!2F!6;2/2=>;A!O3>AG!/4!SH10G4!h70G@>0ie!*/>@43A>GY!2F!70G@>0e!W0;HPGY!2F!70d!T>;2P4!90GB_!h7>4;BG4/AG4>/ie!*/>@43A>GY!2F!]>4//0!,2=0A!S0@HP>A!h7>GBH0/>0ie!]>P/>HA!*/>@43A>GYe!W0;HPGY!2F!70d!)/>Q!-0AQ>/!h7Hb4=V2H3Jie!T0G>2/0P!a2=4/oA!C2H/;>P!2F!7Hb4=V2H3J!E4G43!8f!`H434V!h90PG0ie!*/>@43A>GY!2F!90PG0e!W0;HPGY!2F!70d!->QQ>!N2PG=00G!hGB4!T4GB43P0/KAie!*/>@43A>GY!2F!74>K4/e!W0;HPGY!2F!70d!N4PJ0!)H/4!hT23d0Yie!*/>@43A>GY!2F!UAP2e!W0;HPGY!2F!70d!6P42/230!M>4P>/AQ0!hE2P0/Kie!*/>@43A>GY!2F!a03A0de!W0;HPGY!2F!70d!0/K!)K=>/>AG30G>2/!903>0!K2!-2AR3>2!E0P=0!-0=0PB2!hE23GHJ0Pie!*/>@43A>GY!2F!7>AV2/e!W0;HPGY!2F!70d!-2b0/0!,4#>H!h-2=0/>0ie!./K414/K4/G!P4J0P!0K@>A43!MHZ0/0!90JH32@R!h+P2@0Q>0ie!+P2@0Q!);0K4=Y!2F!+;>4/;4Ae!./AG>GHG4!2F!+G0G4!0/K!70d!,0/c0!O2K43=0/!+4@43!h+P2@4/>0ie!./K414/K4/G!P4J0P!0K@>A43!543G0!]0PK4A!h+10>/ie!C0AG>PP0I70!90/;B0!*/>@43A>GYe!W0;HPGY!2F!70d!)//!TH=B0HA43IN4//>/J!h+d4K4/ie!7H/K!*/>@43A>GYe!W0;HPGY!2F!70d!)>P44/!9;C2PJ0/!h*/>G4K!O>/JK2=ie!O>/JoA!C2PP4J4!72/K2/!!Ad hoc experts: S0J=03!+;B>4Qe!*/>@43A>GY!2F!744KAe!*/>G4K!O>/JK2=!CB3>AG0!,2VP43e!*/>@43A>GY!2F!74>K4/e!GB4!T4GB43P0/KA!0/K!*/>@43A>GY!2F!50A4Pe!+d>GZ43P0/K!!


Reconciling Family and Professional Life and the Gender Equality Principle in Employment

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!!1. Practical difficulties in the implementation of EU gender equality principles in

the area of work and employment !,B4! AG03G>/J! 12>/G! 2F! GB4! 34FP4;G>2/A! AHJJ4AG4K! VY! GB>A! AHVc4;G! >A! 0! d4PPI4AG0VP>AB4K!0AAH=1G>2/l! 34;2J/>G>2/! 2F! GB4! 130;G>;0P! K>FF>;HPG>4A! >/! GB4! >=1P4=4/G0G>2/! 2F! 6*!J4/K43!4<H0P>GY!13>/;>1P4A!>/!GB4!0340!2F!d23Q!0/K!4=1P2Y=4/Gf!!! ./K>@>KH0P! 3>JBGA! 34J03K>/J! J4/K43! 4<H0P>GY! d434! F23=0PPY! 34;2J/>A4K! VY! GB4!,340GY! 2F! -2=4! F>FGY! Y403A! 0J2e! F32=! GB4! 143A14;G>@4! 2F! 4<H0P! 34=H/430G>2/!h)3G>;P4!""L!2F!GB4!,340GYie!0/K!B0@4!J0>/4K!0!V320K43!0/K!V320K43!A;214!A>/;4!"L$%e!>/! GB4! F23=!2F!S>34;G>@4A! GB0G!B0@4!V44/! G30/A12A4K! >/! GB4!94=V43!+G0G4Af!52GB! GB4!3HP4A!2F! GB4!,340GY!0/K! GB2A4!2F! GB4!@03>2HA!S>34;G>@4A!K40P>/J!d>GB!J4/K43!4<H0P>GY!>AAH4A!B0@4!V44/!011P>4K!0/K!>/G43134G4K!VY!GB4!C2H3G!2F!:HAG>;4!F23!=0/Y!Y403A!>/!0/!>/G4/A>@4!0/K!@43Y!;340G>@4!d0Yf!)A!0!34AHPG!2F!GB>A!$H="*#!GB4!=0>/!13>/;>1P4A!0/K!GB4!P4J>AP0G>2/! >/! GB4! 0340! 2F! J4/K43! 4<H0P>GY! B0@4! V44/! 34>/F23;4K! 0/K! 4/P03J4K! >/! GB4!,340G>4A! 2F!)=AG43K0=! 0/K!T>;4! h)3G>;P4! &e!)3G>;P4! '! E030J301B! &e!)3G>;P4! "'e! 0/K!)3G>;P4! "?"! 2F! GB4! ,6Cif! W>/0PPYe! GB4A4! 3>JBGA! 034!=0>/G0>/4K! >/! GB4! 7>AV2/! ,340GY!h)3G>;P4!'!T2f!'!E030J301B!&!2F!GB4!,6*e!0/K!)3G>;P4A!^e!"(e!"Le!"%'!T2f!"!>i!0/K!"%$!2F!GB4!,W6*ie!0/K!d>PP!>/K44K!V4!34>/F23;4K!I!132@>K4K!GB4!30G>F>;0G>2/!2F!GB>A!,340GY!d>PP! AH;;44K! I! VY! GB4! F23=0P! 34;2J/>G>2/! 2F! GB4! V>/K>/J! 4FF4;G! 2F! GB4! CB03G43! 2F!WH/K0=4/G0P!->JBGA!2F!GB4!6H32140/!*/>2/!h)3G>;P4!#!T2f!"!2F!GB4!,6*ie!dB434!GB4A4!>AAH4A!034!0PA2!;2/G4=1P0G4Kf!!! S4A1>G4! GB4A4! >=123G0/G! K4@4P21=4/GA! 2F! GB4! J4/K43! 4<H0P>GY! 13>/;>1P4! >/! GB4!4=1P2Y=4/G! 0340! d>GB! 34A14;G! G2! >AAH4A! 30/J>/J! F32=! 4<H0P>GY! >/! 0;;4AA! G2! d23Q!h>/;PHK>/J! 132=2G>2/A! 0/K! G30>/>/Ji! @>0! 4<H0P! 10Y! 0/K! A2;>0P! A4;H3>GYe! G2!=0G43/>GY!3>JBGA!0/Ke!=234!V320KPYe!G2!GB4!>AAH4!2F!34;2/;>P>0G>2/!V4Gd44/!F0=>PY!34A12/A>V>P>G>4A!0/K! d23Q>/J! P>F4e! GB4! K>FF>;HPG>4A! >/! GB4! 130;G>;0P! >=1P4=4/G0G>2/! 0/K! GB4! P0;Q! 2F!4FF4;G>@4/4AA! 2F! GB4! 13>/;>1P4! >GA4PF! 034! d4PP! Q/2d/f! 92342@43e! >G! A44=A! GB0G! GB>A!130;G>;0P!d40Q/4AA!>/!GB4!J4/K43!4<H0P>GY!13>/;>1P4!>A!;2==2/!G2!94=V43!+G0G4A!d>GB!@43Y!K>FF434/G!4;2/2=>;!K4@4P21=4/Ge!K>FF434/G!d23Q>/J!=2K4PAe!0/K!@03>2HA!GY14A!2F!A2;>0P!0/K!;HPGH30P!V0;QJ32H/Kf!! ./! AB23Ge! GB4! F23=0P! 34;2J/>G>2/! 2F! J4/K43! 4<H0P>GY! 3HP4A! 0/K! GB4! G30K>G>2/0P!=4GB2KA!HA4K!G2!>=1P4=4/G!GB4=!2@43!GB4!Y403A!A44=!G2!V4!>/AHFF>;>4/G!G2!4/AH34!GB4!4FF4;G>@4/4AA!2F!GB4!J4/K43!4<H0P>GY!13>/;>1P4f!,B4!P0;Q!2F!4FF4;G>@4/4AA!2F!GB4!J4/K43!4<H0P>GY!13>/;>1P4!>/!GB4!0340!2F!d23Q!0/K!4=1P2Y=4/G!B0A!>/A1>34K!=0/Y!AGHK>4A!2/!GB>A!G21>;f"!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!z!! EBS! >/! 70dk! +4/>23! E32F4AA23! 2F! 70V2H3! 70d! 0G! GB4! */>@43A>GY! 2F! 7>AV2/! hW0;HPGY! 2F! 70dik!94=V43!2F!GB4!6H32140/!T4Gd23Q!2/!74J0P!6b143GA!>/!GB4!W>4PK!2/!84/K43!6<H0P>GYf!

"!! a4! B0@4! V44/! >/@2P@4K! >/! Gd2! >/G43/0G>2/0P! AGHK>4A! >/! GB>A! 0340e! V2GB! 2F! GB4=! >/! GB4! A;214! 2F!6H32140/! ;2H/G3>4A! 0/K! AH1123G4K! VY! GB4!6H32140/!C2==>AA>2/e! 0/K! V2GB! 2F! GB4=!d>GB! 4b143GA!F32=!A4@430P!94=V43!+G0G4Ae!GB434F234!d>GB!@43Y!K>FF434/G!V0;QJ32H/KA!>/!GB>A!0340f!,B4!F>3AG!132c4;G!34J03K4K!GB4!10Y!J01!V4Gd44/!=4/!0/K!d2=4/f!W23!GB4!F>/0P!34123G!2/!GB>A!132c4;Ge!A44!903>0!S2!-2AR3>2! E0P=0! -0=0PB2e! 8H030/G44>/J! 6<H0P! E0Y! V4Gd44/! a2=4/! 0/K! 94/! >/! GB4! 6H32140/!*/>2/e!7>AV2/!hC.,6ie!&((?!h0PA2!0@0>P0VP4!>/!W34/;B!0/K!>/!E23GHJH4A4e!H/K43!GB4!G>GP4A!8030/G>3!0!.JH0PK0K4!-4=H/430G\3>0! 4/G34!9HPB434A!4!N2=4/A!/0!*/>{2!6H3214>0e! 0/K!8030/G>3! Po_J0P>G_!K4!


! aB4/! P22Q>/J! 0G! GB4! 34AHPGA! 2F! GB4A4! AGHK>4Ae! GB434! A44=A! G2! V4! 0! ;P403! P>/Q!V4Gd44/! 4<H0P! h23! H/4<H0Pi! G340G=4/G! 2F!d2=4/! 0/K!=4/! >/! 0;;4AA! G2! 4=1P2Y=4/G!0/K!0G!d23Q!0/K!GB4!G21>;!2F!34;2/;>P>0G>2/!2F!F0=>PY!0/K!d23Q>/J!P>F4f!.G! >A!GB>A!P>/Q!GB0G!d4!d2HPK!P>Q4!G2!4b1P234!0!P>GGP4!FH3GB43!>/!GB>A!10143f!!!2. The link between gender discriminatory practices at work and the

reconciliation of family and working life by women and men !,B4! P>/Q! V4Gd44/! J4/K43! K>A;3>=>/0G23Y! 130;G>;4A! 0G!d23Q! 0/K! GB4! 34;2/;>P>0G>2/! 2F!F0=>PY!0/K!d23Q>/J! P>F4!V4Gd44/!=4/!0/K!d2=4/! >A!40A>PY!4AG0VP>AB4Ke! >F!2/4! G0Q4A!>/G2!;2/A>K430G>2/!GB4!=0>/!F0;G23A!GB0G!034!34A12/A>VP4!F23!GB4!P0;Q!2F!4FF4;G>@4/4AA!2F!GB4!J4/K43!4<H0P>GY!13>/;>1P4!>/!>GA4PFf!!! ./! 2H3! @>4de! F>@4! 340A2/A! ;0/! V4! >K4/G>F>4K! F23! GB4! P0;Q! 2F! 4FF4;G>@4/4AA! 2F! GB4!J4/K43!4<H0P>GY!13>/;>1P4!>/!GB4!0340!2F!d23Q!0/K!4=1P2Y=4/Gl!>i!GB4!P2d!@>A>V>P>GY!2F!GB4!13>/;>1P4!>GA4PFk!>>i!GB4!;2=1P4b>GY!2F!GB4!/2G>2/A!34P0G4K!G2!J4/K43!K>A;3>=>/0G>2/!P4J>AP0G>2/k! >>>i! GB4!K>FF>;HPG>4A!2F! cHK>;>0P!132;4KH34A! >/! GB4!J4/K43!4<H0P>GY!0340k! >@i!GB4! G30K>G>2/0P! A4J34J0G>2/! >/! GB4! P0V2H3! =03Q4G! V4Gd44/! vF4=0P4o! 0/K! v=0P4o!132F4AA>2/Ak!0/K!@i!GB4!A2;>0P!AG>J=0!0GG0;B4K!V2GB!G2!132F4AA>2/0P!34A12/A>V>P>G>4A!0/K!G2!F0=>PY!34A12/A>V>P>G>4Af&!!! ,B4A4!340A2/A!;0/!V4!4b1P0>/4K!V3>4FPYf!!>i! ,B4!F>3AG!340A2/!F23!GB4!P0;Q!2F!4FF4;G>@4/4AA!2F!GB4!J4/K43!4<H0P>GY!13>/;>1P4!>A!GB4!

P2d!@>A>V>P>GY!2F! GB4!13>/;>1P4! >GA4PFe!/2G!2/PY! >/! GB4! P0de!VHG!0PA2! >/! >GA!130;G>;0P!011P>;0G>2/! VY! ;2H3GAe! 0/K! F23! GB4! A2;>0P! 103G/43Af! U/! GB4! 2/4! B0/Ke! J4/K43!4<H0P>GY!>AAH4A!034!/2G!0Pd0YA!;P403!>/!GB4!P0de!0/K!A44=!G2!V4!P>GGP4!Q/2d/!VY!GB4!;2H3GA!GB0G!A4PK2=!011PY!GB>A!P4J>AP0G>2/f!U/!GB4!2GB43!B0/Ke!J4/K43!4<H0P>GY!>AAH4A!034! /2G! 0=2/J! GB4! AG32/J4AG! d233>4A! 2F! G30K4! H/>2/A! 0/K! 034! ;43G0>/PY! /2G! 0/!>=123G0/G! >AAH4! F23! 4=1P2Y43Af! W>/0PPYe! >/! =0/Y! ;2H/G3>4A! GB4A4! >AAH4A! K2! /2G!A44=!G2!V4!0!13>23>GY!G2!1HVP>;!>/A14;G>2/!A43@>;4Af!

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>>>i! ,B4! GB>3K! 340A2/! F23! GB4! P0;Q! 2F! 4FF4;G>@4/4AA! 2F! GB4! J4/K43! 4<H0P>GY! 13>/;>1P4!34J03KA!GB4!K>FF>;HPG>4A!2F!cHK>;>0P!132;4KH34A!>/!GB4!J4/K43!4<H0P>GY!0340f!.G!>A!d4PP!4AG0VP>AB4K! GB0G! @43Y! F4d! 0;G>2/A! 034! V32HJBG! V4F234! GB4! ;2H3GAe! 0/K! GB0G! 4@4/!F4d43!034!AH;;4AAFHP!A>/;4!GB4!1322F!>A!K>FF>;HPGe!V4;0HA4!2F!GB4!/44K!2F!0!;2/;34G4!;2=1030G23f!N2d4@43e! 4@4/!dB4/! cHK>;>0P! 132;4KH34A! 034! AH;;4AAFHPe! GB4! 34AHPGA!

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!34=H/430G>2/!4/G34!F4==4A!4G!B2==4A!K0/A!Po*/>2/!6H321_4//4if!,B4!A4;2/K!132c4;G!34J03K4K!GB4!>AAH4!2F! 34;2/;>P>0G>2/!2F! F0=>PY!0/K!d23Q>/J! P>F4f!,B4! F>/0P! 34123G! F23! GB>A!132c4;G!d0A!1HVP>AB4K!H/K43! GB4! G>GP4! C2/;>P>43! F0=>PP4! 4G! G30@0>P! 12H3! P4A! B2==4A! 4G! P4A! F4==4Al! K32>G! 4G! 130G><H4Ae!)GBx/4A!I!53Hb4PP4A!h)/Gf!Tf!+0QQ2HP0A!m!53HYP0/Gie!&((%f!W23! 0! V320K43! 143A14;G>@4! 2/! GB4A4! >AAH4Ae! 0PA2! A44! 74J0P! )11320;B4A! G2! A2=4! )A14;GA! 2F! GB4!-4;2/;>P>0G>2/!2F!a23Qe!E3>@0G4! 0/K!W0=>PY!7>F4! >/!,B>3GY!6H32140/!C2H/G3>4Ae! VY! GB4!6H32140/!T4Gd23Q! 2F! 74J0P! 6b143GA! >/! GB4! W>4PK! 2F! 84/K43! 6<H0P>GYe! BGG1lmm4;f4H3210f4HmA2;>0Pm=0>/fcA1s;0G.Kt#?"pP0/J.Kt4/p=234S2;H=4/GAtY4A!

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@i! ,B4! P0AG! 340A2/! F23! GB4!K>FF>;HPG>4A! >/! GB4! >=1P4=4/G0G>2/!2F! GB4!J4/K43! 4<H0P>GY!13>/;>1P4!>A!GB4!A2;>0P!AG>J=0!0GG0;B4K!V2GB!G2!132F4AA>2/0P!34A12/A>V>P>G>4A!0/K!G2!F0=>PY! 34A12/A>V>P>G>4Al! V4;0HA4! A2;>4GY! 4b14;GA! d2=4/! G2! V4! =234! K4@2G4K! G2!F0=>PY!0/K!G2!;034'!GB0/!=4/e!GB>A!F0;G!B0A!;2/A4<H4/;4A!F23!GB4>3!132F4AA>2/0P!P>F4!GB0G!>/KH;4!K>A;3>=>/0G23Y!130;G>A4Af!

! ./! AB23Ge! GB434! >A! 0! ;P403! P>/Q! V4Gd44/! J4/K43! 4<H0P>GY! 0/K! GB4! A2;>0P! G30K>G>2/A!34J03K>/J!GB4!34;2/;>P>0G>2/!2F!F0=>PY!0/K!d23Q>/J!P>F4f!!

!a4!d2HPK!/2d!P>Q4! G2!10Y!A14;>F>;!0GG4/G>2/! G2! GB4! P0AG! 340A2/!K4A;3>V4K!0V2@4!hGB4!A2;>0P! AG>J=0! 0GG0;B4K! G2! 132F4AA>2/0P! 0/K! F0=>PY! 34A12/A>V>P>G>4Aie! G2! H/K43P>/4! >GA!=0c23! >=123G0/;4! 0=2/JAG! 0PP! GB4! F0;G23A! 34A12/A>VP4! F23! GB4! K>FF>;HPG>4A! >/! GB4!>=1P4=4/G0G>2/!2F!J4/K43!4<H0P>GY!P4J>AP0G>2/e!=0>/PY!>/!4=1P2Y=4/G!P0df!!! ,B4!HG=2AG!>=123G0/;4!2F!GB>A!F0;G23!>A!132@4K!VY!0!A>=1P4!0AAH=1G>2/l!4@4/!>F!d4!;2HPK!430K>;0G4!0PP!2GB43!A2H3;4A!2F!K>A;3>=>/0G>2/e!VY!P4J0P!=40AH34A!0/K!d>GB!0!c2>/G!0;G>2/! 2F! 0PP! 34P4@0/G! 103G/43A! >/! GB4! 132;4AAe! K>A;3>=>/0G23Y! 130;G>;4A! >/! 0;;4AA! G2!4=1P2Y=4/G!0/K!0G! GB4!d23Q1P0;4!d2HPK!143A>AGe! A>/;4! GB4! 34A12/A>V>P>G>4A! 34J03K>/J!;034!034!AG>PP!=2AGPY!0GG3>VHG4K!G2!d2=4/f!!! ./! F0;Ge! >G! >A! ;2==2/PY! 34;2J/>A4K! GB0G! 0! v/2/I4<H>G0VP4o! K>@>A>2/! 2F! F0=>PY!34A12/A>V>P>G>4A!V4Gd44/!=4/!0/K!d2=4/!>A!GB4!A2H3;4!2F!V2GB!K>34;G!0/K!>/K>34;G!A4b!K>A;3>=>/0G>2/f!W23!>/AG0/;4e!>/!0;;4AA!G2!4=1P2Y=4/Ge!d2=4/!034!2FG4/!P4FG!2HGe!A>/;4!4=1P2Y43A! 034! 0F30>K! 2F! GB4>3! =234! F34<H4/G! 0VA4/;4A! F32=! d23Qe! F23! =0G43/>GY! 23!F0=>PY!340A2/Ae!0/K!0PA2!KH4!G2!GB4!=234!132V0VP4!V340QA!>/!GB4>3!;03443Ae!2/!0;;2H/G!2F!=0G43/>GY! P40@4A!23!2GB43! P2/JIG43=! P40@4A! F23! 340A2/A! 34P0G4K! G2! ;B>PK;034f!)PA2e!d2=4/! 034! K>A;3>=>/0G4K! 0J0>/AG! >/! GB4! ;2H3A4! 2F! GB4>3! 4=1P2Y=4/G! ;2/G30;GAe! >/!132=2G>2/A!23!>/!0;;4AA!G2!V4/4F>GA!34P0G4K!G2!132KH;G>@>GY!23!P0;Q!2F!0VA4/;4Ae!0J0>/!F23!340A2/A!34P0G4K!G2!=0G43/>GY!0/K!;034f!! 5HG!>F!0!d23Q>/J!F0GB43!d0/GA!G2!103G>;>10G4!=234!0;G>@4PY!>/!F0=>PY!P>F4!0/K!G2!HA4!B>A! 10G43/>GY! 3>JBGAe! B4!=>JBG! B0@4! G2! 4/KH34! K>A;3>=>/0G23Y! 130;G>;4A! 0G!d23Q! 23! >/!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!'!! a4!HA4!GB4!4b134AA>2/!v;034o!>/!GB4!d>K4!A4/A4!2F!GB4!d23Ke!>/;PHK>/J!GB4!KHG>4A!34P0G4K!G2!=0G43/>GY!VHG! 0PA2! GB4! KHG>4A! 34P0G4K! G2! 2/4oA! F0=>PYe! /2G! 2/PY! G2! B4P1! GB4! ;B>PK34/e! VHG! 0PA2! G2! B4P1! 2GB43!K414/K4/GAe!P>Q4!4PK43PY!1421P4!23!B0/K>;0114K!23!A>;Q!34P0G>@4Af!


0;;4AA! G2! 4=1P2Y=4/Gf! )/Ke! dB4/! GB>A! B0114/Ae! >/! A2=4! ;2H/G3>4A! B4! =0Y! /2G! V4!;2@434K! VY! GB4! P4J0P! =40AH34A! dB>;B! 132G4;G! d2=4/! KH3>/J! 134J/0/;Y! 0/K! 0A!=2GB43Ae!A>/;4!GB4A4!=40AH34A!2FG4/!011PY!2/PY!G2!d2=4/f!!! ,B4A4!4b0=1P4A!132@4!GB4!>=123G0/;4!2F!GB>A!F0;G23!G2!GB4!130;G>;0P!K4@4P21=4/G!2F!GB4!J4/K43!4<H0P>GY!13>/;>1P4e!=0>/PY!>/!GB4!0340!2F!4=1P2Y=4/Gf!N2d4@43e!>G!>A!0PA2!40AY!G2!;2/;PHK4!GB0Ge!=234!GB0/!0/Y!2GB43e!GB>A!F0;G23!>A!@43Y!K>FF>;HPG!G2!430K>;0G4!23!4@4/!G2!J30A1e!0G!P40AG!>/!P4J0P!0;G>2/Ae!A>/;4!>G!P>4A!V4Y2/K!GB4!P4J0P!AYAG4=!>/!;HPGH30P!G30K>G>2/f!! ,B>A! K4A;3>1G>2/! ;2/F>3=A! GB4! 0AAH=1G>2/! GB0G! GB434! >A! 0! =0G43>0P! P>/Q! V4Gd44/!J4/K43! 4<H0P>GY! P0d! 0/K! GB4! 3>JBGA! 0GG0;B4K! G2! =0G43/>GYe! 10G43/>GY! 0/K! GB4!34;2/;>P>0G>2/!2F!F0=>PY!0/K!d23Q>/J!P>F4f!T2de!GB4!<H4AG>2/!>A! G2!4AG0VP>AB!B2d!GB>A!P>/Q!AB2HPK!V4!K40PG!d>GB!VY!GB4!P4J0P!AYAG4=e!0Pd0YA!V403>/J!>/!=>/K!GB4!J20P!2F!GB4!130;G>;0P!>=1P4=4/G0G>2/!2F!J4/K43!4<H0P>GY!13>/;>1P4Af!,B>A!d>PP!/2d!V4!K>A;HAA4Kf!!3. The link between legal provisions regarding gender equality and provisions

regarding the reconciliation of family and working life: possible approaches !,B4! P>/Q! V4Gd44/! J4/K43! 4<H0P>GY! 132@>A>2/A! 0/K! 132@>A>2/A! 34J03K>/J! GB4!34;2/;>P>0G>2/!2F!F0=>PY!0/K!d23Q>/J!P>F4!;0/!V4!4AG0VP>AB4K!>/!Gd2!d0YA!VY!GB4!P4J0P!AYAG4=f!!! U/4!12AA>V>P>GY! >A! G2! ;2/A>K43! P4J>AP0G>2/! 34J03K>/J!=0G43/>GY! 0A! 0/!&OH&;<*-%! G2!GB4! J4/K43! 4<H0P>GY! 13>/;>1P4f! W32=! GB>A! 143A14;G>@4e! GB4! 4@>K4/G! @0PH4! 2F!=0G43/>GY!3>JBGA! cHAG>F>4A! GB4! K>FF434/G! G340G=4/G! 0;;23K4K! G2! d2=4/! >/! 4=1P2Y=4/G! F23! GB0G!340A2/e!0/K!GB434F234!GB4!3HP4A!GB0G!4AG0VP>AB!AH;B!0!vK>FF434/Go!G340G=4/G!034!/2G!G2!V4!;2/A>K434K!K>A;3>=>/0G23Yf!!! ,B4! 2GB43! 12AA>VP4! 011320;B! G2! GB>A! >AAH4! >A! G2! ;2/A>K43! GB4! 3>JBG! G2! 0! V0P0/;4K!AB034! 2F! ;034! 34A12/A>V>P>G>4A! V4Gd44/! =4/! 0/K! d2=4/! dB2! d23Q! 0A! ;$)<! 2F! GB4!J4/K43!4<H0P>GY!13>/;>1P4!>GA4PFe!>/!F0;G!0A!0!2$<&)*$1'H-%,*<*-%!F23!GB4!4FF>;>4/;Y!2F!GB>A!13>/;>1P4f! W32=! GB>A! 143A14;G>@4e! =0G43/>GY! 132@>A>2/A! 0>=>/J! G2! 132G4;G! 134J/0/G!d2=4/! 0/K! /4d! =2GB43A! d2HPK! F>/K! GB4>3! 1P0;4! 0=2/J! GB4! 34AG! 2F! GB4! =40AH34A!34J03K>/J!GB4!34;2/;>P>0G>2/!2F!F0=>PY!0/K!d23Q>/J!P>F4e!0/K!0PP!2GB43!=40AH34A!>/!GB>A!0340!AB2HPK!V4!K>34;G4K!0G!V2GB!=2GB43A!0/K!F0GB43Af?!!3.1. The ‘exception’ approach: maternity provisions as a justified exception to equal

treatment between men and women 6H32140/! P4J>AP0G>2/!B0A! 0K21G4K! GB4! F>3AG! 011320;B! G2! GB>A! >AAH4! F23! 0! P2/J! G>=4f! ./!F0;Ge! A>/;4!S>34;G>@4!$#m&($e! 34J03K>/J! 4<H0P! G340G=4/G!V4Gd44/!=4/!0/K!d2=4/! >/!0;;4AA! G2! 4=1P2Y=4/Ge! d23Q>/J! ;2/K>G>2/A! 0/K! 132F4AA>2/0P! G30>/>/Je! GB4! P4J0P!=40AH34A!;2/;43/>/J!GB4!132G4;G>2/!2F!d2=4/!KH3>/J!134J/0/;Y!0/K!0FG43!V>3GB!d434!cHAG>F>4K!0A!0/!4b;41G>2/!G2!GB4!4<H0P!G340G=4/G!13>/;>1P4f%!)/K!>G!d0A!0PA2!H/K43!GB>A!@>4d! GB0G! S>34;G>@4! L&m^%! 34J03K>/J! GB4! 132G4;G>2/! 2F! 134J/0/G! d2=4/! 0/K! /4d!=2GB43A!0G!d23Q!d0A!01132@4Kf!

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!?!! W23!0!=234!K4@4P214K!@>4d!2/!GB>A!011320;B!G2!GB4!132VP4=!2F!GB4!34P0G>2/!V4Gd44/!J4/K43!4<H0P>GY!0/K! GB4! 34;2/;>P>0G>2/! 2F! F0=>PY! 0/K! d23Q>/J! P>F4e! A44! 903>0! S2! -2AR3>2! E0P=0! -0=0PB2e!K-%H*1*$PQ-'&="*1*?)$,$'&%<)&'$'8*,$';)-R&##*-%$1'&'R$2*1*$)'S'"2$'H-%,*PQ-';$)$'$'*F"$1,$,&'&%<)&'2"13&)&#'&'3-2&%#'%$'J%*Q-'9")-;&*$I'*%'9#<",-#',&'T*)&*<-',-'U)$?$13-'Ve!C2>=V30!h)P=4K>/0ie!&(('e!11f!&#LI&$$f!'

%!! ,B>A!011320;B!34AHPGA!F32=!)3G>;P4!&e!/f!'!2F!GB4!S>34;G>@4e!0/K!B0A!V44/!K4@4P214K!>/!GB4!A4/A4!2F!4b;41G>2/0P! VHG! cHAG>F>0VP4! =40AH34A! G2! GB4! J4/K43! 4<H0P>GY! 13>/;>1P4f! ,B>A! 011320;B! d0A! 0PA2!0K21G4K!VY!GB4!C2H3G!2F!:HAG>;4!>/!A4@430P!cHKJ=4/GAf!


! ./! 2H3! @>4de! K4A1>G4! GB4! 132G4;G>2/! J30/G4K! VY! GB4A4! 3HP4A! G2! d2=4/! KH3>/J!134J/0/;Y! 0/K! =0G43/>GYe! GB>A! P>/4! 2F! 011320;B! B0K! /4J0G>@4! ;2/A4<H4/;4A! F23! GB4!AHVA4<H4/G!K4@4P21=4/G!2F!J4/K43!4<H0P>GY!P0de!=0>/PY!F23!GB4!K4@4P21=4/G!2F!3HP4A!;2/;43/>/J! GB4! 34;2/;>P>0G>2/! V4Gd44/! F0=>PY! 34A12/A>V>P>G>4A! 0/K! d23Q>/J! P>F4! >/! 0!V0P0/;4K! 23! v4<H>G0VP4o! d0Yf! a4! /2d!d>AB! G2! 4=1B0A>A4! GB4! F2PP2d>/J! /4J0G>@4!;2/A4<H4/;4Af!! U/! GB4! 2/4! B0/Ke! GB>A! 011320;B! B0K! 0! /0332d>/J! 4FF4;G! 2/! GB4! ;2/G4/G! 2F!P4J>AP0G>2/!34J03K>/J!GB4!132G4;G>2/!2F!=0G43/>GYe!dB>;B!V4;0=4!=234! P>=>G4K! GB0/! >G!=>JBG! B0@4! V44/! >F!=0G43/>GYe! 10G43/>GY! 0/K! 34;2/;>P>/J! >AAH4A! B0K! V44/! ;2/A>K434K!G2J4GB43f!./!F0;Ge!K4A1>G4!GB4!>=123G0/;4!2F!S>34;G>@4!L&m^%e!/0=4PY!G2!J30/G!=0G43/>GY!P40@4e!G2!132G4;G!d2=4/!0J0>/AG!K>A=>AA0P!KH3>/J!134J/0/;Y!0/K!=0G43/>GY!P40@4!0/K!G2! 4/AH34! GB4>3! 3>JBGA! dB4/! 34GH3/>/J! F32=! =0G43/>GY! P40@4e! GB4! F0;G! >A! GB0G! GB>A!S>34;G>@4!>A!011P>;0VP4!2/PY!G2!d2=4/e!A>/;4!134J/0/;Y!>/!>GA4PF!d0A!GB4!cHAG>F>;0G>2/!F23! GB4!4b;41G>2/0P!132G4;G>2/!132@>K4K!VY!GB>A!3HP>/Jf#!)/K!GB>A!V4>/J!A2e!=4/!d434!/4;4AA03>PY!P4FG!2HG!2F!GB4!A;214!2F!GB4!S>34;G>@4e!dB4/!4b43;>A>/J!GB4>3!2d/!10G43/>GY!3>JBGAf!!! U/!GB4!2GB43!B0/Ke!GB4!143A14;G>@4!2F!=0G43/>GY!3HP4A!0A!0/!4b;41G>2/!G2!GB4!J4/K43!4<H0P>GY!13>/;>1P4!B0A!P4K!G2!A4@430P!cHKJ=4/GA!2F!GB4!C2H3G!2F!:HAG>;4!dB>;B!AB2d!0!A2=4dB0G! 134cHK>;4K! @>4d! 2/! GB4A4! >AAH4Al! C0A4A! AH;B! 0A! W$)##-%! 23! ()-@%S.&%<-7*1e$! dB>;B! K>A;HAA4K! <H4AG>2/A! P>Q4! v>F! 0/! >PP/4AA! >A! KH4! G2! 134J/0/;Ye! >A! GB4!d2=0/! AG>PP! 132G4;G4K! H/K43! GB4! 6H32140/! 3HP4! GB0G! 132B>V>GA! K>A=>AA0P! KH3>/J!134J/0/;Ysoe!0A!d4PP!0A!A4@430P!;0A4A!dB434!GB4!C2H3G!0J344K!d>GB!GB4!34FHA0P!G2!J30/G!=0G43/>GY!P40@4!G2!F0GB43A!>/!;0A4!2F!0K21G>2/!hF23!>/AG0/;4!K-22*##*-%'@'V<$1>î!23!>/!GB4! ;0A4! 2F! P2/JIG43=! =0G43/>GY! P40@4A! hF23! >/AG0/;4! 6-R2$%%Lif! ,B4A4! 4b0=1P4A!>PPHAG30G4!B2d!P>=>G4K!GB>A!011320;B!>Af"(!! W>/0PPYe! GB4! F0;G! GB0G! S>34;G>@4! L&m^%! 2/PY! 011P>4A! G2! d2=4/! ;2/G3>VHG4K! G2!>/;340A4! K>FF434/G! G340G=4/G! V4Gd44/! =4/! 0/K! d2=4/! >/! dB0G! 34J03KA! GB4!34;2/;>P>0G>2/!2F! F0=>PY!0/K!d23Q>/J! P>F4f! ./!AB23Ge! GB>A!S>34;G>@4!132G4;G4K!134J/0/G!d2=4/!VHG!Q41G!H/G2H;B4K!GB4!G30K>G>2/0P!AG>J=0!34J03K>/J!GB4!AB03>/J!2F!132F4AA>2/0P!0/K!F0=>PY!34A12/A>V>P>G>4A!V4Gd44/!=4/!0/K!d2=4/f!!

!3.2. The integrated approach: maternity and paternity protection and balanced

reconciliation of work and family life as a material condition for gender equality

9234! 34;4/G!K4@4P21=4/GA!AB2d! GB0G!6H32140/! P0d! >A!4@2P@>/J! F32=!GB>A! G30K>G>2/0P!011320;B! G2! =0G43/>GY! >AAH4A! G2d03KA! 0/! 011320;B! GB0G! 0PA2! >/;231230G4A! 10G43/>GY!>AAH4A! 0/Ke! =234! V320KPYe! GB4! =0GG43A! 34J03K>/J! GB4! 34;2/;>P>0G>2/! 2F! F0=>PY! 0/K!d23Q>/J!P>F4f!./!GB>A!A4/A4e!d4!d2HPK!P>Q4!G2!34;0PP!A4@430P!132@>A>2/A!0/K!S>34;G>@4Al!

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Compatibility of Turkey’s Legal Rules on Pregnancy and Maternity with the EU Acquis

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V4/4F>G!F32=!GB4!A2;>0P!A4;H3>GY!AYAG4=f!!!W0=>PY!AG3H;GH34!B0A!>GA!K>34;G!>=1P>;0G>2/A!2/!d2=4/oA!4/G3Y!>/G2!GB4!P0V2H3!=03Q4Gf!,B4! 134AAH34A! 2F! ;2=V>/>/J! 10>K! d23Q! 0/K! K2=4AG>;! 0/K! ;034! 34A12/A>V>P>G>4A! 034!4@>K4/Gf!90/Y!d2=4/! P40@4! GB4! P0V2H3!=03Q4G!V4;0HA4!2F!K>FF>;HPG>4A! >/! 34;2/;>P>/J!d23Q! 0/K! K2=4AG>;! 34A12/A>V>P>G>4Af! 70V2H3!=03Q4G! >/4<H0P>G>4A!=0Q4! >G! 30G>2/0P! F23!=0/Y! d2=4/e! 30GB43! GB0/! GB4>3! =0P4! 103G/43Ae! G2! J>@4! H1! 4=1P2Y=4/G! G2! ;034! F23!;B>PK34/!23!2GB43Af!72/J43! A14PPA!2F!H/4=1P2Y=4/G! G2! 34;2/;>P4!d23Q!0/K!=0G43/>GY!;0/!B0@4!/4J0G>@4!;2/A4<H4/;4A!F23!4b143>4/;4e!AQ>PPA!0/K!=2G>@0G>2/!F23!34I4/G3Y!>/G2!GB4!P0V2H3!=03Q4Gf!-4>/G4J30G>2/!0FG43!0!P2/J!134J/0/;YI34P0G4K!V340Q!>A!<H>G4!K>FF>;HPGf!E03GIG>=4! d23Q! >A! /2G! @43Y! K4@4P214Kf! +B23G0J4! 2F! 0FF23K0VP4! ;B>PK;034! 134@4/GA!d2=4/!>/!P2dI10>K!0/K!P2d43IAQ>PP4K!c2VA!F32=!d23Q>/Jf!S4@4P21=4/G!2F!1HVP>;!134IA;B22P!4KH;0G>2/m132J30==4A!=0Y!B4P1!d2=4/!G2!F>/K!d23Qf!! ,B4! 0AA4AA=4/G! 2F! GB4! ;2=10G>V>P>GY! 2F! ,H3Q4YoA! P4J0P! 3HP4A! 2/! 134J/0/;Y! 0/K!=0G43/>GY! d>GB! GB4! 6*! $H="*#! J>@4A! HA!2/4! >=123G0/G! ;2/;PHA>2/l!,H3Q4Y! >A!B>JBPY!34A12/A>@4! G2! ;B0/J4! 0/K! >G! B0A! AB2d/! >/>G>0G>@4! >/! GB4! 0K01G0G>2/! 132;4AA! VY!K4@4P21>/J! /4d! P4J0P! 3HP4A! 0/K! >//2@0G>@4! 12P>;>4Af! N2d4@43e! 340P>GY! 0G! 4/G4313>A4!P4@4P!12>/GA!G2!0!A4;2/K!>=123G0/G!;2/;PHA>2/l!,B4!103G>;>10G>2/!30G4!VY!d2=4/!>A!@43Y!P2de! 0/K! P0dA! 0/K! AG30G4J>4A! G2! >/;340A4! F4=0P4! 4=1P2Y=4/G! B0@4! G2! V4! 4FF4;G>@4PY!>=1P4=4/G4K! 0/K! A2;>0P! 103G/43Ao! 0K01G0V>P>GY! G2! ;B0/J4! B0A! G2! V4! >/;340A4Kf! W23!4b0=1P4e!FP4b>VP4!F23=A!2F!4=1P2Y=4/G!0/K!d23Q>/JIG>=4!0330/J4=4/GA!034!132@>K4K!>/!GB4!P0de!VHG!034!@43Y!K>FF>;HPG!G2!011PY!>/!130;G>;4!KH4!G2!G30K4!H/>2/Ao!34A>AG0/;4!0A!0!34AHPG!2F!0!P2/J!B>AG23Y!d>GB!GB4!AG0G4!V4>/J!GB4!=0>/!4=1P2Y43!0/K!d>GB!0!JH030/G44!2F!P>F4IP2/J!4=1P2Y=4/G!4A14;>0PPY!F23!1HVP>;!A4;G23!d23Q43Af!!

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!&^!! W23!4b0=1P4e!G43=A!P>Q4!vK>34;G!K>A;3>=>/0G>2/oe!v>/K>34;G!K>A;3>=>/0G>2/o!0/K!vA4bH0P!B030AA=4/Go!/44K!G2!V4!K4F>/4Kf!

&L!! W23!4b0=1P4e!K>A;3>=>/0G>2/!>A!132B>V>G4K!>/!GB4!;2H3A4!2F!d23Q!0/K!0G!G43=>/0G>2/!2F!4=1P2Y=4/Ge!VHG!/2G!132B>V>G4K!>/!0;;4AA!G2!4=1P2Y=4/G!0/K!>/!0;;4AA!G2!0PP!GY14A!0/K!G2!0PP!P4@4PA!2F!@2;0G>2/0P!JH>K0/;4e!@2;0G>2/0P!G30>/>/J!0/K!34G30>/>/Je!>/;PHK>/J!130;G>;0P!d23Q!4b143>4/;4f!


EU Policy and Legislative Process Update !

)13>P!&((L!r!U;G2V43!&((L!

1. U/! &L! U;G2V43! &((L! GB4! C2==>AA>2/! A4/G! 0! 340A2/4K! 21>/>2/! G2! NH/J03Y! F23!

>/;2334;G!>=1P4=4/G0G>2/!2F!GB4!E034/G0P!740@4!S>34;G>@4!hL#m'?m6Cif!BGG1lmm4;f4H3210f4HmA2;>0Pm=0>/fcA1sP0/J.Kt4/p;0G.Kt^Lp/4dA.Kt#&$pFH3GB43T4dAtY4A!

!2. U/! ^! U;G2V43! &((L! GB4! C2==>AA>2/! A4/G! 340A2/4K! 21>/>2/A! G2! 843=0/Y! 0/K!

E23GHJ0P! G2! FHPPY! >=1P4=4/G!6*! 3HP4A!132B>V>G>/J!K>A;3>=>/0G>2/! >/! 4=1P2Y=4/G!0/K!2;;H10G>2/!2/!GB4!J32H/KA!2F!J4/K43!hS>34;G>@4!&((&m$'m6Cif!a>GB!34J03K!G2!843=0/Ye! GB4! 340A2/4K! 21>/>2/! ;2/;43/A! K>A;3>=>/0G>2/! 2/! GB4! J32H/KA! 2F! A4b!d>GB!34J03K!G2!K>A=>AA0PAf!,B4!340A2/4K!21>/>2/!G2!E23GHJ0P!>/;PHK4A!>AAH4A!AH;B!0A! GB4!3>JBG!2F!0AA2;>0G>2/A! G2!4/J0J4! >/! cHK>;>0P!132;4KH34Ae! GB4!;2=14G4/;4A!2F!GB4!4<H0P>GY!V2KY!0/K!GB4!F0;G!GB0G!;>@>P!A43@0/GA!034!/2G!>/;PHK4K!>/!GB4!A;214!2F!GB4!P4J>AP0G>2/f!,B4!>/F3>/J4=4/G!132;44K>/JA!0J0>/AG!)HAG3>0e!W>/P0/K!0/K!90PG0e!V0A4K!2/!GB4!A0=4!S>34;G>@4e!B0@4!V44/!;P2A4K!V4;0HA4!GB4A4!94=V43!+G0G4A!B0@4!/2d!V32HJBG! GB4>3!/0G>2/0P! P4J>AP0G>2/! >/! P>/4!d>GB! GB4! 34<H>34=4/GA!2F!S>34;G>@4!&((&m$'m6Cf!BGG1lmm4;f4H3210f4HmA2;>0Pm=0>/fcA1sP0/J.Kt4/p;0G.Kt^Lp/4dA.Kt#(LpFH3GB43T4dAtY4A!

!3. U/! '(! :HPY! &((L! GB4! C2==>AA>2/! 0K21G4K! 0! 13212A0P! F23! 0! C2H/;>P! S>34;G>@4!

>=1P4=4/G>/J!GB4!34@>A4K!W30=4d23Q!)J344=4/G!2/!1034/G0P!P40@4!;2/;PHK4K!VY!5*+.T6++6*-UE6e! *6)E96e! C66E! 0/K! 6,*C! 0/K! 34140P>/J! S>34;G>@4!L#m'?m6C!hG4bG!d>GB!66)!34P4@0/;4if!Kd+hBCCnhCjiC'R*%$1'BGG1lmm4H3I!P4bf4H3210f4Hm74b*3>+43@m74b*3>+43@fK2sH3>tCU9l&((Ll(?"(lW.Tl6TlESW!

!4. U/! &$! :HPY! &((L! GB4! C2==>AA>2/! 1HVP>AB4K! 0! 34123G! G2! GB4! C2H/;>P! 0/K! GB4!

6H32140/!E03P>0=4/G!2/! GB4!011P>;0G>2/!2F!S>34;G>@4!&((&m$'m6Cf!./!J4/430P! GB4!C2==>AA>2/! >A! 12A>G>@4! 0V2HG! GB4! 132;4AAe! >=10;G! 0/K! >=1P4=4/G0G>2/! 2F! GB4!S>34;G>@4e!VHG!GB4!34123G!0PA2!K30dA!0GG4/G>2/!G2!GB4!F0;G!GB0G!GB4!C2==>AA>2/!B0A!B0K! G2! G0Q4!0;G>2/!0J0>/AG! A2=4!/0G>2/0P!J2@43/=4/GA! GB0G!B0@4!/2G!Y4G!V32HJBG!GB4>3!P0dA!0/K!132;4KH34A!>/G2!P>/4!d>GB!GB4!S>34;G>@4f!

! BGG1lmm4;f4H3210f4HmA2;>0Pm5P2V+43@P4GsK2;.Kt''(#pP0/J.Kt4/!!5. U/! &%! :H/4! &((L! GB4! 6H32140/! C2==>AA>2/! 34F4334K! 6AG2/>0! G2! GB4! 6H32140/!

C2H3G! 2F! :HAG>;4! F23! /2/IG30/A12A>G>2/! 2F! 6*! 3HP4A! 132B>V>G>/J! J4/K43!K>A;3>=>/0G>2/! >/! 0;;4AA! G2! 0/K! AH11PY! 2F! J22KA! 0/K! A43@>;4A! hS>34;G>@4!&((?m""'m6Cif!,B4!C2==>AA>2/!B0A!A>/;4!d>GBK30d/!GB4!;0A4!0J0>/AG!6AG2/>0f!!BGG1lmm4;f4H3210f4HmA2;>0Pm=0>/fcA1s;0G.Kt?"^pP0/J.Kt4/p/4dA.Kt%'LpFH3GB43T4dAtY4A!

!6. U/!GB4!A0=4!K0Ye!2/!&%!:H/4!&((Le! GB4!C2==>AA>2/!A4/G!0! 340A2/4K!21>/>2/! G2!

70G@>0! 2/! >GA! >=1P4=4/G0G>2/! 2F! 6*! 3HP4A! 132B>V>G>/J! K>A;3>=>/0G>2/! >/!4=1P2Y=4/G!0/K!2;;H10G>2/!2/! GB4!J32H/KA!2F!A4b! h&((&m$'m6Cif! .AAH4A!034! GB4!K4F>/>G>2/! 2F! >/K>34;G! K>A;3>=>/0G>2/! 0/K! GB4! P4@4P! 2F! 132G4;G>2/! 0J0>/AG!K>A;3>=>/0G>2/! >/! GB4! 0340A! 2F! A4PFI4=1P2Y=4/Ge! @2;0G>2/0P! G30>/>/J! 0/K!V4/4F>GA!132@>K4K!F23!VY!23J0/>A0G>2/A!2F!d23Q43A!23!4=1P2Y43Af!BGG1lmm4;f4H3210f4HmA2;>0Pm=0>/fcA1s;0G.Kt?"^pP0/J.Kt4/p/4dA.Kt%'^pFH3GB43T4dAtY4A!


7. )PA2!2/!&%!:H/4!&((L!GB4!C2==>AA>2/!AG03G4K!0!132;4KH34!0J0>/AG!.G0PY!2/!)3G>;P4!&&^!6Ce!V4;0HA4!2F!/2/I;2=1P>0/;4!2F!.G0P>0/!P4J>AP0G>2/!d>GB!GB4!cHKJ=4/G!2F!GB4!C2H3G!2F!:HAG>;4!hCI?#m($if! ./! GB0G! cHKJ=4/Ge! GB4!C2H3G!2F!:HAG>;4!F2H/K!GB0G! GB4!.G0P>0/!;>@>P!A43@>;4!14/A>2/!A;B4=4!d0A!K>A;3>=>/0G23Yf!!

!8. U/!"?!90Y!&((L!GB4!C2==>AA>2/!34F4334K!E2P0/K!G2!GB4!C2H3G!2F!:HAG>;4!F23!/2/I

G30/A12A>G>2/! 2F! 6*! 3HP4A! 132B>V>G>/J! J4/K43! K>A;3>=>/0G>2/! >/! 0;;4AA! G2! 0/K!AH11PY!2F!J22KA!0/K!A43@>;4A!hS>34;G>@4!&((?m""'m6Cif!)PGB2HJB!GB4!C2==>AA>2/!A4/G!0! 340A2/4K!21>/>2/! G2!E2P0/K! >/!:H/4!&((^e!E2P0/K!B0A!/2G!Y4G!0K21G4K! GB4!/4;4AA03Y!=40AH34A!G2!J>@4!4FF4;G!G2!GB4!S>34;G>@4!>/!/0G>2/0P!P0df!BGG1lmm4H3210f4Hm301>Km134AA-4P40A4A);G>2/fK2s34F434/;4t.Em(Lm$^%pF23=0GtN,97p0J4Kt(pP0/JH0J4t6TpJH>70/JH0J4t4/!

!


European Court of Justice Case Law Update !

)13>P!&((L!r!U;G2V43!&((L!!

Case C-63/08, 29 October 2009 Virginie Pontin v T-Comalux SA K-"%H*1'T*)&H<*8&'nBhDgh99K'-R'in'dH<-?&)'innB'-%'<3&'*%<)-,"H<*-%'-R'2&$#")&#'<-'&%H-")$F&' *2;)-8&2&%<#' *%' <3&' #$R&<>' $%,' 3&$1<3' $<'@-)7' -R' ;)&F%$%<'@-)7&)#' $%,'@-)7&)#'@3-'3$8&')&H&%<1>'F*8&%'?*)<3'-)'$)&'?)&$#<R&&,*%F''K-"%H*1' T*)&H<*8&' ophBCoh99K' -R' n' ]&?)"$)>' inop' -%' <3&' *2;1&2&%<$<*-%' -R' <3&';)*%H*;1&' -R' &="$1' <)&$<2&%<' R-)'2&%'$%,'@-2&%'$#' )&F$),#' $HH&##' <-' &2;1->2&%<I'8-H$<*-%$1'<)$*%*%F'$%,';)-2-<*-%I'$%,'@-)7*%F'H-%,*<*-%#''Facts 9A!E2/G>/!d23Q4K!0A! A4;34G03Y! F23!,ICU9)7*`!F32=!T2@4=V43!&((%f!+B4!B0K!0!143=0/4/G! 0112>/G=4/Gf! ./! :0/H03Y! &(($e! E2/G>/! d0A! K>A=>AA4K! d>GB2HG! 0/Y!/2G>F>;0G>2/!2F!340A2/Ae!dB4/!AB4!d0A!2/!P40@4!F23!340A2/A!2F!>/;010;>GY!F23!d23Qf!./!0!/2G>;4! K0G4K! A4@430P! K0YA! P0G43e! GB4! ;2=10/Y!V0A4K! GB4! K>A=>AA0P! 2F! E2/G>/! 2/! /2/I;2=1P>0/;4!d>GB!GB4!4b>AG>/J!132;4KH34A!34J03K>/J!K>A0V>P>GY!P40@4f!+4@430P!K0YA!P0G43e!E2/G>/!AHV=>GG4K!0!=4K>;0P!;43G>F>;0G4!AG0G>/J! GB0G! AB4!d0A!134J/0/G!0/K!03JH4K! GB0G!GB4!K>A=>AA0P!d0A!>/@0P>Kf!);;23K>/J!G2!GB4!7Hb4=V2H3J!C2K4!KH!,30@0>Pe!0!d2=0/!;0/! 132@4! B43! 134J/0/;Y! VY! AHV=>GG>/J! 0! =4K>;0P! ;43G>F>;0G4! d>GB>/! ^! K0YA! 0FG43! 0!/2G>;4!2F!K>A=>AA0Pf!a>GB>/!"%!K0YAe!GB4!d2=0/!;0/!011PY!G2!GB4!,3>VH/0P!KH!,30@0>P!d>GB!0!34<H4AG!G2!K4;P034!GB4!K>A=>AA0P!@2>K!V4;0HA4!2F!134J/0/;Yf!! ,B4! ,3>VH/0P! 0AQA! GB4! C2H3G! 2F! :HAG>;4! >F! GB2A4! 143>2KA! 034! ;2=10G>VP4! d>GB!S>34;G>@4! L&m^%m66C! 0/K! S>34;G>@4! $#m&($m66Cf! 92342@43e! d2=4/! dB2! 034!K>A=>AA4K! KH3>/J! 134J/0/;Y! 034! /2G! 0VP4! G2! ;P0>=! ;2=14/A0G>2/e! dB4340A! H/P0dFHP!K>A=>AA0PA! 2/! 2GB43! J32H/KA! K2! B0@4! AH;B! 0! 3>JBGf! ,B4! 34F433>/J! G3>VH/0P! 0AQ4K! GB4!C2H3G! 2F! :HAG>;4! dB4GB43! GB>A! P4J0P! 132@>A>2/! >A! >/! ;2=1P>0/;4! d>GB! S>34;G>@4!$#m&($m66Cf!!Judgment of the Court of Justice "f! )3G>;P4A!"(!0/K!"&!2F!S>34;G>@4!L&m^%m66C!=HAG!V4!>/G43134G4K!0A!/2G!134;PHK>/J!

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&f! )3G>;P4! &e! >/! ;2/cH/;G>2/! d>GB! )3G>;P4! 'e! 2F! S>34;G>@4! $#m&($m66C! =HAG! V4!>/G43134G4K!0A!134;PHK>/J!P4J>AP0G>2/!2F!0!94=V43!+G0G4e!AH;B!0A!GB0G!>/G32KH;4K!VY!)3G>;P4! 7f! ''$I"h"i! 2F! GB4! 7Hb4=V2H3J! 70V2H3! C2K4e! dB>;B! >A! A14;>F>;! G2! GB4!132G4;G>2/! 132@>K4K! F23! >/! )3G>;P4! "(! 2F! S>34;G>@4! L&m^%! >/! GB4! 4@4/G! 2F! GB4!K>A=>AA0P!2F!0!134J/0/G!d23Q43e!23!2F!0!d23Q43!dB2!B0A!34;4/GPY!J>@4/!V>3GB!23!>A!V340AGF44K>/Je! 0/K! dB>;B! K4/>4A! 0! 134J/0/G! 4=1P2Y44! dB2! B0A! V44/! K>A=>AA4K!


KH3>/J!B43!134J/0/;Y!GB4!21G>2/!G2!V3>/J!0/!0;G>2/!F23!K0=0J4A!dB4340A!AH;B!0/!0;G>2/!>A!0@0>P0VP4!G2!0/Y!2GB43!4=1P2Y44!dB2!B0A!V44/!K>A=>AA4Ke!dB434!AH;B!0!P>=>G0G>2/!2/!34=4K>4A!;2/AG>GHG4A!P4AA!F0@2H30VP4!G340G=4/G!2F!0!d2=0/!34P0G4K!G2!134J/0/;Yf!,B0G!d2HPK!V4!GB4!;0A4!>/!103G>;HP03!>F!GB4!132;4KH30P!3HP4A!34P0G>/J!G2!GB4!2/PY!0;G>2/!0@0>P0VP4!>/!GB4!;0A4!2F!K>A=>AA0P!2F!AH;B!d23Q43A!K2!/2G!;2=1PY!d>GB! GB4!13>/;>1P4!2F!4FF4;G>@4! cHK>;>0P!132G4;G>2/!2F!0/! >/K>@>KH0PoA! 3>JBGA!H/K43!C2==H/>GY!P0de!0!=0GG43!dB>;B!>A!F23!GB4!34F433>/J!;2H3G!G2!K4G43=>/4f!

Case C-116/08, 22 October 2009 C. Meerts v Proost NV (not available in English) K-"%H*1'T*)&H<*8&'nphqjh9K'-R'q'Z"%&'innp'-%'<3&'R)$2&@-)7'$F)&&2&%<'-%';$)&%<$1'1&$8&'H-%H1",&,'?>'J4VK9I'K990'$%,'<3&'9UJK' Facts ./! GB>A! ;0A4! GB4! >/G43134G0G>2/! 2F!S>34;G>@4! L#m'?m6C! >/! 0! F30=4d23Q! 0J344=4/G! 2/!1034/G0P! P40@4! d0A! 0G! >AAH4f! 9A! 9443GA! d23Q4K! F23! GB4! ;2=10/Y! E322AG! T]f! +B4!34KH;4K!B43!d23Q>/J! G>=4! F23!1034/G0P! P40@4! F32=!"^!T2@4=V43!&(((!H/G>P!"$!90Y!&(('f! :HAG!V4F234! GB4!4/K!2F! GB4!1034/G0P! P40@4! >/!90Y!&(('e!9443GA!d0A!K>A=>AA4K!V4;0HA4!2F!4;2/2=>;!;2/A>K430G>2/Af!,B4!0=2H/G!2F!;2=14/A0G>2/! F23!B43!K>A=>AA0P!d0A!;0P;HP0G4K!V0A4K!2/!103GIG>=4!d23Qe!>/AG40K!2F!FHPPIG>=4!d23Q!KH3>/J!GB4!143>2K!2F!1034/G0P!P40@4f!,B4!<H4AG>2/!d0A!dB4GB43!GB>A!;0P;HP0G>2/!d0A!>/!;2=1P>0/;4!d>GB!GB4!F30=4d23Q! 0J344=4/Gf! ,B4! )K@2;0G4I84/430Pe! >/! B43! 21>/>2/! 2F! "?! 90Y! &((Le!0K@>A4K!GB4!C2H3G!2F!:HAG>;4!G2!K4;P034!GB0G!)3G>;P4!&h#i!2F!GB4!S>34;G>@4!34<H>34A!GB0G!GB4!;0P;HP0G>2/!2F!GB4!;2=14/A0G>2/!F23!K>A=>AA0Pe!d>GB2HG!H3J4/G!340A2/A!0/K!d>GB2HG!G0Q>/J!>/G2!0;;2H/G!0!143>2K!2F!/2G>;4e!>A!V0A4K!2/!GB4!A0P03Y!0A!>F!GB4!4=1P2Y44!K>K!/2G!G0Q4!1034/G0P!P40@4f!! Judgment of the Court of Justice ,B4! C2H3G! 2F! :HAG>;4! 011P>4K! CP0HA4! &h#i! 2F! GB4! F30=4d23Q! 0J344=4/Ge! dB>;B!;2/AG>GHG4A!GB4!3>JBG!G2!=0>/G4/0/;4!2F!0;<H>34K!3>JBGA!2/!GB4!K0G4!2/!dB>;B!1034/G0P!P40@4!AG03GA!H/G>P!GB4!4/K!2F!1034/G0P!P40@4f!,B4!54PJ>0/!82@43/=4/G!;P0>=4K!GB0G!GB4!;0P;HP0G>2/!>A!cHAG>F>4Ke!A>/;4!GB434!d2HPK!V4!K>A;3>=>/0G>2/!>F!Gd2!d23Q43A!4=1P2Y4K!2/!0!FHPPIG>=4!V0A>Ae!2/4!2/!103GIG>=4!1034/G0P!P40@4!0/K!GB4!2GB43!d23Q>/J!FHPPIG>=4e!d434!4/G>GP4K!>/!GB4!4@4/G!2F!K>A=>AA0P!G2!34;4>@4!4<H>@0P4/G!;2=14/A0G>2/e!A>/;4!Gd2!K>FF434/G! A>GH0G>2/A!d2HPK!V4! G340G4K! >/! GB4! A0=4!d0Yf!,B4!C2H3G! 2F! :HAG>;4! K>K! /2G!0;;41G! GB>A! 340A2/>/J!0/K!K4;P034K! GB0G!dB434! 0/! 4=1P2Y43!H/>P0G430PPY! G43=>/0G4A! 0!d23Q43oA! FHPPIG>=4!4=1P2Y=4/G!;2/G30;G!2F! >/K4F>/>G4!KH30G>2/e!d>GB2HG!H3J4/G! ;0HA4!23!d>GB2HG!2VA43@>/J!GB4!AG0GHG23Y!143>2K!2F!/2G>;4e!dB>PAG!GB4!d23Q43!>A!2/!103GIG>=4!1034/G0P! P40@4e! CP0HA4A! &h#i! 0/K! &h$i! 2F! GB4! F30=4d23Q! 0J344=4/G! 134;PHK4! GB4!;2=14/A0G>2/! G2! V4! 10>K! G2! GB4! d23Q43! F32=! V4>/J! K4G43=>/4K! 2/! GB4! V0A>A! 2F! GB4!34KH;4K!A0P03Y!V4>/J!34;4>@4K!dB4/!GB4!K>A=>AA0P!G0Q4A!1P0;4f!!Case C-537/07, 16 July 2009 Evangelina Gómez-Limón Sánchez-Camacho v Instituto Nacional de la Seguridad Social (INSS), Tesorería General de la Seguridad Social (TGSS) and Alcampo SA K-"%H*1'T*)&H<*8&'nphqjh9K'-R'q'Z"%&'innp'-%'<3&'R)$2&@-)7'$F)&&2&%<'-%';$)&%<$1'1&$8&'H-%H1",&,'?>'J4VK9I'K990'$%,'<3&'9UJK'


Facts ./! GB>A! ;0A4! GB4!;0P;HP0G>2/!2F! >/@0P>K>GY!14/A>2/!2F!9A!8\=4ZI7>=\/!d0A!0G! >AAH4f!);;23K>/J!G2!+10/>AB!P0d!0!143A2/!d>GB!P4J0P!;HAG2KY!0/K!GB4!;034!F23!0!;B>PK!H/K43!#!Y403A! 2PK! =0Y! 34KH;4! B>A! 23! B43! d23Q>/J! K0YA! d>GB! 0! 132123G>2/0G4! 34KH;G>2/! 2F!A0P03Yf!9A!8\=4ZI7>=\/!HA4K!GB0G!12AA>V>P>GY!0/K!34KH;4K!B43!d23Q>/J!K0YA!>/!23K43!G2!G0Q4!;034!2F!B43!;B>PKf!N43!14/A>2/!d0A!;0P;HP0G4K!2/!GB4!A0P03Y!4FF4;G>@4PY!34;4>@4K!0/K!GB4!;2/G3>VHG>2/A!4FF4;G>@4PY!10>K!KH3>/J!B43!143>2K!2F!1034/G0P!P40@4e!30GB43!GB0/!GB4!A0P03Y!0/K!;2/G3>VHG>2/A! GB0G!d2HPK!B0@4!;2334A12/K4K! G2!FHPPIG>=4!4=1P2Y=4/Gf!+B4! 03JH4K! V4F234! GB4! /0G>2/0P! ;2H3G! GB0G! GB4! ;0P;HP0G>2/! 011P>4K! G2! B43! >/! 130;G>;4!/4J0G4A! GB4! 4FF4;G>@4/4AA! 2F! 0!=40AH34! >/G4/K4K! G2! 132=2G4! 4<H0P>GY! V4F234! GB4! P0d!0/K! G2! 4P>=>/0G4! K>A;3>=>/0G>2/! 2/! J32H/KA! 2F! A4bf! ,B4! +10/>AB! G3>VH/0P! 0AQ4K! GB4!C2H3G! 2F! :HAG>;4! F>@4! <H4AG>2/A! 2/! GB4! ;2=10G>V>P>GY! 2F! GB>A! ;0P;HP0G>2/! d>GB!C2==H/>GY!P0df"! Judgment of the Court of Justice ,B4!C2H3G!2F!:HAG>;4!;2/;PHK4K!GB0Gl!"f! CP0HA4!&h#i!2F!GB4!F30=4d23Q!0J344=4/G!2/!1034/G0P!P40@4!h�i!;0/!V4!34P>4K!2/!

VY!>/K>@>KH0PA!V4F234!0!/0G>2/0P!;2H3Gf!&f! CP0HA4A! &h#i! 0/K! &hî! 2F! GB4! F30=4d23Q! 0J344=4/G! 2/! 1034/G0P! P40@4! K2! /2G!

134;PHK4! GB4! G0Q>/J! >/G2!0;;2H/Ge! >/! GB4!;0P;HP0G>2/!2F!0/!4=1P2Y44oA!143=0/4/G!>/@0P>K>GY! 14/A>2/e! 2F! GB4! F0;G! GB0G! B4! B0A! G0Q4/! 0! 143>2K! 2F! 103GIG>=4! 1034/G0P!P40@4! KH3>/J!dB>;B!B4!=0K4! ;2/G3>VHG>2/A! 0/K! 0;<H>34K!14/A>2/! 4/G>GP4=4/GA! >/!132123G>2/!G2!GB4!A0P03Y!34;4>@4Kf!!

'f! CP0HA4! &hî! 2F! GB4! F30=4d23Q! 0J344=4/G! 2/! 1034/G0P! P40@4! K24A! /2G! >=12A4!2VP>J0G>2/A!2/!GB4!94=V43!+G0G4Ae!0103G!F32=!GB0G!2F!4b0=>/>/J!0/K!K4G43=>/>/J!A2;>0P!A4;H3>GY!<H4AG>2/A!34P0G4K!G2!GB0G!F30=4d23Q!0J344=4/G!>/!0;;23K0/;4!d>GB!/0G>2/0P! P4J>AP0G>2/f! ./!103G>;HP03e! >G! K24A!/2G! 34<H>34! GB4=! G2! 4/AH34! GB0G!KH3>/J!1034/G0P!P40@4!4=1P2Y44A!;2/G>/H4!G2!34;4>@4!A2;>0P!A4;H3>GY!V4/4F>GAf!CP0HA4!&hî!GB4342F!;0//2G!V4!34P>4K!2/!VY! >/K>@>KH0PA!V4F234!0!/0G>2/0P!;2H3G!0J0>/AG!1HVP>;!0HGB23>G>4Af!!

?f! ,B4! 13>/;>1P4! 2F! 4<H0P! G340G=4/G! F23! =4/! 0/K! d2=4/! 0/Ke! >/! 103G>;HP03e! GB4!13>/;>1P4! 2F! 4<H0P! G340G=4/G! F23! =4/! 0/K! d2=4/! >/! =0GG43A! 2F! A2;>0P! A4;H3>GYe!d>GB>/!GB4!=40/>/J!2F!C2H/;>P!S>34;G>@4!$Lm$m66C!2F!"L!S4;4=V43!"L$^!2/!GB4!132J34AA>@4! >=1P4=4/G0G>2/! 2F! GB4! 13>/;>1P4! 2F! 4<H0P! G340G=4/G! F23! =4/! 0/K!d2=4/!>/!=0GG43A!2F!A2;>0P!A4;H3>GYe!K24A!/2G!134;PHK4!0/!4=1P2Y44e!KH3>/J!103GIG>=4!1034/G0P!P40@4e!F32=!0;<H>3>/J!4/G>GP4=4/GA!G2!0!143=0/4/G!>/@0P>K>GY!14/A>2/!0;;23K>/J!G2!GB4!G>=4!d23Q4K!0/K!GB4!A0P03Y!34;4>@4K!0/K!/2G!0A!>F!B4!B0K!d23Q4K!2/!0!FHPPIG>=4!V0A>Af!

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!"!! ,B4!34F4334K!<H4AG>2/A!0/K!GB4!21>/>2/!2F!)K@2;0G4IJ4/430P!+B031AG2/!d434!34123G4K!>/!9")-;&$%'E&%,&)'9="$1*<>'W$@'.&8*&@!"m&((ê!1f!?(!0/K!>/!9")-;&$%'E&%,&)'9="$1*<>'W$@'.&8*&@'"m&((Le!1f!&Lf!!


OPINIONS OF ADVOCATE-GENERALS Case C-194/08 Opinion of Advocate-General P. Maduro of 3 September 2009 Susanne Gassmayr v Bundesministerin für Wissenschaft und Forschung T*)&H<*8&'nBhDgh99K'-%'<3&'*%<)-,"H<*-%'-R'2&$#")&#'<-'&%H-")$F&'*2;)-8&2&%<#'*%'<3&' #$R&<>' $%,' 3&$1<3' $<' @-)7' -R' ;)&F%$%<' @-)7&)#' $%,'@-)7&)#' @3-' 3$8&' )&H&%<1>'F*8&%'?*)<3'-)'$)&'?)&$#<R&&,*%F'!+HA0//4! 80AA=0Y3! >A! 0! cH/>23! K2;G23! 0/K! d23Q4K! 0G! GB4! 0/04AGB4A>0! ;P>/>;! 2F! GB4!*/>@43A>GY! 2F!830Zf! ./! GB4!d23Q>/J! ;2/K>G>2/A! 0! A2I;0PP4K!2/I;0PP! KHGY! 0PP2d0/;4! >A!10>K!dB4/!4=1P2Y43A!B0@4!G2!V4!2/!KHGY!2HGA>K4!GB4!/23=0P!d23Q>/J!B2H3Af!80AA=0Y3!AG2114K!d23Q>/J! F23! 340A2/A! 34P0G4K! G2! B43! 134J/0/;Yf! ./!)HAG3>0! 134J/0/G!d23Q43A!;0/! G0Q4! 0! P40@4! >F! GB4Y!B0@4!0!=4K>;0P! AG0G4=4/G!K4;P03>/J! GB0G! GB4>3!23! GB4!;B>PKoA!B40PGB!34<H>34A!AH;B!0!P40@4f!,B4!*/>@43A>GY!34FHA4K!G2!10Y!B43!0PP2d0/;4A!F23!0@430J4!2/I;0PP!KHG>4A!F23!GB4!143>2K!GB0G!AB4!K>K!/2G!d23Qf!+>/;4!AB4!B0K!/2G!143F23=4K!AH;B!KHG>4Ae! AB4!d0A!/2G!4/G>GP4K! G2! AH;B!0PP2d0/;4!0;;23K>/J! G2! GB4!W4K430P!9>/>AG43! F23!6KH;0G>2/e!+;>4/;4!0/K!CHPGH34f!80AA=0Y3!;B0PP4/J4K!GB4!9>/>AG43oA!K4;>A>2/!V4F234!GB4!m&)@$1<"%F#F&)*H3<#3-Re!dB>;B!34F4334K!GB4!;0A4!G2!GB4!C2H3G!2F!:HAG>;4f !! ,B4!)K@2;0G4I84/430P!0K@>A4A!GB4!C2H3G!2F!:HAG>;4!G2!0/Ad43!GB4!34F433>/J!;2H3Ge!GB4!m&)@$1<"%F#F&)*H3<#3-Rl!r! )3G>;P4!""h"ie! h&i!0/K! h'i!2F!C2H/;>P!S>34;G>@4!L&m^%m66C!h�i!B0A!K>34;G!4FF4;G!

0/K!;0/!V4!34P>4K!H12/!VY!>/K>@>KH0PA!>/!K2=4AG>;!132;44K>/JAk!r! )3G>;P4! ""h"ie! h&i! 0/K! h'i! 2F! S>34;G>@4! L&m^%! K24A! /2G! 134;PHK4! 0! 132@>A>2/! 2F!

/0G>2/0P! P0d! 0;;23K>/J! G2! dB>;B! 0/! 4=1P2Y43!=0Y! 34FHA4! G2! 10Y! G2! 0! 134J/0/G!4=1P2Y44!0!A14;>0P!0PP2d0/;4e!AH;B!0A!GB4!2/I;0PP!KHGY!0PP2d0/;4!0G!>AAH4!>/!GB4!=0>/!132;44K>/JAe!dB>;B!>A!K>34;GPY!P>/Q4K!G2!GB4!143F23=0/;4!2F!A14;>F>;!KHG>4Ae!>F! GB4! 4=1P2Y44! ;2/;43/4K! B0A! 143F23=4K! /2! AH;B! KHG>4A! V4;0HA4! AB4! d0A! 2/!=0G43/>GY!P40@4!23!d0A!134@4/G4K!F32=!d23Q>/J!KH4!G2!340A2/A!;2//4;G4K!G2!B43!B40PGB!23!GB4!B40PGB!2F!GB4!;B>PKf!.G!>A!F23!GB4!/0G>2/0P!;2H3G!G2!0AA4AA!GB4!/0GH34!2F!103G>;HP03!0PP2d0/;4A!0/K!0A;43G0>/!GB0G!GB4!>/;2=4!2F!GB4!134J/0/G!4=1P2Y44!>A!0G!P40AG!4<H>@0P4/G!G2!GB4!>/;2=4!GB0G!/0G>2/0P!P0d!JH030/G44A!G2!4=1P2Y44A!dB2!034!0d0Y!F32=!GB4>3!d23Q!F23!340A2/A!;2//4;G4K!d>GB!GB4>3!AG0G4!2F!B40PGBf!

PENDING CASES BEFORE THE EUROPEAN COURT OF JUSTICE Case C-186/09 Commission of the European Communities v United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, 26 May 2009 OJ C 180 of 1 August 2009, p. 33 T*)&H<*8&' BCCjhiiqh9K' -R' iq' T&H&2?&)' BCCj' *2;1&2&%<*%F' <3&' ;)*%H*;1&' -R' &="$1'<)&$<2&%<'?&<@&&%'2&%'$%,'@-2&%'*%'<3&'$HH&##'<-'$%,'#";;1>'-R'F--,#'$%,'#&)8*H&#''Claim of Commission of the European Communities r!! S4;P034! GB0G! VY! F0>P>/J! G2! 0K21G! GB4! P0dAe! 34JHP0G>2/A! 0/K! 0K=>/>AG30G>@4!

132@>A>2/A! /4;4AA03Y! G2! ;2=1PY! d>GB! C2H/;>P! S>34;G>@4! &((?m""'m6C! 2F!"'!S4;4=V43! &((?! >=1P4=4/G>/J! GB4! 13>/;>1P4! 2F! 4<H0P! G340G=4/G! V4Gd44/!=4/!0/K!d2=4/!>/!GB4!0;;4AA!G2!0/K!AH11PY!2F!J22KA!0/K!A43@>;4Ae!23!>/!0/Y!4@4/Ge!VY!


F0>P>/J! G2! ;2==H/>;0G4! GB4=! G2! GB4!C2==>AA>2/e! GB4!*/>G4K!O>/JK2=!2F!8340G!53>G0>/!0/K!T23GB43/!.34P0/K!B0A!F0>P4K!G2!FHPF>P!>GA!2VP>J0G>2/A!H/K43!GB4!S>34;G>@4k!

r! U3K43!GB4!*/>G4K!O>/JK2=!2F!8340G!53>G0>/!0/K!T23GB43/!.34P0/K!G2!10Y!GB4!;2AGAf! Plea in law and main argument!,B4!143>2K!d>GB>/!dB>;B!GB4!S>34;G>@4!B0K!G2!V4!G30/A12A4K!4b1>34K!2/!&"!S4;4=V43!&(($f!!Case C-236/09 Reference for a preliminary ruling from the Cour constitutionnelle (Belgium) lodged on 29 June 2009, Association Belge des Consommateurs Test-Achats ASBL, Yann van Vugt, Charles Basselier v Conseil des ministres, OJ C 205 of 29 August 2009, p. 28 T*)&H<*8&' BCCjhiiqh9K' *2;1&2&%<*%F' <3&' ;)*%H*;1&' -R' &="$1' <)&$<2&%<' ?&<@&&%'2&%'$%,'@-2&%'*%'<3&'$HH&##'<-'$%,'#";;1>'-R'F--,#'$%,'#&)8*H&# Questions referred by the Cour constitutionnelle: "f .A!)3G>;P4!%h&i!2F!C2H/;>P!S>34;G>@4!&((?m""'m6C!;2=10G>VP4!d>GB!)3G>;P4!#h&i!2F!

GB4! ,340GY! 2/! GB4! 6H32140/!*/>2/e! 0/K!=234! A14;>F>;0PPY!d>GB! GB4! 13>/;>1P4! 2F!4<H0P>GY!0/K!/2/IK>A;3>=>/0G>2/!JH030/G44K!VY!GB0G!132@>A>2/s!

&f .F!GB4!0/Ad43!G2!GB4!F>3AG!<H4AG>2/!>A!/4J0G>@4e!>A!)3G>;P4!%h&i!2F!GB4!S>34;G>@4!0PA2!>/;2=10G>VP4! d>GB! )3G>;P4! #h&i! 2F! GB4! ,340GY! 2/! GB4! 6H32140/! */>2/! >F! >GA!011P>;0G>2/!>A!34AG3>;G4K!G2!P>F4I0AAH30/;4!;2/G30;GAs!

Case C-104/09 Reference for a preliminary ruling from the Tribunal Superior de Justicia de Galicia (Spain) lodged on 19 March 2009, Pedro Manuel Roca Álvarez v Sesa Start España ETT SA, OJ C 141 of 20 June 2009, p. 22 T*)&H<*8&'ophBCoh99K'-%' <3&' *2;1&2&%<$<*-%'-R' <3&';)*%H*;1&'-R'&="$1' <)&$<2&%<' R-)'2&%'$%,'@-2&%'$#')&F$),#'$HH&##'<-'&2;1->2&%<I'8-H$<*-%$1'<)$*%*%F'$%,';)-2-<*-%I'$%,'@-)7*%F'H-%,*<*-%#''Questions referred by the Tribunal Superior de Justicia de Galicia S24A! 0! /0G>2/0P! P0d! hA14;>F>;0PPYe! )3G>;P4! '$f?! 2F! GB4! a23Q43A|! +G0GHG4i! dB>;B!34;2J/>A4A!2/PY!4=1P2Y4K!=2GB43Ae!VHG!/2G!4=1P2Y4K!F0GB43Ae!0A!B2PK43A!2F!GB4!3>JBG!G2!10>K!P40@4!>/!34A14;G!2F!GB4!F44K>/J!2F!0/!H/d40/4K!;B>PK!I!P40@4!dB>;B!;2/A>AGA!2F!0!B0PFIB2H3! 34KH;G>2/! >/! GB4!d23Q>/J!K0Y!23!0/!B2H3! G0Q4/!2FF! F32=!d23Q! GB0G!=0Y!V4!K>@>K4K!>/G2!Gd2!103GAe!dB>;B!>A!@2PH/G03Ye!10>K!F23!VY!GB4!4=1P2Y43!0/K!=0Y!V4!G0Q4/!H/G>P! GB4! ;B>PK! >A! />/4!=2/GBA!2PK! I! >/F3>/J4! GB4!13>/;>1P4! 2F! 4<H0P! G340G=4/Ge!dB>;B!132B>V>GA! K>A;3>=>/0G>2/! 2/! J32H/KA! 2F! A4be! 0/K! >A! 34;2J/>A4K! >/! )3G>;P4! "'! 2F! GB4!,340GYe! >/!C2H/;>P!S>34;G>@4!$#m&($m66C!2F!L!W4V3H03Y!"L$#!2/!GB4!>=1P4=4/G0G>2/!2F! GB4! 13>/;>1P4! 2F! 4<H0P! G340G=4/G! F23! =4/! 0/K! d2=4/! 0A! 34J03KA! 0;;4AA! G2!4=1P2Y=4/Ge! @2;0G>2/0P! G30>/>/J! 0/K! 132=2G>2/e! 0/K! d23Q>/J! ;2/K>G>2/Ae! 0/K! >/!S>34;G>@4!&((&m$'!0=4/K>/J!GB0G!S>34;G>@4s!


European Court of Human Rights Case Law Update '

)13>P!&((L!r!U;G2V43!&((L !!Case of Opuz v Turkey of 9 June 2009 !,B4! 011P>;0/G! d0A! =033>4K! G2! NfUf! 0/K! GB4Y! B0K! GB344! ;B>PK34/! G2J4GB43f! 54Gd44/!"LL%!0/K!&(("!NfUf!HA4K!@>2P4/;4!0J0>/AG!GB4!011P>;0/G!0/K!B43!=2GB43!A4@430P!G>=4Ae!dB>;B! 34AHPG4K! >/!@03>2HA! A43>2HA! >/cH3>4Af! ./!2/4!2F! GB4! >/;>K4/GAe!NfUf! AG0VV4K! GB4!011P>;0/G!A4@430P!G>=4A!d>GB!0!Q/>F4f!)/2GB43!G>=4!B4!K32@4!B>A!;03!>/G2!GB4!011P>;0/G!0/K!B43!=2GB43f!)FG43!GB>Ae!NfUf!AG0G4K!V4F234!GB4!12P>;4!GB0G!GB>A!d0A!cHAG!0/!0;;>K4/Ge!V4;0HA4! B4! d0/G4K! G2! J>@4! GB4=! 0! P>FGe! 0/K! GB4! 011P>;0/G! 0/K! B43! =2GB43! GB34d!GB4=A4P@4A! >/! F32/G!2F! GB4!;03f!,B4!=2GB43!2F! GB4!011P>;0/G! AHFF434K! P>F4IGB340G4/>/J!>/cH3>4A!F32=!GB>A!>/;>K4/Gf!SH3>/J!GB4!143>2K!>/!dB>;B!GB4A4!>/;>K4/GA!G22Q!1P0;4e!GB4!1HVP>;!132A4;HG23!F>P4K!=HPG>1P4!>/K>;G=4/GA!0J0>/AG!NfUfe!VHG!GB4!90J>AG30G4oA!C2H3G!K>A;2/G>/H4K! GB4! 0AA0HPG! ;0A4e! V4;0HA4! GB4! 011P>;0/G! 0/K! B43!=2GB43!d>GBK34d! GB4>3!;2=1P0>/GAf! ./! 0/2GB43! >/;>K4/Ge! GB4! 1HVP>;! 132A4;HG23! K>K! /2G! >/>G>0G4! ;3>=>/0P!132;44K>/JA! 0J0>/AG!NfUfe! V4;0HA4! 2F! 0! P0;Q!2F! 4@>K4/;4f!+>/;4!U;G2V43! &(("e! 0FG43!NfU!B0K!AG0VV4K!B43e!GB4!011P>;0/G!P>@4K!d>GB!B43!=2GB43f!,B4!=2GB43!2F!GB4!011P>;0/G!134A4/G4K! A4@430P! 14G>G>2/A! G2! GB4! 132A4;HG23oA! 2FF>;4! ;P0>=>/J! GB0G! NfUf! d0A!GB340G4/>/J!G2!Q>PP!B43f!aB4/!GB4!=2GB43!d4/G! G2!J4G! GB4!011P>;0/GoA!FH3/>GH34!d>GB!0!G30/A123G!;2=10/Y!>/!903;B!&((&e!NfUf!AH313>A4K!GB4!K3>@43!0/K!AB2G!GB4!=2GB43e!dB2!K>4K! >/AG0/GPYf!NfUf!d0A! F>/0PPY! ;2/@>;G4K!2F!=H3K43! 2F! GB4!=2GB43! 2F! GB4! 011P>;0/G!0/K!d0A!A4/G4/;4K!G2!P>F4IG>=4!>=13>A2/=4/Ge!dB>;B!d0A!P0G43!;B0/J4K!>/G2!"%!Y403A!0/K!"(!=2/GBA!0/K!0!F>/4e!V4;0HA4!2F!B>A!J22K!;2/KH;G!KH3>/J!GB4!G3>0P!0/K!V4;0HA4!B4!B0K! K4;P034K! GB0G! GB4!=H3K43!d0A! GB4! 34AHPG! 2F! 132@2;0G>2/! VY! GB4!=2GB43! 0/K!d0A!/4;4AA03Y!G2!K4F4/K!B>A!B2/2H3f!./!@>4d!2F!GB4!134IG3>0P!K4G4/G>2/!0/K!GB4!F0;G!GB0G!GB4!cHKJ=4/G!d2HPK!V4!4b0=>/4K!2/!01140Pe!GB4!C2H3G!23K434K!GB4!34P40A4!2F!NfUf!)FG43!B>A!34P40A4!NfUf!G3>4K!G2!F>/K!2HG!GB4!dB4340V2HGA!2F!GB4!011P>;0/Gf!+B4!GB434F234!F>P4K!0!;2=1P0>/G!d>GB!GB4!132A4;HG23Ao!2FF>;4!GB0G!B43!P>F4!d0A!>/!K0/J43e!0/K!AB4!0AQ4K!GB4!0HGB23>G>4A! G2! G0Q4!=40AH34A! G2!132G4;G!B43! F32=!NfUf!+B4!0PA2! 34140G4K! GB0G! 34<H4AG!V4F234! GB4! C2H3Gf! ./! GB4! 4/Ke! GB4! 0HGB23>G>4A! >/F23=4K! GB4! C2H3G! GB0G! 132G4;G>@4!=40AH34A!B0K!V44/!G0Q4/f!!! ,B4! 011P>;0/G! ;P0>=4K! V4F234! GB4! 6H32140/! C2H3G! 2F! NH=0/! ->JBGA! GB0G! GB4!,H3Q>AB! 82@43/=4/G! 0/K! GB4! AG0G4! 0HGB23>G>4A! F0>P4K! G2! 132G4;G! B43! 0/K! B43! =2GB43!F32=!K2=4AG>;!@>2P4/;4f!,B4!6CN-!F2H/K! GB0G! GB4!,H3Q>AB!82@43/=4/G!B0K! >/K44K!F0>P4K!G2!132G4;G!GB4!011P>;0/G!0/K!;2/;PHK4K!GB0G!)3G>;P4!&!h3>JBG!G2!P>F4i!0/K!)3G>;P4!'!h132B>V>G>2/! 2F! G23GH34! 0/K! 2F! >/BH=0/! 0/K! K4J30K>/J! G340G=4/Gi! 2F! GB4!C2/@4/G>2/!B0K!V44/!@>2P0G4Kf!92342@43!GB4!6CN-!;2/;PHK4K!GB0G!GB434!B0K!V44/!0!@>2P0G>2/!2F!)3G>;P4!"?!h132B>V>G>2/!2F!K>A;3>=>/0G>2/i!340K!>/!;2/cH/;G>2/!d>GB!)3G>;P4!&!hGB4!3>JBG!G2!P>F4i!0/K!'!h132B>V>G>2/!2F!G23GH34!0/K!2F!>/BH=0/!0/K!K4J30K>/J!G340G=4/Gi!2F!GB4!C2/@4/G>2/f! ,B4! C2H3G! 34F4334K! G2! >/AG3H=4/GA! 0/K! 13>/;>1P4A! 2F! >/G43/0G>2/0P! P0d!0;;41G4K!VY! GB4! @0AG!=0c23>GY! 2F!+G0G4Ae! 0/K! AG0G4K! GB0G! GB4!+G0G4oA! F0>PH34!r! 4@4/! >F!H/>/G4/G>2/0P!rG2!132G4;G!d2=4/!0J0>/AG!K2=4AG>;!@>2P4/;4!V340;B4K!d2=4/oA!3>JBG!G2!4<H0P! 132G4;G>2/! VY! GB4! P0df! -4123GA! 2F! Gd2! T8UA"! V2GB! AHJJ4AG4K! GB0G! K2=4AG>;!@>2P4/;4! d0A! G2P430G4K! VY! GB4! 0HGB23>G>4A! 0/K! GB0G! GB4! 34=4K>4A! >/K>;0G4K! VY! GB4!82@43/=4/G! K>K! /2G! FH/;G>2/! 4FF4;G>@4PYf! ,B4!C2H3G! ;2/A>K434K! GB434F234l! vh�i! GB4!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!"!! S>Y03V0Q3!503!)AA2;>0G>2/!0/K!)=/4AGY!./G43/0G>2/0Pf!


@>2P4/;4!AHFF434K!VY! GB4!011P>;0/G!0/K!B43!=2GB43!=0Y!V4!34J03K4K!0A!J4/K43IV0A4K!@>2P4/;4! dB>;B! >A! 0! F23=! 2F! K>A;3>=>/0G>2/! 0J0>/AG! d2=4/f! S4A1>G4! GB4! 34F23=A!;033>4K! 2HG! VY! GB4!82@43/=4/G! >/! 34;4/G! Y403Ae! GB4! 2@430PP! H/34A12/A>@4/4AA! 2F! GB4!cHK>;>0P!AYAG4=!0/K!>=1H/>GY!4/c2Y4K!VY!GB4!0JJ34AA23Ae!0A!F2H/K!>/!GB4!>/AG0/G!;0A4e!>/K>;0G4K!GB0G!GB434!d0A!>/AHFF>;>4/G!;2==>G=4/G!G2!G0Q4!0113213>0G4!0;G>2/!G2!0KK34AA!K2=4AG>;!@>2P4/;4of&!!!,B4!dB2P4!cHKJ=4/G!;0/!V4!F2H/K!2/l!BGG1lmm;=>AQ1f4;B3f;24f>/GmGQ1"L$m@>4df0A1s0;G>2/tBG=PpK2;H=4/G.Kt^%"(?#p123G0PtBVQ=pA2H3;4t4bG43/0PVYK2;/H=V43pG0VP4tW#L)&$WS^W5^#"?&5W("C""##S6)'L^#?L!

!Case K.H. and others v Slovakia, 28 April 2009 !)A! 34123G4K! VY! MHZ0/0!90JH32@R! >/! GB4! +P2@0Q>0/! H1K0G4e! GB4! 6H32140/! C2H3G! 2F!NH=0/! ->JBGA! ;2/;PHK4K! GB0G! +P2@0Q>0! @>2P0G4K! GB4! BH=0/! 3>JBGA! 2F! 4>JBG! -2=0!d2=4/f!,B4!011P>;0/GA!d434! G340G4K!0G!JY/04;2P2J>;0P!0/K!2VAG4G3>;A!K4103G=4/GA! >/!Gd2! B2A1>G0PA! >/! 40AG43/! +P2@0Q>0! KH3>/J! GB4>3! 134J/0/;>4A! 0/K! K4P>@43>4Af! S4A1>G4!;2/G>/H2HA! 0GG4=1GA! G2! ;2/;4>@4e! /2/4! 2F! GB4! 011P>;0/GA! AH;;44K4K! >/! V4;2=>/J!134J/0/G! A>/;4! GB4>3! P0AG! AG0Y! >/!B2A1>G0Pe!dB4/! GB4Y!K4P>@434K!@>0!;04A0340/!A4;G>2/f!,B4!011P>;0/GA!AHA14;G4K!GB0G!GB4!340A2/!F23!GB4>3!>/F43G>P>GY!=>JBG!V4!GB0G!KH3>/J!GB4>3!;04A0340/! K4P>@43Y! 0! AG43>P>A0G>2/! 132;4KH34! d0A! 143F23=4K! 2/! GB4=! VY! =4K>;0P!143A2//4P! >/! GB4! B2A1>G0PA! ;2/;43/4Kf! +4@430P! 011P>;0/GA! B0K! V44/! 0AQ4K! G2! A>J/!K2;H=4/GA!13>23!G2!GB4>3!K4P>@43Y!23!2/!K>A;B03J4!F32=!GB4!B2A1>G0P!VHG!GB4Y!d434!/2G!AH34!2F!GB4!;2/G4/G!2F!GB2A4!K2;H=4/GAf!,B4!P4J0P!34134A4/G0G>@4A!2F!GB4!d2=4/!d434!/2G! 0PP2d4K! G2!=0Q4! 1B2G2;21>4A! 2F! GB4>3!=4K>;0P! 34123GA! F23! 12G4/G>0P! 4@>K4/;4! >/!FHGH34!;>@>P!132;44K>/JA!F23!K0=0J4Ae!0/K!G2!4/AH34!GB0G!AH;B!K2;H=4/GA!0/K!4@>K4/;4!d434!/2G!K4AG32Y4K!23! P2AGf!);;23K>/J! G2! GB4!9>/>AG3Y!2F!N40PGBe! GB4!N40PGB;034!);G!K24A! /2G! 143=>G! 0! 10G>4/G! G2! 0HGB23>A4! 0/2GB43! 143A2/! G2! ;2/AHPG! B43! 23! B>A!=4K>;0P!34;23Kf! ,B4! 011P>;0/GA! GB4=A4P@4Ae! B2d4@43e! d434! 0PP2d4K! G2! ;2/AHPG! GB4>3! 2d/!=4K>;0P!F>P4A!0/K!=0Q4!B0/Kd3>GG4/!4b;431GAf!,B4!d2=4/!;P0>=4K!GB0G!GB4!34FHA0P!d0A!0! @>2P0G>2/! 2F! )3G>;P4! ^e! V4;0HA4! >G! @>2P0G4A! GB4! 3>JBGA! 2F! 0;;4AA! G2! >/F23=0G>2/!;2/;43/>/J! GB4>3! B40PGB! 0/K! 34132KH;G>@4! AG0GHAf!92342@43e! GB4!d2=4/! ;P0>=4K! GB0G!GB4!34FHA0P!d0A!0!@>2P0G>2/!2F!)3G>;P4!#!2F!GB4!C2/@4/G>2/e!V4;0HA4!GB4!34FHA0P!G2!=0Q4!1B2G2;21>4A!d2HPK!K>A0K@0/G0J4!GB4=!>/!132;44K>/JA!0J0>/AG!GB4!+G0G4f!!! ,B4!6H32140/!C2H3G!2F!NH=0/!->JBGA!H/0/>=2HAPY!;2/;PHK4K!GB0G!GB434!B0K!V44/!@>2P0G>2/!2F!)3G>;P4!^!0/K!d>GB!=0c23>GY!;2/;PHK4K! GB0G!)3G>;P4!#!2F! GB4!C2/@4/G>2/!B0K!V44/!@>2P0G4Kf!50;QJ32H/K!>/F23=0G>2/!2/!GB>A!;0A4!>A!132@>K4K!>/!GB4!+P2@0Q>0/!34123G!2/!10J4!^L!2F!GB>A!9")-;&$%'E&%,&)'9="$1*<>'W$@'.&8*&@f!!!,B4!dB2P4!cHKJ=4/G!;0/!V4!F2H/K!2/l!BGG1lmm;=>AQ1f4;B3f;24f>/GmmmmGQ1"L$m@>4dBVQ=f0A1s0;G>2/t214/pG0VP4tW#L)&$WS^W5^#"?&5W("C""##S6)'L^#?LpQ4Yt$'"#(pA4AA>2/.Kt'#?"L(%&pAQ>/tBHK2;I4/p0GG0;B=4/GtG3H4!

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!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!&!! E030J301B!&((!2F!GB4!cHKJ=4/Gf!


News from the Member States and EEA Countries

AUSTRIA!r!`%%$'!;-))&)!!Policy developments !Campaign on equal pay ./!+41G4=V43!&((Le! GB4!9>/>AG43! F23!a2=4/oA!)FF0>3A! 0/K! GB4!9>/>AG43! F23!70V2H3e!+2;>0P!)FF0>3A!0/K!C2/AH=43!E32G4;G>2/!P0H/;B4K!0!c2>/G!;0=10>J/!2/!4<H0P!10Y!F23!d2=4/! 0/K!=4/! ;0PP4K! v6n*)7! t! W).-oe! 13212A>/J! GB0G! 4=1P2Y43A! dB2! 4=1P2Y!=234!GB0/!&%!4=1P2Y44A!AB0PP!V4!2VP>J4K!G2!1HVP>AB!0/2/Y=2HA!A0P03Y!P>AGA!d>GB>/!GB4!4/G4313>A4!>/!23K43!G2!;340G4!=234!G30/A1034/;Y!0/K!G2!;2=V0G!>/4<H0P>G>4A!>/!GB4!10Y!A;B4=4Af! ./! GB4>3! 13212A0P! GB4! Gd2!=>/>AG43A! 34F4334K! G2! V4AG! 130;G>;4A! >/! GB4! 1HVP>;!A43@>;4A! >/! )HAG3>0e! G2! GB4! =2K4P! 2F! +d4K4/! 0/K! G2! A2=4! 13>@0G4! h=HPG>/0G>2/0Pi!4/G4313>A4Af! ./!23K43! G2!;340G4!=234!1HVP>;>GY! F23! GB>A! >/>G>0G>@4e! GB4!;0=10>J/! >A!0PA2!AH1123G4K!VY!F0=2HA!143A2/A!P>Q4!03G>AGAe!0;G23A!0/K!A;>4/G>AGAf!!Representation of women in leading positions ,B4! 9>/>AG43! F23! a2=4/oA! )FF0>3A! B0A! 1HVP>AB4K! 0! 34123G! 0;;23K>/J! G2! dB>;B! GB4!34134A4/G0G>2/! 2F! d2=4/! >/! P40K>/J! 12A>G>2/A! >/! GB4! F4K430P! 1HVP>;! A43@>;4A! B0A!>/;340A4K! F32=!"#!g! G2! &(f#!g! >/! G2G0P! 2@43! GB4! P0AG! &! Y403Af!,B4! A>GH0G>2/A! >/! GB4!@03>2HA!=>/>AG3>4A! K>FF43! 34=03Q0VPYe! F32=!?"f&!g! >/! GB4!9>/>AG3Y! 2F! +2;>0P!)FF0>3A!0/K!&%!g!>/!GB4!W4K430P!CB0/;4PP43Y!G2!GB4!9>/>AG3Y!2F!S4F4/;4!d>GB!(!g!d2=4/!>/!P40K>/J!12A>G>2/Af!,B4!W4K430P!E2A>G>2/A!EP0/!h!<&11&%;1$%',&#'("%,&#ie!dB>;B!>A!103G!2F!GB4!FHGH34!VHKJ4G!F23!GB4!W4K430P!+G0G4e!d>PP!FH3GB43!>/;PHK4!/4d!G03J4GA!>/!23K43!G2!>/;340A4!d2=4/oA!34134A4/G0G>2/!>/!P40K>/J!12A>G>2/A!KH3>/J!GB>A!P4J>AP0G>@4!143>2Kf!!Improvement of childcare allowance system ,B4!;20P>G>2/!103G/43A!B0@4!0J344K!2/!>=132@>/J!GB4!AYAG4=!F23!;B>PK;034!0PP2d0/;4A!VY! 0KK>/J! 0! 3>JBG! F23! 1034/GA! G2! 34;4>@4! 0/! >/;2=4I34P0G4K! V4/4F>G! 2F! V4Gd44/!6*-!"!(((! 0/K! 6*-! &! (((! =2/GBPY! H/G>P! GB4! ;B>PK! >A! "?! =2/GBA! 2PKe! >/! ;0A4! GB4!1034/GA!AB034!GB4!;B>PK;034!P40@4f!,B>A!=40AH34!>A!0>=4K!0G!0PP2d>/J!d2=4/!G2!34GH3/!G2!GB4!P0V2H3!=03Q4G!0FG43!;B>PKV>3GB!0A!A22/!0A!GB4Y!d0/G!0/K!0G!=2G>@0G>/J!F0GB43A!G2!G0Q4! ;034! 2F! GB4! ;B>PK! F23! 0G! P40AG! &!=2/GBAf! ,B>A! /4d! ;B>PK;034! 0PP2d0/;4! d>PP! V4!J30/G4K!G2!0PP!1034/GA!2F!;B>PK34/!V23/!0FG43!"!U;G2V43!&((Lf!!Legislative developments Promotion of women on business boards and at universities ,B4! C2K4! 2F! 5HA>/4AA4A! hJ%<&)%&32&%#F&#&<b?"H3i! B0A! V44/! 0=4/K4K! 0/K! /2d!;2/G0>/A! 0/! 2VP>J0G>2/! F23! 0PP! ;01>G0P! ;2=10/>4A! G2! K4A;3>V4! >/! GB4>3! 0//H0P! 34123GA!dB>;B! Q>/K! 2F!=40AH34A! B0@4! V44/! G0Q4/! >/! 23K43! G2! 132=2G4!d2=4/! 2/! V203KA! 2F!=0/0J4=4/Ge!AH143@>A23Y!V203KA!0/K!>/!P40K>/J!12A>G>2/A!2F!GB4!4/G4313>A4f"!! ,B4!);G!2/!GB4!U3J0/>A0G>2/!2F!*/>@43A>G>4A!0/K!GB4>3!+GHK>4A!B0A!V44/!0=4/K4Kf&!./!=0/Y!34A14;GAe!GB4!0=4/K=4/GA!034!K4K>;0G4K!G2!>=132@>/J!132=2G>2/!2F!d2=4/!0G!H/>@43A>G>4A!0/K!G2!AG34/JGB4/!GB4!AG3H;GH34!0/K!12d43A!2F!GB4!>/G43/0P!4<H0P>GY!V2K>4Af!

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!"!! U:!.!$"m&((Lf!&!! U:!.!^"m&((Lf!


Affirmative action plans */K43! GB4! W4K430P! 6<H0P! ,340G=4/G! );Ge! 0PP! F4K430P! =>/>AG3>4A! B0@4! G2! >AAH4!0FF>3=0G>@4! 0;G>2/!1P0/A! F23!d2=4/e!dB>;B!B0@4! G2! V4! 34@>A4K! 4@43Y!2GB43! Y403! 0/K!B0@4!G2!F23=HP0G4!;2/;34G4!0>=A!0/K!J20PA!F23!GB4!0K@0/;4=4/G!2F!d2=4/!>/!0PP!F>4PKA!0/K!0G!0PP!P4@4PAf!,B4!0;G>2/!1P0/A!B0@4!GB4!P4J0P!AG0GHA!2F!0!P4J0PPY!V>/K>/J!34JHP0G>2/!0/K!034!G2!V4!34J03K4K!0A!=40/A!2F!4/F23;4=4/G!2F!GB4!W4K430P!6<H0P!,340G=4/G!);Ge!dB>;B!132@>K4A!F23!P4J0PPY!V>/K>/J!132@>A>2/A!2/!GB4!132=2G>2/!2F!d2=4/e!>/;PHK>/J!GB4!<H2G0!2F!?(!g!F23! GB4!34134A4/G0G>2/!2F!d2=4/!>/!0PP! P4@4PA!0/K!>/;2=4!;P0AA4Af!,BHAe!0PP!0;G>2/!1P0/A!340FF>3=!K4IF0;G2!4<H0P>GY!V4Gd44/!d2=4/!0/K!=4/!0A!0!=0c23!J20P!0/K!0PP!=>/>AG3>4A!;2==>G!GB4=A4P@4A!G2!1320;G>@4!12P>;>4A!G2d03KA!GB>A!0>=f!,B4!0;G>2/!1P0/A!;2/G0>/!132@>A>2/A!2/!B>3>/J!0/K!;03443!0K@0/;4=4/Ge!c2V!0K@43G>A4=4/GAe!132G4;G>2/! 0J0>/AG! B030AA=4/Ge! 132=2G>2/! 2F! d2=4/! >/! @2;0G>2/0P! G30>/>/Je! ;03443!1P0//>/Je!0K4<H0G4!34134A4/G0G>2/!2F!d2=4/!2/!;2==>AA>2/A!0/K!2GB43!0K@>A23Y!0/K!K4;>K>/J!V2K>4A!0A!d4PP!0A!=40AH34A!F23!V4GG43!34;2/;>P>0G>2/!2F!d23Q!0/K!F0=>PY!P>F4!F23!d2=4/!0/K!=4/f!WH3GB43=234e!=2AG!2F!GB4!0;G>2/!1P0/A!132@>K4!F23!V>/K>/J!J20PA!F23!GB4!143;4/G0J4!2F!d2=4/!>/!0340A!dB434!d2=4/!034!AG>PP!H/K43I34134A4/G4Ke!dB>;B!B0@4! G2! V4! 340;B4K!d>GB>/! GB4! F2PP2d>/J! Gd2! Y403Af! +4@430P! AH;B! 0;G>2/! 1P0/A! B0@4!34;4/GPY!V44/!0=4/K4Ke!>/!103G>;HP03!F23!GB4!9>/>AG3Y!2F!W>/0/;4'!0/K!GB4!9>/>AG3Y!2F!N40PGBf?!!Amendment of framework on financial support ,B4! -4JHP0G>2/! 2/! GB4! 84/430P! W30=4d23Q! F23! GB4! 830/G>/J! 2F! 82@43/=4/G0P!F>/0/;>0P! +H1123G! hm&)-),%"%F' 5?&)' ,*&' `11F&2&*%&%' .$32&%)*H3<1*%*&%' R5)' ,*&'E&@r3)"%F'8-%']f),&)"%F&%'$"#'("%,&#2*<<&1%i!B0A!V44/!0=4/K4K!0/K!AG34/JGB4/A!GB4! 13>/;>1P4! GB0G! 0PP! 23J0/>A0G>2/A! 23! >/AG>GHG>2/A! 011PY>/J! F>/0/;>0P! AH1123G! VY! GB4!W4K430P!82@43/=4/G!034!2VP>J4K!G2!AG3>;GPY!2V4Y!0PP!4<H0P>GY!0;GAf%!!Case law of national courts Supreme Court: preliminary reference regarding protection against dismissal ,B4! )HAG3>0/! +H134=4! C2H3G! B0A! 34F4334K! 0! ;43G0>/! ;0A4! G2! GB4! 6H32140/! C2H3G! 2F!:HAG>;4!F23!0!134P>=>/03Y!3HP>/J!2/!GB4!<H4AG>2/!dB4GB43!23!/2G!)3G>;P4!'!E030J301B!";!2F! S>34;G>@4! $#m&($m66C! 0A! 0=4/K4K! VY! S>34;G>@4! &((&m$'m6C! >A! >/! ;2/G30K>;G>2/!d>GB! 0! ;2PP4;G>@4! 0J344=4/G! 132@>A>2/! dB>;B! AG0G4A! GB0G! A14;>0P! 132G4;G>2/! 0J0>/AG!K>A=>AA0Pe!dB>;B!J24A!V4Y2/K!GB4!J4/430P!132G4;G>2/!0J0>/AG!K>A=>AA0Pe! >A!J>@4/!2/PY!H/G>P! GB4! 4=1P2Y44! >A! 4/G>GP4K! G2! 2PKI0J4! 14/A>2/e! J>@4/! GB0G! GB4! 14/A>2/0VP4! 0J4! >A!K>FF434/G!F23!d2=4/!0/K!=4/f!+4;2/KPYe!GB4!+H134=4!C2H3G!0AQA!dB4GB43!23!/2G!GB4!S>34;G>@4! 2112A4A! 0/! 4=1P2Y43oA! K4;>A>2/! 2/! GB4! K>A=>AA0P! 2F! 0! F4=0P4! 4=1P2Y44! 0!F4d! =2/GBA! 0FG43! AB4! B0A! 340;B4K! GB4! 14/A>2/0VP4! 0J4! >/! 23K43! G2! 4=1P2Y! Y2H/J!4=1P2Y44A!4/G43>/J!GB4!P0V2H3!=03Q4Gf#!!Supreme Court: transgender a>GB!34F434/;4!G2!GB4!6H32140/!C2H3G!2F!NH=0/!->JBGAe!GB4!6H32140/!C2H3G!2F!:HAG>;4!hCI?&'m(?!.*H3$),#ie!S>34;G>@4A!$#m&($m66C!0/K!$Lm$m66Ce!0/K!G2!GB4!P4J0P!A>GH0G>2/!>/!843=0/Ye!GB4!)HAG3>0/!+H134=4!C2H3G!B0A!AG0G4K!GB0G!P4J0PPY!GB4!143A2/0P!AG0GHA!2F!0! G30/AJ4/K43!143A2/!;B0/J4A!VY! >GA! 34;2J/>G>2/!GB32HJB!GB4!0K=>/>AG30G>@4!0HGB23>GY!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!'!! U:!..!&^Lm&((Lf!?!! U:!..!'('m&((Lf!%!! U:!..!'"$m&((Lf!#!! +H134=4!C2H3G!?f^f&((Le!LUV)"#'m(^Yf!


0FG43! 0/! 21430G>2/! 0/K! K24A! /2G! B0@4! 34G320;G>@4! 4FF4;Gf! ,B434F234! d>GB! 34J03K! G2!14/A>2/!3>JBGA!GB4!;P0>=0/G!B0A!G2!V4!G340G4K!0A!0!143A2/!2F!B43!F23=43!=0P4!A4bf$!!Supreme Court: discrimination in application procedure ,B4! +H134=4! C2H3G! B0A! ;2/F>3=4K! GB4! cHKJ=4/G! >/! F>3AG! >/AG0/;4! 0A;43G0>/>/J!K>A;3>=>/0G>2/!2/!J32H/KA!2F! A4b!2F! 0! F4=0P4!01134/G>;4!dB2!011P>4K! F23! 0! c2V!0A! 0!;0314/G43! 0/K!d0A! G2PK! GB0G! J>3PA!d2HPK! /2G! <H0P>FY! F23! GB0G! c2Ve! V4;0HA4! 1BYA>;0PPY!GB4Y! d2HPK! /2G! V4! AG32/J! 4/2HJBf! a>GB! 34F434/;4! G2! )3G>;P4! #! 2F! S>34;G>@4!$#m&($m66C! 0/K! GB4! cH3>AK>;G>2/! 2F! GB4! 6H32140/! C2H3G! 2F! :HAG>;4! hCI"^(mL%!T)$&32;$&31i! GB4!+H134=4!C2H3G! 0d03K4K!;2=14/A0G>2/!2F! >==0G43>0P! K0=0J4A!2F!6*-!%((f^!!!

BELGIUM!r!Z&$%'Z$H=2$*%!!Policy developments aB>P4! GB4! K>A0AG32HA! 4FF4;GA! 2F! GB4! 4;2/2=>;! 34;4AA>2/e! 4A14;>0PPY! 2/! 4=1P2Y=4/Ge!;2/G>/H4K! H/0V0G4Ke! 0/K! GB4! @03>2HA! 0HGB23>G>4A! d434! ;2/F32/G4K! d>GB! 132A14;GA! 2F!A43>2HA!VHKJ4G03Y!K4F>;>GAe!GB4!F4K430P!;20P>G>2/!d0A!/403PY!1030PYA4K!0J0>/e!GB>A!G>=4!VY! GB4! 3H/IH1! G2! GB4! 34J>2/0P!4P4;G>2/A!2F!:H/4! >/!dB>;B! >GA!;2=12/4/G!103G>4A!d434!V>GG43!3>@0PAf!W23=>/J!GB4!/4d!-4J>2/!0/K!C2==H/>GY!J2@43/=4/GA!G22Q!2/4!=2/GB!0/K! VY! GB4! AH==43! 34;4AA! GB434! d0A! AG>PP! 0VA2PHG4PY! /2! B>/G! 2F! >/G434AG! F23! J4/K43!>AAH4A!G2!34123G!0G!0/Y!K4;>A>2/!P4@4Pf!!Legislative developments! ,d2!A>J/>F>;0/G!VHG!H/34P0G4K! >=132@4=4/GA! >/! GB4!132G4;G>2/!2F!=0G43/>GY!034! G2!V4!=4/G>2/4Kf!! ,B4!F>3AG!2/4!;2/;43/A!134J/0/G!4=1P2Y44A!dB2!=HAG!V4!34=2@4K!F32=!GB4>3!HAH0P!G0AQA!V4;0HA4!2F!0!B40PGB!3>AQ!F23!GB4=A4P@4A!23!GB4!4=V3Y2Af!,B0/QA!G2!0/!0=4/K=4/G!>/G32KH;4K!VY!GB4!6;2/2=>;!-40;G>@0G>2/!);G!2F!903;B!&(($e!0A!F32=!"!:0/H03Y!&("(e!GB4!90G43/>GY!./AH30/;4!h0!V30/;B!2F!GB4!AG0GHG23Y!N40PGB;034!0/K!+>;Q/4AA!./AH30/;4!+;B4=4e!23J0/>A4K!VY!GB4!C2/A2P>K0G4K!);G!2F!"?!:HPY!"LL?i!d>PP!4>GB43!;2=14/A0G4!F23! GB4! P2d43! 10Y! >F! GB4! 4=1P2Y43! B0A! G2! G30/AF43! GB4! 4=1P2Y44! G2! 0! P4AA43I10>K! c2V!hH/G>P!/2de!GB434!d0A!/2!;2=14/A0G>2/i!23!J>@4!B43!0!V4/4F>G!4<H0P!G2!L(g!2F!GB4!J32AA!34=H/430G>2/e!>f4f!0!=0b>=H=!2F!6*-!"((f^?!143!K0Y!>F!/2!G30/AF43!>A!12AA>VP4!hH/G>P!/2de!GB4!V4/4F>G!d0A!#(!ge!>f4f!0!=0b>=H=!2F!6*-!$"f(&!143!K0Ye!H/P4AA!GB4!B40PGB!3>AQ!;2>/;>K4A!d>GB!0!3>AQ!2F!2;;H10G>2/0P!K>A40A4!>/!dB>;B!;0A4!0!L(!g!V4/4F>G!=0Y!V4!AH11P>4K!V0A4K!2/!GB4!AG0GHG23Y!U;;H10G>2/0P!S>A40A4!./AH30/;4!+;B4=4if!!! ,B4!A4;2/K!2/4!;2/;43/A!GB4!;2=1HG0G>2/!2F!12AG/0G0P!P40@4f!*/K43!GB4!a23Q>/J!C2/K>G>2/A!);G!2F!"#!903;B!"L$"e! GB4!P0AG!A4@4/!K0YA!2F!134J/0/;Y!034!;2=1HPA23Y!0/G4/0G0P! P40@4e! A2! GB0Ge! P2J>;0PPY! A140Q>/Je! GB4!12AG/0G0P! P40@4!V4J>/A!2/! GB4!K0Y!2F!K4P>@43Yf! N2d4@43e! >G! B0114/A! GB0G! 0/! 4=1P2Y44! >A! G0Q4/! VY! AH313>A4! 0/Ke! d>GB2HG!B0@>/J!HA4K!0/Y!0/G4/0G0P! P40@4e!J>@4A!V>3GB!dB4/!B43! P40@4!B0A!2/PY!cHAG!AG03G4Ke!23!dB4/!AB4!B0A!/2G!4@4/!F>/>AB4K!B43!HAH0P!d23Qe!GBHA!P2A>/J!2/4!K0Y!2F!B43!12AG/0G0P!P40@4f!,B0/QA!G2!0/!0=4/K=4/G!>/G32KH;4K!VY!GB4!9HPG>IEH312A4!);G!2F!#!90Y!&((Le!

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!$!! +H134=4!C2H3G!&"f?f&((Le!"(UV+&Lm(L0f!^!! +H134=4!C2H3G!&'f?f&((Le!^UV)""m(L>f!


0A!F32=!"!903;B!&((L!GB4!12AG/0G0P!P40@4!V4J>/A!2/!GB4!K0Y!F2PP2d>/J!GB4!K4P>@43Y!>/!GB4!;0A4!=4/G>2/4K!0V2@4fL!!Case law of national courts !,B4!F2PP2d>/J!K4;>A>2/A!034!/2G4d23GBYf!!Constitutional Court, Judgment n°63/2009 of 25 March 2009 )PGB2HJB! F4=0P4! 4=1P2Y44A! 034! AG>PP! GB4! =0>/! HA43A! 2F! 1034/G0P! P40@4e! GB4! J4/K43!K>=4/A>2/!d0A!/2G!=4/G>2/4K!0G!0/Y!AG0J4!2F!0!K>A1HG4!dB>;B!J0@4!GB4!C2/AG>GHG>2/0P!C2H3G!GB4!21123GH/>GY!G2!>/G43134G!)3G>;P4!"(&!2F!GB4!-4;2@43Y!);G!2F!&&!:0/H03Y!"L^%!>/!GB4!P>JBG!2F!GB4!J4/430P!13>/;>1P4!2F!4<H0P>GY!H/K43!GB4!P0d!h)3G>;P4A!"(!0/K!""!2F!GB4!C2/AG>GHG>2/if! */K43! )3G>;P4! "(&e! 0/Y! 4=1P2Y44! >A! 4/G>GP4K! G2! 0! 'I=2/GB! FHPPIG>=4!1034/G0P!P40@4!23!0!#I=2/GB!B0PFIG>=4!P40@4!h23!0!"%I=2/GB!2/4IF>FGB!P40@4ik!/2!10Y!>A!KH4! KH3>/J! GB4! G>=4! dB4/! /2! d23Q! >A! 143F23=4Ke! VHG! 0! V4/4F>Ge! 23! 0! 132123G>2/0P!F30;G>2/!2F!>Ge!>A!132@>K4K!VY!GB4!*/4=1P2Y=4/G!./AH30/;4!+;B4=4f!! 8>@4/! GB0G! )3G>;P4! "(&! =4/G>2/A! vGB4! 4=1P2Y43o! >/! GB4! A>/JHP03! F23=e! d0A! >G!12AA>VP4!GB0G!0!d2=0/!dB2!B0K!FHPPIG>=4!4=1P2Y=4/G!K>@>K4K!VY!B0P@4A!V4Gd44/!Gd2!K>FF434/G!4=1P2Y43A!0/K!B0K! G0Q4/!0!'I=2/GB!1034/G0P! P40@4!d>GB! GB4!F>3AG!4=1P2Y43e!d0A!/2G!4/G>GP4K!G2!GB4!V4/4F>G!>F!AB4!P0G43!011P>4K!F23!0!A>=>P03!P40@4!d>GB!GB4!A4;2/K!4=1P2Y43s! ./! >GA! cHKJ=4/G! /�#'m&((L!2F! &%!903;B!&((Le"(! GB4!C2/AG>GHG>2/0P!C2H3G!34P>4K! 2/! 1P0>/! ;2==2/! A4/A4! G2! 3HP4! GB0G! )3G>;P4! "(&! 34AHPG4K! >/! H/cHAG>F>4K!K>A;3>=>/0G>2/!>F!h0A!GB4!*/4=1P2Y=4/G!UFF>;4!;P0>=4Ki!0!#I=2/GB!B0PFIG>=4!1034/G0P!P40@4!d0A!2/PY!J30/G4K!>F!0/!4=1P2Y44!d0A!2;;H1>4K!FHPPIG>=4!VY!0!A>/JP4!4=1P2Y43e!VHG!/2G!VY!Gd2f!! 940/dB>P4e!GB4!6C:!K4;>K4K!2/!&&!U;G2V43!&((L!>/!;0A4!CI""#m(^!+&&)<#e!dB>;B!GB4! C2H3G! 2F! C0AA0G>2/! B0K! 34F4334K! F23! 0! 134P>=>/03Y! 3HP>/J! ;2/;43/>/J! S>34;G>@4!L#m'?m6Cf!!Constitutional Court, judgment n°103/2009 of 18 June 2009 ,B4!);G! 2F! "(!90Y! &(($! v0>=4K! 0G! ;2=V0G>/J! K>A;3>=>/0G>2/! V4Gd44/!d2=4/! 0/K!=4/o! h;2PP2<H>0PPY! vGB4! 84/K43! );Goi! 1H3123GA! G2! >=1P4=4/G! hd>GB>/! GB4! F4K430P!E03P>0=4/GoA! cH3>AK>;G>2/i! 0PP! GB4! 34P4@0/G! 6C! S>34;G>@4Ae! >/;PHK>/J! S>34;G>@4!&((?m""'f!)A!G2!GB4!HA4!2F!J4/K43I34P0G4K!0;GH03>0P!F0;G23A!>/!>/AH30/;4e!)3G>;P4!"(!2F!GB4!);G! 23>J>/0PPY! 132@>K4K! GB0G! AH;B! 0/! 4b;41G>2/! 0A! 0PP2d4K!VY!)3G>;P4! %f&! 2F! GB4!S>34;G>@4!;2HPK!V4!011P>4Ke!VHG!/2G!P0G43!GB0/!&"!S4;4=V43!&(($f!N2d4@43e!KH4!G2!0/!>/G4/A>@4! 0/K! AH;;4AAFHP! P2VVY>/J! ;0=10>J/! d0J4K! VY! `##")$1*$e! GB4! >/AH30/;4!;2=10/>4Ao!F4K430G>2/e!G2!B0@4!GB0G!K40KP>/4!34140P4Ke!GB4!/4d!F4K430P!=0c23>GY!dB>;B!34AHPG4K!F32=!GB4!J4/430P!4P4;G>2/A!2F!:H/4!&(($!0K21G4K!0/!);G!0=4/K>/J!GB4!84/K43!);G!dB>;B!d0A!132=HPJ0G4K!2/!&"!S4;4=V43!&(($f!C2/A4<H4/GPYe!VHG!4b;PHA>@4PY!>/!P>F4!>/AH30/;4e!GB4!HA4!2F!J4/K43I34P0G4K!0;GH03>0P!F0;G23A!34=0>/A!143=>AA>VP4k!>/!23K43!G2!;2=1PY!d>GB!)3G>;P4A!%f&!0/K!"#f"!2F!S>34;G>@4!&((?m""'e!GB4!C2/G32P!C2==>AA>2/!F23!50/Qe!W>/0/;4!0/K!./AH30/;4!h0/!2FF>;>0P!V2KYi!>A!AH112A4K!G2!;2PP4;G!0/K!1HVP>AB!34P4@0/G!0;GH03>0P!K0G0f!! U&#<S`H3$<#h`$%7--;e! GB4! =0>/! ;2/AH=43Ao! 3>JBGA! 23J0/>A0G>2/e! 011P>4K! F23!0//HP=4/G!2F!GB4!);G!2F!&"!S4;4=V43!&(($!VY!GB4!C2/AG>GHG>2/0P!C2H3Ge!;P0>=>/J!GB0G!GB4!K>A1HG4K!);G!@>2P0G4K!GB4!J4/430P!13>/;>1P4!2F!4<H0P>GY!H/K43!GB4!P0d!h)3G>;P4A!"(!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!L!! )PP!);GA!=4/G>2/4K! 0V2@4! 034! 0;;4AA>VP4! 2/!dddfcH3>K0GfV4! h>/!W34/;B! 0/K!SHG;Bi! P0AG! 0;;4AA4K!'"!)HJHAG!&((Lf!

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0/K! ""! 2F! GB4! C2/AG>GHG>2/ie! ;2=V>/4K! d>GB! @03>2HA! 132@>A>2/A! 2F! 6H32140/! P0df!N2d4@43e! J>@4/! GB0G! GB4! );G! 2F! &"! S4;4=V43! &(($! >A! V0A4K! 2/! GB4! F0;HPGY! 2F!4b;41G>2/! dB>;B! )3G>;P4! %f&! 2F! S>34;G>@4! &((?m""'m6C! ;2/;4K4K! G2! GB4! 94=V43!+G0G4Ae!GB4!;P0>=0/G!B4PK!GB0G!GB4!P0GG43!132@>A>2/!d0A!>/;2=10G>VP4!d>GB!GB4!13>/;>1P4!2F! 4<H0P>GY! 0/K! /2/IK>A;3>=>/0G>2/! dB>;B! >A! JH030/G44K! VY! )3G>;P4! #f&! 2F! GB4! 6*!,340GY! GB32HJB! 0! 34F434/;4! G2! )3G>;P4! "?! 2F! GB4! 6H32140/! C2/@4/G>2/! 2F! NH=0/!->JBGAf!! C2/A4<H4/GPYe! >/! >GA! cHKJ=4/G!/�"('m&((L!2F!"^!:H/4!&((Le""! GB4!C2/AG>GHG>2/0P!C2H3G! F2H/K! GB0G! H/K43! )3G>;P4! &'?! 6Ce! >G! =HAG! 34F43! GB4! ;0A4! G2! GB4! 6C:! F23! 0!134P>=>/03Y! 3HP>/J! ;2/;43/>/J! GB4! <H4AG>2/! 2F! ;2=10G>V>P>GY! =4/G>2/4K! 0V2@4k! >G! >A!/2d!14/K>/J!hCI&'#m(Le!U&#<S`H3$<#if!!Conseil d’Etat, two judgments of 17 March 2009, n° 191.532 and 191.533 +2!F03e!GB4!103P>0=4/GA!2F!K>FF434/G!C2==H/>G>4A!h;2=14G4/G!>/!=0GG43A!2F!4KH;0G>2/i!B0@4! V44/! H/0VP4! G2! P4J>AP0G4! 2/!dB4GB43! 23! /2G! 1H1>PA! 23! AGHK4/GA! h/2G! G2!=4/G>2/!G40;B43Ai!AB2HPK!V4!0PP2d4K!G2!K>A1P0Y!vA>J/A!2F!34P>J>2HA!0KB434/;4o!h>f4fe!=0>/PYe!GB4!.AP0=>;!B40KA;03Fi!>/!1HVP>;IA12/A234K!A;B22PAf!,BHAe!GB4!J2@43/=4/G!2F!GB4!W34/;BIA140Q>/J!C2==H/>GY!P4FG!>G!G2!GB4!K>A;34G>2/!2F!4@43Y!A;B22P!>/K>@>KH0PPYf!! aB4/! Gd2! A;B22P! K>34;G23A! 0K21G4K! 34JHP0G>2/A! G2! 132B>V>G! GB4! d403>/J! 2F! 0/Y!vB40KJ403oe! GB4! +-"8&2&%<' H-%<)&' 1&' )$H*#2&I' 1X$%<*#Y2*<*#2&' &<' 1$' OY%-;3-?*&!h9f-f)f`fi! 011P>4K! V4F234! GB4! C2/A4>P! Ko6G0G! F23! 0//HP=4/G! 2F! GB2A4! 34JHP0G>2/Ae!34PY>/J!2/!GB4!);G!2F!"(!90Y!&(($!0>=4K!0G!;2=V0G>/J!K>A;3>=>/0G>2/!V0A4K!2/!30;4!0/K!4GB/>;!23>J>/A!h;2PP2<H>0PPYe!GB4!v-0;4!);Goif!./!>GA!cHKJ=4/GA!2F!"$!903;B!&((Le"&!GB4!K-%#&*1' ,X9<$<! F2H/K! GB0G! 0;;23K>/J! G2! >GA! ;B03G43e!9f-f)f`f! 0>=A! 0G! ;2=V0G>/J!30;>0P! K>A;3>=>/0G>2/! 0/K! 132=2G>/J! 4<H0P>GYe!dB>;B! >A! 134;>A4PY! GB4! 1H312A4! 2F! GB4!K>A1HG4K! 34JHP0G>2/Ak! GBHAe!9f-f)f`f! B0K! /2! 1-H"#' #<$%,*! 0/K! >GA! 011P>;0G>2/A!d434!K>A=>AA4Kf!! ,B2A4! cHKJ=4/GA! h34/K434K!VY! GB4!;2H3G!2F! P0AG! 34A23G! >/!0K=>/>AG30G>@4!=0GG43Ai!034! 4bG34=4PY!d233Y>/J!V4;0HA4! GB4Y! c42103K>Z4! GB4! >/G434AG4K! 0AA2;>0G>2/Ao! 3>JBG! G2!4/J0J4! >/! cHK>;>0P! 132;4KH34Ae! dB>;B!d0A! 34;2J/>Z4K! VY! GB4! GB344!);GA! 2F! "(!90Y!&(($! h2/! v-0;4oe! v84/K43o! 0/K! vS>A;3>=>/0G>2/! >/! J4/430Poi! >/! 23K43! G2! >=1P4=4/G!S>34;G>@4A!&(((m?'e!&(((m$^e!&((?m""'!0/K!&((#m%?m6Cf!!!

BULGARIA!r!E&%-8&8$'U*#3&8$!!Policy developments !,B4!/0G>2/0P!4P4;G>2/A!2F!%!:HPY!&((L!B0@4!V32HJBG!G2!12d43!0!/4d!12P>G>;0P!F23;4l!GB4!12P>G>;0P!103GY!vC>G>Z4/A!F23!6H32140/!S4@4P21=4/G!2F!5HPJ03>0o!h=4=V43!2F!GB4!6EE!J32H1! >/! GB4! 6H32140/! 103P>0=4/Gie! dB>;B! B0A! GB4! =0c23>GY! >/! GB4! ?"AG! T0G>2/0P!)AA4=VPYf!5Y!GB4!4/K!2F!:HPY!&((Le!GB4!/4d!82@43/=4/G!d0A!F23=4K!d>GB!132=>A4A!G2! G0;QP4! GB4! 4;2/2=>;! ;3>A>Ae! G2! ;2=V0G! ;233H1G>2/e! G2! A144K!H1! GB4! cHK>;>0P! 34F23=!0/K! G2! >=132@4! GB4! 132;4AA! 2F! 0VA231G>2/! 0/K! 0;;2H/G0V>P>GY! F23! GB4! 6*! AG3H;GH30P!FH/KAf!!

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!""!! dddf;2/AG>GHG>2/0P;2H3GfV4!h>/!W34/;Be!SHG;B!0/K!843=0/ik!P0AG!0;;4AA4K!'"!)HJHAG!&((Lf!"&!! );;4AA>VP4! 2/! dddf;2/A4G0GI300K@AGfV4! h>/! W34/;Bie! P0AG! 0;;4AA4K! '"! )HJHAG! &((Lf! +44! +f! ]0/!S322JB4/V324;QoA!;3>G>;0P!;2==4/GA!>/!Z-")%$1',&#'<)*?"%$"Oe!&((Le!1f!&%&f!


! ./! :H/4! &((Le! >G!d0A! 2FF>;>0PPY! 34;2J/>Z4K! GB0G!5HPJ03>0! >A! >/! GB4!=>KKP4! 2F! GB4!4;2/2=>;! ;3>A>Ae"'! H/4=1P2Y=4/G! >A! J32d>/J! h>/!)HJHAG! &((Ll! #f&!gk! ;2=1034K! G2!%f#!g!>/!&((^if!! ./!23K43!G2!0@2>K!0!VHKJ4G!K4F>;>G!VY!GB4!4/K!2F!&((Le!GB4!82@43/=4/G!0//2H/;4K!=40AH34A! F23! VHKJ4G03Y! 34AG3>;G>2/A! VHG! 132=>A4K! /2G! G2! G2H;B! GB4! 4b14/A4A! F23!4KH;0G>2/!0/K!2GB43!4b14/A4A!>/!GB4!A4/A>G>@4!A2;>0P!A1B434f!!! ./! GB>A!;2/G4bGe! GB4!;2/;43/! GB0G! GB4!82@43/=4/G!d>PP!/2G!0PP2;0G4!4/2HJB! FH/KA!F23! J4/K43! 4<H0P>GY! VY! GB4! 4/K! 2F! &((L! >A! P4J>G>=0G4f! ,B4! VHKJ4G! dB>;B! >A! V4>/J!1P0//4K! F23! &("(! >A! K4F>/4K! 0A! v340A2/0VP4oe! dB>;B! 0PA2! =40/A! F23GB;2=>/J!34AG3>;G>2/Af!!Legislative developments !8>@4/! GB4! 12P>G>;0P! 0/K! 4;2/2=>;! F30=4d23Q! K4A;3>V4K! 0V2@4e! ;H334/GPY! GB434! >A! /2!A10;4!F23!K4V0G4!2/!GB4!/44K!F23!0!A14;>0P!J4/K43!4<H0P>GY!P0de!0A!GB>A!d>PP! >=1PY!0/!0KK>G>2/0P! VHKJ4G! F23! 0! /4d! J4/K43! 4<H0P>GY! >/AG>GHG>2/e! F23! F>/0/;>/J! =2/>G23>/Je!34A403;Be!0/0PYA>Ae!4G;f!!Adoption of a new Family Code ./!:H/4!&((Le!0!/4d!W0=>PY!C2K4!hWCi!d0A!0K21G4K"?!dB>;B!d>PP!;2=4!>/G2!F23;4!2/!"!U;G2V43! &((Lf!,B4! ;B0/J4A! >/! GB4! 34JHP0G>2/! 2F! F0=>PY! 34P0G>2/A!d434! K4A1430G4PY!/44K4Ke!0A!GB4!P0AG!W0=>PY!C2K4!K0G4K!F32=!"L^%!0/K!K>K!/2G!;2334A12/K!d>GB!GB4!/4d!A2;>0P! 340P>G>4Af!,B4!K30FG!2F! GB4!/4d!WC!;2/G0>/4K! Gd2!/4d!A2PHG>2/A!2F! >=123G0/;4!F23!J4/K43!4<H0P>GY!r!GB4!34;2J/>G>2/!0/K!34J>AG30G>2/!2F!;2B0V>G0/GA!h103G/43Ai!0/K!GB4!/4d!34JHP0G>2/!2F!132143GY!34P0G>2/A!2F!A12HA4A!0/K!103G/43Af!,B4!F>3AG!>AAH4!132@2Q4K!=H;B!K>A;HAA>2/!>/!A2;>4GYf!S4A1>G4!GB4!F0;G!GB0G!GB4!J340G!=0c23>GY!2F!d2=4/!0/K!=4/!>/!5HPJ03>0!P>@4!>/!103G/43AB>1!34P0G>2/A!0/K!=0/Y!2F!GB4=!B0@4!;B>PK34/!G2J4GB43e!GB4!103P>0=4/G! d0A! 30GB43! AG32/JPY! >/FPH4/;4K! VY! GB4! ;2/A43@0G>@4! 23J0/>A0G>2/A! 0/K!>/AG>GHG>2/A!hGB4!U3GB2K2b!CBH3;Bi!0/K!0K21G4K!GB4!/4d!WC!d>GB2HG!GB4!34;2J/>G>2/!2F!;2B0V>G0G>2/f! )/! 0KK>G>2/0P! 340A2/! F23! GB4! 3>A4! 2F! GB4! ;2/A43@0G>@4! F23;4A! d0A! GB4!AHJJ4AG>2/!2F!A2=4!T8UAe!P>Q4!GB4!J0Y!23J0/>Z0G>2/!v84=>/>oe!G2!0PA2!>/;PHK4!>/!GB4!WC!GB4!34;2J/>G>2/!2F!A0=4IA4b!103G/43AB>1Af!,BHA!GB4!K4V0G4!0V2HG!34;2J/>G>2/!23!/2G!2F! ;2B0V>G0/GA! 4b10/K4K! 0/K! GB4! >AAH4! GH3/4K! 2HG! G2! V4! G22! A4/A>G>@4! 0/K! G22!>//2@0G>@4!F23!GB4!103P>0=4/G03>0/Af!W>/0PPYe!GB4Y!K4;>K4K!G2!P40@4!GB4!A;214!2F!GB4!WC!0A! >G! AG0/KA! /2de! 0/K! 0A! >G! B0K! V44/! A>/;4! "L^%e! VY! J>@>/J! 34;2J/>G>2/! cHAG! G2! GB4!F0=>PY! >/! GB4!;P0AA>;0P! A4/A4f!+2! GB4!132G4;G>2/!VY! GB4!+G0G4!0/K!A2;>4GY!2F!=033>0J4!0/K!GB4!F0=>PY!34=0>/A!0=2/J!GB4!=0>/!13>/;>1P4A!2F!GB4!/4d!W0=>PY!C2K4f!,B4!>AAH4!2F!34;2J/>Z>/J!143A2/0P!0/K!F0=>PY!3>JBGA!34P0G4K!G2!;2B0V>G0G>2/e!>/;PHK>/J!A0=4IA4b!103G/43AB>1Ae!d0A!12AG12/4K!>/G2!0/!H/;P403!FHGH34f!!! ,B>A!3>J>K!H/K43AG0/K>/J!2/!GB4!P4J>AP0G23oA!103G!2F!F0=>PY!34P0G>2/A!0PA2!>/FPH4/;4A!J4/K43! 4<H0P>GY! 0/K! GB4! 340P>Z0G>2/! 2F! 2GB43! A2;>0P! 3>JBGA! 2F! GB4! 103G/43Af! N2d4@43e!;2B0V>G0G>2/! >A! 4b1P>;>GPY! 34;2J/>Z4K! >/! 2GB43! P0dA! r! GB4! 70d! 2/! E32G4;G>2/! 0J0>/AG!S2=4AG>;!]>2P4/;4e!dB434!V2GB! A12HA4A!0/K!103G/43A!034!132G4;G4Ke!0/K! GB4!70d!2/!+2;>0P! +H1123G! F23! GB4! 4P>J>V>P>GY! F23! A2;>0P! AH1123Gf! .G! >A! d23GB! /2G>/J! GB0G! /4d!132@>A>2/A! hA>/;4! "! :0/H03Y! &((Li! >/! GB4! 70V2H3! C2K4! 0/K! GB4! C2K4! 2F! +2;>0P!./AH30/;4! 4/@>A>2/e! 0FG43! GB4! F>3AG! #! =2/GBA! 2F! =0G43/>GY! P40@4e! GB4! 12AA>V>P>GY! F23!

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!"'!! );;23K>/J! G2!T0G>2/0P!+G0G>AG>;Ae! GB4!8SE!F23! GB4!F>3AG! GB344!=2/GBA!2F!&((L!K4;340A4K!VY!'f%!ge!0/K!F23!GB4!F>3AG!#!=2/GBA!VY!?!ge!;2=1034K!G2!GB4!A0=4!143>2KA!2F!&((^f!

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AB03>/J!GB4!34=0>/>/J!10>K!;B>PK;034!P40@4!H1!G2!?"(!K0YA!V4Gd44/!GB4!=2GB43!0/K!GB4!F0GB43e!>F!GB4Y!034!=033>4K!23!P>@4!G2J4GB43f!! C2B0V>G0G>2/! >A! /2G! 34;2J/>Z4K! F23! AH3@>@23Ao! V4/4F>GAe! F23! GB4! F0=>PY! V4/4F>GA!0PP2;0G4K! F32=! GB4! +G0G4! VHKJ4Ge! 23! F23! GB4! 4P>J>V>P>GY! ;3>G43>0! 011P>4K! F23! 4/AH3>/J!B2HA>/Je!4G;f!!! ,B4!34;2J/>G>2/!2F!;2B0V>G0G>2/!VY! GB4!W0=>PY!C2K4!d>PP!V4!0/! >=123G0/G!A>J/0P!F23!B03=2/>Z0G>2/!2F!GB4!011320;B!0/K!F23!4/AH3>/J!4<H0P>GYf!!! ,B4!/4d!W0=>PY!C2K4!13212A4A!/4d!A2PHG>2/A!F23!GB4!132143GY!34P0G>2/A!V4Gd44/!A12HA4Af! ,B4! 4b>AG>/J! 34J>=4! 2F! =03>G0P! ;2==H/>GY! d0A! K>@43A>F>4K! VY! 0KK>/J! 0!34J>=4!2F! A41030G4!132143GY!0/K!0! 34J>=4!V0A4K!2/!0!=03>G0P! ;2/G30;Gf!,B4!132143GY!34J>=4!;0/!V4!;B0/J4K!KH3>/J! GB4!=033>0J4!0/K! >A! AHVc4;G! G2!4b1P>;>G! 34J>AG30G>2/f! .G!d2HPK!V4!d23GBdB>P4!G2!=2/>G23!B2d!GB4A4!/4d!A2PHG>2/A!d>PP!>=10;G!J4/K43!4<H0P>GY!>/!5HPJ03>0f!!!Reformation of legislation in the field of domestic violence ,B4!/4d!82@43/=4/G! ;2/G>/H4K! GB4! 34F23=! >/! GB4! F>4PK!2F!K2=4AG>;!@>2P4/;4!VY! 34IP0H/;B>/J!GB4!K30FG!0=4/K=4/GA!G2!GB4!70d!2/!E32G4;G>2/!0J0>/AG!S2=4AG>;!]>2P4/;4e!1341034K!VY!GB4!134@>2HA!J2@43/=4/Gf!,B4Y!132@>K4!F23!=234!4FF4;G>@4!132G4;G>2/!2F!GB4! @>;G>=A! 2F! @>2P4/;4! 0/K! F23! AHAG0>/0V>P>GY! 2F! GB4! A43@>;4A! F23! AH;B! @>;G>=Af! .F!0K21G4K!VY!GB4!?"AG!T0G>2/0P!)AA4=VPY!VY!GB4!4/K!2F!GB4!Y403e!GB4!;B0/J4A!d>PP!B0@4!12A>G>@4!>/FPH4/;4!2/!J4/K43!4<H0P>GY!>/!5HPJ03>0f!!! CB0/J4A! =0K4! G2! GB4! E4/0P! C2K4! >/! )13>P! &((L"%! B0@4! GB4! 12G4/G>0P! G2! 4/AH34!>/;340A4K! 132G4;G>2/! 2F!d2=4/! 0J0>/AG! K2=4AG>;! @>2P4/;4! 0/K! G30FF>;Q>/Je! >/;PHK>/J!F23! A4bH0P! 4b1P2>G0G>2/f! ]>2P0G>2/! 2F! 132G4;G>2/! 23K43A! >AAH4K! H/K43! GB4! 70d! 2/!E32G4;G>2/! 0J0>/AG! S2=4AG>;! ]>2P4/;4! d0A! ;3>=>/0P>Z4K! h)3G>;P4! &L#! E4/0P! C2K4if!*A>/J!GB4!A43@>;4A!2F!0!=>/23!132AG>GHG4!hK4A1>G4!GB4!0J4!2F!A4bH0P!;2/A4/G!I!"?i!d0A!4b1P>;>GPY!;3>=>/0P>Z4K!G22!h)3G>;P4!"%?h0i!ECif!,B4!1H/>AB=4/GA!F23!G30FF>;Q>/J!d434!=0K4!=234!AG3>/J4/Gf!*A>/J! GB4!A4bH0P!A43@>;4A!2F!0! G30FF>;Q4K!143A2/!d0A!4b1P>;>GPY!>/G32KH;4K! 0A! 0! /4d! ;231HA! K4P>;G>! 2F! GB4! ;3>=4! 2F! G30FF>;Q>/J! >/! 143A2/A!h)3G>;P4!"%Lh;i!ECif!!!Equality body decisions/opinions !,d2!14/K>/J! ;0A4A!2/!J4/K43! 4<H0P>GY!dB>;B!B0@4! 0GG30;G4K!=4K>0! 0GG4/G>2/! ;0/!V4!=4/G>2/4K!F23!GB4!143>2K!H/K43!;2/A>K430G>2/f!!!Access to positions in the National Guard of Bulgaria ,d2! F4=0P4! H/>@43A>GY! AGHK4/GA! >/>G>0G4K! 0! ;0A4! V4F234! GB4! +H134=4!)K=>/>AG30G>@4!C2H3G! 0J0>/AG! 0! 34JHP0G>2/! >AAH4K! VY! GB4! 9>/>AG43! 2F! S4F4/;4! B>/K43>/J! d2=4/oA!0;;4AA! G2! 12A>G>2/A! >/! GB4!T0G>2/0P!8H03K! 2F!5HPJ03>0f! +H1123G4K! VY! 0/!T8Ue! GB4Y!;P0>=!GB0G!GB>A!>A!0!A4b>AG!AG4342GY14K!0GG>GHK4!G2d03KA!d2=4/!dB2e!011034/GPYe!034!/2G!d23GBY! 4/2HJB! G2! 134A4/G! B2/2H3A! 0A! 103G! 2F! GB4! H/>GA! 2F! GB4! T0G>2/0P! 8H03Kf! ,B4!9>/>AG3Y!2F!S4F4/;4!340;G4K!d>GB! GB4!03JH=4/G! GB0G! GB>A! c2V!=>JBG!V4!K4G3>=4/G0P! G2!d2=4/oA!B40PGBf!,B4!;0A4!>A!AG>PP!14/K>/J!0/K!>/!>GA!>/>G>0P!1B0A4f!!Sexist advertisement ,B4! ;0A4! V4F234! GB4! C2==>AA>2/! F23! E32G4;G>2/! 0J0>/AG! S>A;3>=>/0G>2/! 0J0>/AG! GB4!132KH;43A! 2F! GB4! A4b>AG! 0K@43G>A4=4/G! 2F! 0/>A4GG4! vE4ABG430o! 0/K! GB4! =4K>0! dB>;B!

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!"%!! +8!&$m!&((Lf!


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;2PP4J4e!93!85!;2HPK!/2G!;2=1PY!d>GB!GB4!=>/>=H=!34<H>34=4/GA!G2!d23Q!>/!GB4!F>4PK!2F!V40HGY! GB4301Yf!N4!;2HPK!/2G!4@4/!G0Q4!GB4!.,6C!2F!72/K2/!4b0=A!G2!;43G>FY!B>A!132F4AA>2/0P! <H0P>F>;0G>2/f! ,B4! U=VHKA=0/! >/G4/KA! G2! K>A;HAA! GB4! =0GG43! d>GB! GB4!;2PP4J4!0A!d4PP!0A!d>GB!GB4!;2=1P0>/0/G!0/K!AB4!A4/G!GB4=e!G2J4GB43!d>GB!B43!34123G!2/!GB4!;2=1P0>/Ge! 0/! >/@>G0G>2/! F23!;2/AHPG0G>2/!0/K! G2!K>A;HAA! GB4! 34;2==4/K0G>2/!AB4!>/G4/KA! G2!AHV=>G!A2! GB0G! GB4!K>A;3>=>/0G>2/!2/!J32H/K!2F!A4b!;40A4A! G2!4b>AGf! ./! GB4!4/Ke!93!85! 34J>AG434K!0G! 0/2GB43! ;2PP4J4! >/! GB4! F>4PK!2F!V40HGY! GB4301>AG! 0/K! >/! GB4!A14;>0P>Z4K! ;2H3A4! 2F! =0AA0J4e! >/! dB>;B! =0P4! AGHK4/GA! 034! 0PA2! 0;;41G4K! 0/K! F23!1H312A4A!2F!K4;4/;Y!A2=4!A14;>0P!=40AH34A!034!G0Q4/e!4fJf!93!85!K24A!GB4!130;G>;0P!=0AA0J>/J!4b43;>A4A!2/!B>A!2d/!=2K4Pf!!File No. AKI 27/2008 published 16 April 2009: unequal treatment in occupational training ,B4! U=VHKA=0/! 4b0=>/4K! GB4! ;2=1P0>/G! 2F! GB4! 6<H0P>GY! UVA43@0G23Y! 2F! CY13HA!0J0>/AG! GB4!CY13HA!,4P4;2==H/>;0G>2/A!)HGB23>GY! hCD,)ie!2/!V4B0PF!2F!0!J32H1!2F!"?!d2=4/e!dB2!d23Q!0A!;P40/43A!0G!CD,)e!AG0G>/J!GB0G!GB4Y!d434!/2G!J30/G4K!4<H0P!21123GH/>G>4A!F23!2;;H10G>2/0P!G30>/>/J!0A!;2=1034K!G2!GB4>3!=0P4!;2PP40JH4A!dB2!d434!d23Q>/J! >/! GB4! A0=4! ;0G4J23Y! 2F! J4/430P! A43@>;4A! hH/AQ>PP4K! d23Q43Ae! J03K4/43Ae!G4;B/>;>0/! ;P40/43e! JH03K! 123G43ie! dB2! d434! J30/G4K! 2;;H10G>2/0P! G30>/>/Jf! ./! B43!>/@4AG>J0G>2/! GB4!U=VHKA=0/!/2G4Ke!0=2/J!2GB43! GB>/JAe! GB0G!/2G!2/PY! GB4!;P40/43Ae!VHG!0PA2!GB4!d23Q43A!0/K!J03K4/43A!d434!34;3H>G4K!0A!H/AQ>PP4K!P0V2H3!0/K!d434!0PP!>/!GB4!A0=4!A0P03Y!A;0P4f!WH3GB43=234e!GB4!;P40/43A!0A!d4PP!0A!GB4!d23Q43A!0/K!J03K4/43A!B0K! 2/PY! 10AA4K! 13>=03Y! A;B22Pf! ,B4! 2;;H10G>2/0P! G30>/>/J! 132J30==4! d0A! 0G! GB4!P4@4P! 2F! J4/430P! Q/2dP4KJ4! 0/K! d0A! /2G! 0! A14;>0P>Z4K! 2;;H10G>2/0P! G30>/>/J! 2F!4=1P2Y44Af! ,B4! U=VHKA=0/! F2H/K! 2HG! GB0Ge! GB32HJB! GB4! Y403Ae! >/! GB4! ;2PP4;G>@4!0J344=4/GA!F32=!"L^(I&(('e!0;;4AA!G2!G30>/>/J!d0A!J>@4/!G2!4b>AG>/J!AG0FF!2F!J4/430P!A43@>;4Ae! dB4340A! G2! ;P40/43A! h0PP! d2=4/ie! dB2! V4P2/J4K! G2! GB4! A0=4! ;0G4J23Y! 2F!143A2//4Pe! AH;B! 0;;4AA! d0A! /2G! J>@4/f! U;;H10G>2/0P! G30>/>/J! d0A! 2/4! 2F! GB4! 134I34<H>A>G4A! F23! A0P03Y! 0K@0/;4=4/Gf! ,B4! U=VHKA=0/! 340;B4K! GB4! F2PP2d>/J!;2/;PHA>2/Al!! 0i! GB0G! GB4! 4b;PHA>2/! 2F! GB4! ;P40/43A! F32=! GB4! 2;;H10G>2/0P! G30>/>/J! 132J30==4!;2/AG>GHG4A! >/K>34;G! K>A;3>=>/0G>2/! 2/! J32H/K! 2F! A4b! >/! GB4! F>4PK! 2F! 0;;4AA! G2!2;;H10G>2/0P! G30>/>/Je! GBHA! @>2P0G>/J! GB4! 6<H0P! ,340G=4/G! 2F! 94/! 0/K! a2=4/! >/!6=1P2Y=4/G!0/K!U;;H10G>2/0P!,30>/>/J!70dA!2F!&((&I&(($k!! Vi! GB0G! GB4! F0;G! GB0G! ;P40/43A! d434! K4/>4K! GB4! 12AA>V>P>GY! G2! B0@4! 2;;H10G>2/0P!G30>/>/J!=0K4!2;;H10G>2/0P!0K@0/;4=4/G!>=12AA>VP4!F23!GB4=!0/K!;0HA4K!>/4<H0P>GY!>/!34=H/430G>2/!2/!J32H/K!2F!A4bk!!! ;i! GB0G! >/! GB4! ;2PP4;G>@4! 0J344=4/G! /4>GB43! GB4! d23Q! 2F! ;P40/43! /23! GB0G! 2F! GB4!G4;B/>;>0/!;P40/43e!JH03Ke!123G43!23!d23Q43!034!4@0PH0G4Kf!)PGB2HJB!2/!GB4!K0Y!2F!GB4>3!34;3H>G=4/G! GB4Y! J4G! GB4! A0=4! A0P03Ye! GB4! J32H1! 2F! ;P40/43Ae! dB>;B! 2/PY! >/;PHK4A!d2=4/e! P0G43! F>/K! GB4=A4P@4A! >/! 0/! H/F0@2H30VP4! 12A>G>2/! 0A! 34J03KA! 34=H/430G>2/!;2=1034K!G2!=4/!dB2!V4P2/J!G2!2GB43!J32H1A!VHG!B0@4!GB4!A0=4!>/>G>0P!A0P03Ye!0/K!GB>A!A>GH0G>2/!;0//2G!V4!cHAG>F>4K!VY!2Vc4;G>@4!F0;G23A!/2G!34P0G>/J!G2!A4be!GBHA!;2/AG>GHG>/J!>/K>34;G!K>A;3>=>/0G>2/!2/!J32H/K!2F!A4bk!!! Ki! GB0G! >/! GB4!;2PP4;G>@4!0J344=4/G!2F!&((&e! GB4!;3>G43>0!2/!dB>;B! GB4! G30/AF43!2F!d23Q43A! F32=!2/4!J32H1! G2!0/2GB43!d0A!V0A4K!;2/AG>GHG4K! >/K>34;G!K>A;3>=>/0G>2/!2/!J32H/K!2F!A4b!0J0>/AG!GB4!F4=0P4!;P40/43Ae!V4;0HA4!GB4A4!;3>G43>0!K413>@4K!GB4=!2F!0/Y!132A14;G! F23! 2;;H10G>2/0P! K4@4P21=4/G! H/G>P! GB4>3! 34G>34=4/Gk! 0/K! 4i! GB0G! GB4!K>=4/A>2/! 2F! GB4! 4<H0P>GY! 2F! A4b4A! d0A! 143A>AG4/GPY! 0VA4/G! F32=! GB4! 0J4/K0! 2F!/4J2G>0G>2/A!F23!GB4!;2PP4;G>@4!0J344=4/GAf!!


! ,B4! U=VHKA=0/! d>PP! ;0PP! GB4! >/G434AG4K! 103G>4A! F23! ;2/AHPG0G>2/A! >/! 23K43! G2!K>A;HAA!GB4!;2/G4/G!2F!GB4!34;2==4/K0G>2/!GB0G!AB4!d>PP!AHV=>Gf!!!!!!Miscellaneous !Activities on gender equality by NGOs +4@430P!T8UA!;2/G>/H4!G2!23J0/>Z4!A4=>/03A!G2!132=2G4!GB4!13>/;>1P4!2F!4<H0P>GY!0/K!>/F23=!GB4>3!=4=V43A!34J03K>/J!GB4!132@>A>2/A!2F!GB4!P0dA!dB>;B!G30/A12A4!6H32140/!4<H0P>GY!P4J>AP0G>2/f!! ./!90Y! &((Le! GB4! 84/K43! 6<H0P>GY! 0/K! 6<H0P! ,340G=4/G! S4103G=4/G! 2F! ,30K4!*/>2/! S6UO! 1HVP>AB4K! GB4! V22Q! v+G41A! F23! 4<H0P! 10Yo! ;2=V0G>/J! GB4! 10Y! J01! 2F!&%!g!V4Gd44/!=4/!0/K!d2=4/!>/!CY13>2G!+2;>4GYf!!!

CZECH REPUBLIC!r!_)*#<*%$'_-1,*%#7/!!Policy developments Abrogation of adoption restrictions for registered partners 82@43/=4/G! C2H/;>P! F23! NH=0/! ->JBGA! 01132@4K! >/>G>0G>@4! 2F! >GA! C2==>GG44! F23!A4bH0P! =>/23>G>4A! 2/! "^! :H/4! &((L! dB>;B! >A! K>34;G4K! 0G! 0V32J0G>2/! 2F! +4;G>2/! "'e!1030J301B!&!2F!);G!T2f!""%m&((#!C2PPfe!2/!-4J>AG434K!E03G/43AB>1e!0;;23K>/J!G2!dB>;B!v70AG>/J! 103G/43AB>1! 134@4/GA! 0/Y! 2F! 103G/43A! G2! V4;2=4! 0/! 0K21G>@4! 1034/Gof!+HJJ4AG>2/!2F! GB4!C2==>GG44! F23! A4bH0P!=>/23>G>4A! K43>@4K! F32=!)/0PYA>A! 2F!CZ4;B!P4J0P! 34JHP0G>2/A! F23!0K21G>2/!2F!0!;B>PK!VY!J0YAe! P4AV>0/!0/K!V>A4bH0P!1421P4! >/! GB4!P>JBG! 2F! GB4! 6H32140/! */>2/! P0d! 0/K! 6H32140/! C2/@4/G>2/! 2/! NH=0/! ->JBGA! 0/K!WH/K0=4/G0P! W344K2=Af"$! ,B4! 0/0PYA>A! 4b0=>/4K! GB4! <H4AG>2/! 2F! 0;;23K0/;4! 2F!0K21G>2/! V0/! d>GB! 6H32140/! C2/@4/G>2/! 2/! NH=0/! ->JBGA! 0/K! WH/K0=4/G0P!W344K2=A! 0/K! GB4! C2/AG>GHG>2/! 2F! GB4! CZ4;B! -41HVP>;f! U/! GB4! V0A>A! 2F! 0! 34;4/G!K4;>A>2/!2F!GB4!6H32140/!C2H3G!2F!NH=0/!->JBGA!h9G(G!@!])$%H&!2F!:0/H03Y!&((^ie!GB4!0V2@4!=4/G>2/4K!P4J0P!132@>A>2/A!AB0PP!V4!A44/!0A!>/!V340;B!d>GB!GB4!C2/@4/G>2/!0/K!GB434F234!H/;2/AG>GHG>2/0Pf"^!!!Legislative developments !Antidiscrimination bill adopted U/! "$! :H/4! &((L! GB4! 0/G>K>A;3>=>/0G>2/! V>PP! B0A! V44/! F>/0PPY! 0K21G4K! VY! GB4!E03P>0=4/Ge! 0FG43! 0P=2AG! Gd2! Y403A! 2F! K>A;HAA>2/A! 2/! >G! h>G! d0A! 13212A4K! VY! GB4!82@43/=4/G!>/!:HPY!&(($if!,B4!);G!T2f!"L^m&((L!C2PPfe!2/!4<H0P!G340G=4/G!0/K!P4J0P!>/AG3H=4/GA!2F!132G4;G>2/!0J0>/AG!K>A;3>=>/0G>2/!0/K!2/!0=4/K=4/G!2F!A2=4!P0dAe!B0A!V44/!1HVP>AB4K!2/!&L!:H/4!&((L!>/!GB4!103G!%^!2F!GB4!C2PP4;G>2/!2F!70dAf!! ,B4! 0;G! >A! <H>G4! AB23Gl! >G! B0A! cHAG! "L! A4;G>2/A! h>/;PHK>/J! GB2A4! 0=4/K>/J! A2=4!2GB43!0;GAif!,B4!0;G!K4F>/4A! GB4!3>JBG! G2!4<H0P! G340G=4/G! >/!0340A!2F!4=1P2Y=4/G!0/K!0;;4AA! G2! 4=1P2Y=4/Ge! 4/G34134/4H3AB>1! 0/K! A4PFI4=1P2Y=4/Ge! =4=V43AB>1! 0/K!0;G>@>GY! >/! G30K4! H/>2/Ae! ;2H/;>PA! 2F! 4=1P2Y44A! 23! 23J0/>A0G>2/A! 2F! 4=1P2Y43Ae!=4=V43AB>1! 0/K! 0;G>@>GY! >/! 132F4AA>2/0P! ;B0=V43Ae! A2;>0P! A4;H3>GYe! A2;>0P! V4/4F>GAe!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!"$!! aB2P4! 0/0PYA>A! >A! 0@0>P0VP4! 0Gl!BGG1lmmdddfF4=>/>A=HAf;ZmK2d/P20Km0/0PYZ0q0K21;4qF>/0Pf1KFe!0;;4AA4K!"?!+41G4=V43!&((Lf!

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Equality body decisions/opinions !Opinion of the Gender Equality and Equal Treatment Commissioner concerning equal pay in the public sector ,B4!84/K43!6<H0P>GY!0/K!6<H0P!,340G=4/G!C2==>AA>2/43!F2H/K!GB0G!GB4!9>/>AG3Y!2F!S4F4/;4! B0K! V340;B4K! GB4! 13>/;>1P4! 2F! 4<H0P! 10Y! dB4/! 10Y>/J! 0! P2d43! A0P03Y! G2! 0!F4=0P4!;>@>P!A43@0/G!GB0/!G2!B43!=0P4!;2PP40JH4A!dB2!K>K!GB4!A0=4!c2Vf&'!!! 5Y! d0Y! 2F! V0;QJ32H/Ke! >/! GB4! 6AG2/>0/! ;>@>P! A43@>;4! GB4! A0P03Y! B0A! A4@430P!;2=12/4/GAl!0!V0A>;!A0P03Y!;2334A12/K>/J!G2!GB4!A0P03Y!A;0P4!hGB4!V0A>;!A0P03Y!;0/!V4!K>FF434/G>0G4K! G0Q>/J! >/G2!0;;2H/G!<H0P>F>;0G>2/Ae!d23Q>/J!;2/K>G>2/Ae! 34J>2/!23!2GB43!;B030;G43>AG>;A!2F!GB4!d23Qik!0/!0KK>G>2/0P!F44!F23!=234!4FF>;>4/G!d23Q>/J!34AHPGA!23!F23!AH11P4=4/G03Y!2VP>J0G>2/Ak!0KK>G>2/0P!F44A!F23!GB4!P4/JGB!2F!A43@>;4e!0;0K4=>;!K4J344e!132F>;>4/;Y! >/! F234>J/! P0/JH0J4Ae! 132;4AA>/J! AG0G4! A4;34GA! 23! ;P0AA>F>4K!=4K>0! 0A! A4G!F23GB!>/!GB4!P0df&?!! ,B4! ;P0>=0/G! >/! GB>A! 103G>;HP03! ;0A4! d23QA! 0A! 0/! 0K@>A23! >/! GB4! 9>/>AG3Y! 2F!S4F4/;4f!,B434!034! Gd2!=0P4!0K@>A23A! >/!B43!K4103G=4/Gf!)PP! GB344!0K@>A23A!B0K! GB4!A0=4!A0P03Y!A;0P4e!VHG!GB4!0=2H/G!;2334A12/K>/J!G2!GB4!A0P03Y!A;0P4!d0A!K>FF434/G>0G4K!F23!40;B!0K@>A23f!,B4!K>FF434/G>0G4K!A0P03Y!A;0P4!>A!;0PP4K!0!A0P03Y!30G4f!,B4!A0P03Y!30G4!2F!GB4!;P0>=0/G!d0A!P2d43!GB0/!GB4!A0P03Y!30G4!2F!B43!=0P4!;2PP40JH4Af!N2d4@43e!0A!GB4!;P0>=0/G! 0PA2! 34;4>@4K! 0/! 0KK>G>2/0P! F44! F23! GB4! Y403A! 2F! A43@>;4e! B43! G2G0P!34=H/430G>2/! d0A! B>JB43! GB0/! GB4! G2G0P! 34=H/430G>2/! 2F! B43! =0P4! ;2PP40JH4Af! ,B4!9>/>AG3Y!4b1P0>/4K!GB0G!GB4!A0P03Y!30G4!d0A!P2d43!F23!GB4!F4=0P4!0K@>A23!V4;0HA4!AB4!34;4>@4K!0/!0KK>G>2/0P!F44!F23!GB4!P4/JGB!2F!A43@>;4f!,B4!9>/>AG3Y!0PA2!12>/G4K!2HG!GB0G!GB>A! >A! <H>G4! ;2==2/! 0/K! GB0Ge! F23! 4b0=1P4e! GB4! A0P03Y! 30G4! F23! 0/2GB43! F4=0P4!4=1P2Y44!d0A!0PA2!P2d43!GB0/!GB4!30G4!F23!B43!=0P4!;2PP40JH4A!V4;0HA4!AB4!34;4>@4K!0/!0KK>G>2/0P!F44!F23!0/!0;0K4=>;!K4J344f!! ,B4!C2==>AA>2/43!4AG0VP>AB4K!GB0G!GB4!KHG>4A!0/K!34A12/A>V>P>G>4A!d434!A>=>P03!F23!0PP!0K@>A23Af!,B4!F4=0P4!4=1P2Y44!B0K!0!P2/J43!G43=!2F!A43@>;4!0/K!B>JB43!4KH;0G>2/e!dB4340A!B43!=0P4!;2PP40JH4A!2/PY!B0K!A4;2/K03Y!4KH;0G>2/f!,B4!C2==>AA>2/43!F2H/K!GB0G! GB4! K>FF434/;4! >/! GB4! A0P03Y! 30G4! B0K! /2! 2Vc4;G>@4! cHAG>F>;0G>2/e! J>@4/! GB0G! GB4!;P0>=0/G! B0K! 0! B>JB43! <H0P>F>;0G>2/! GB0/! B43! =0P4! ;2PP40JH4Af! ,B434F234! GB4!C2==>AA>2/43! F2H/K! GB0G! K>A;3>=>/0G>2/! 2/! GB4! J32H/KA! 2F! J4/K43! B0K! >/K44K!2;;H334Kf! ,B4!C2==>AA>2/43! 0KK>G>2/0PPY! 12>/G4K! 2HG! GB0G! GB4! 0=2H/G! 2F! 0KK>G>2/0P!F44Ae!P40@4!V4/4F>G!0/K!;2=14/A0G>2/!H12/!34P40A4!F32=!A43@>;4!K414/K!2/!GB4!0=2H/G!2F!GB4!A0P03Y!30G4e!0/K!/2G!GB4!2GB43!d0Y!032H/Kf!! ,B4!34134A4/G0G>@4!2F!GB4!9>/>AG3Y!2F!S4F4/;4e!B0@>/J!34;4>@4K!GB4!21>/>2/!2F!GB4!C2==>AA>2/43e!AG0G4K!GB0G!GB4!9>/>AG3Y!>A!Y4G!G2!K4;>K4!dB4GB43!G2!;B0/J4!GB4!A0P03Y!AYAG4=f!,B4!9>/>AG3Y!0KK4K!GB0G!GB4!V340;B!2F!GB4!13>/;>1P4!2F!4<H0P!G340G=4/G!B0K!/2G!V44/! >/G4/G>2/0Pf!WH3GB43e! GB4!9>/>AG3Y! >A! ;H334/GPY!0/0PYA>/J!B2d! G2!134@4/G!J4/K43!K>A;3>=>/0G>2/!>/!GB4!FHGH34k!2/4!12AA>V>P>GY!H/K43!;2/A>K430G>2/!>A!G2!0112>/G!0!J4/K43!4<H0P>GY!34134A4/G0G>@4!0G!GB4!9>/>AG3Yf!!

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!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!$(!! U8!T2f!^Le!L!:H/4!&((Lf!


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THE NETHERLANDS!r!.*77*'6-1<2$$<!!Legislative developments !Employers obliged to prevent discrimination U/!'(!:H/4!&((Le!0/!0=4/K=4/G!G2!GB4!`)?-@&<!hN40PGB!0/K!+0F4GY!0G!a23Q!);Gi!d0A!4/0;G4Kf^?! */K43! GB>A! /4d! P0de! 4=1P2Y43A! 034! 2VP>J4K! G2! 134@4/G! 0/K! G0Q4! 0;G>2/!0J0>/AG!K>A;3>=>/0G>2/!>/!GB4>3!23J0/>Z0G>2/f!vS>A;3>=>/0G>2/o!B0A!/2d!V44/!0KK4K!G2!GB4!P>AG!2F!12AA>VP4!;0HA4A!2F!v;#>H3-#-H*$1';)&##")&#o!0G!d23Qf!6=1P2Y43A!034!2VP>J4K!G2!132G4;G! GB4>3!4=1P2Y44A!0A!=H;B!0A!12AA>VP4!0J0>/AG! AH;B!;#>H3-#-H*$1';)&##")&#f!,B4! `)?-@&<! 2VP>J4A! 4=1P2Y43A! G2! =0Q4! 0! v3>AQ! 0AA4AA=4/Go! d>GB! 34J03K! G2! GB4!4b>AG4/;4!2F!3>AQA!2F!1AY;B2A2;>0P!134AAH34Ae!AH;B!0A!=2VV>/J!0/K!A4bH0P!B030AA=4/Ge!0/K!GB4!3>AQ!2F!vK>A;3>=>/0G>2/o!B0A!/2d!V44/!0KK4K!G2!GB>Af!6=1P2Y43A!B0@4!G2!0K21G!0!1P0/!2F!0;G>2/!d>GB!34J03K!G2!GB4!>K4/G>F>4K!3>AQAf!! ,B4! `)?&*,#*%#;&H<*&! hSHG;B! 70V2H3! ./A14;G230G4i! >A! 34A12/A>VP4! F23! 4/F23;>/J!GB>A! 2VP>J0G>2/e! 0/K! >A! ;2=14G4/G! G2! >=12A4! F>/4A! 2/! 4=1P2Y43A!dB2! F0>P! G2! ;2=1PY!d>GB!GB>A!2VP>J0G>2/f!)G!d23AGe!>/!;0A4A!2F!143A>AG>/J!/4JP4;G!2F!KHGY!VY!GB4!4=1P2Y43e!0!VHA>/4AA!=0Y!V4!ABHG!K2d/!VY!GB4!`)?&*,#*%#;&H<*&f!! ,B>A! 0=4/K=4/G! P0YA! K2d/! GB4! 4=1P2Y43Ao! 34A12/A>V>P>GY! G2! 134@4/G! 0/K! G0;QP4!K>A;3>=>/0G>2/!d>GB>/!GB4>3!23J0/>A0G>2/f!6/F23;>/J!GB4!134@4/G>2/!2F!K>A;3>=>/0G>2/!>/!0!1320;G>@4!d0Y! A44=A! G2!V4! 0!@0PH0VP4! AH11P4=4/G! G2! GB4! 4b>AG>/J! v;2=1P0>/GAIP4Ko!F30=4d23Q! 2F! GB4! /2/IK>A;3>=>/0G>2/! 132@>A>2/Ae! dB>;B! 132@4K! G2! V4! P>=>G4K! >/!4FF4;G>@4/4AAf! ./! GB4! 10AGe! d>GB! 34J03K! G2! A4bH0P! B030AA=4/G! 0/K! =2VV>/Je! GB4!`)?&*,#*%#;&H<*&! /4@43! HA4K! >GA! 12d43A! G2! >=12A4! F>/4Af! N2d4@43e! GB4! >/;PHA>2/! G2!134@4/G!AH;B!H/d0/G4K!V4B0@>2H3!0G!GB4!d23Q!1P0;4!>/!GB4!`)?-@&<!B0A!132@4/!G2!V4!0/! >=123G0/G! G22P! h4fJf! F23! GB4! a23QA! C2H/;>PA! 23! GB4! ,30K4! */>2/Ai! G2! AG>=HP0G4!4=1P2Y43A! G2!011PY! 3>AQ!0AA4AA=4/GAe! G2!0K21G!0;G>2/!1P0/A!0/K! G2!A4G!H1!;2=1P0>/GA!132;4KH34A! d>GB>/! GB4! 23J0/>Z0G>2/f! )PA2e! GB4! P4J0P! /23=! GB0G! 4=1P2Y43A! B0@4! G2!134@4/G!A4bH0P!B030AA=4/G!0/K!=2VV>/J!B0A!132@4/!G2!B0@4!GB4!4FF4;G! GB0G!r! >/!;0A4!GB4! 4=1P2Y43! F0>PA! G2! K2! A2! r! cHKJ4A! >/! ;>@>PIP0d! ;0A4A! 034!=234! >/;P>/4K! G2! 0;;41G!P>0V>P>GY! 2F! GB4! 4=1P2Y43! >/! ;0A4! GB4! @>;G>=! AHFF43A! F32=! AH;B! ;2/KH;Gf! ,B4! A0=4!4FF4;GA!=0Y!V4!4b14;G4K!F32=!GB4!>/;PHA>2/!2F!K>A;3>=>/0G>2/!>/G2!GB4!`)?-@&<f!!Parliament discusses extension of paternity leave )G!GB4!=2=4/Ge! GB4!SHG;B!103P>0=4/G! >A!;2/A>K43>/J!4bG4/K>/J!GB4!KH30G>2/!2F!hFHPPY!10>Ki!10G43/>GY!P40@4!F32=!Gd2!K0YA!G2!F>@4f!,B4!>/>G>0G23!2F!GB4!V>PPe!2112A>G>2/!103GY!E)-&%W*%7#e! >/>G>0PPY! 13212A4K! 0/! 4bG4/A>2/! G2! Gd2!d44QAe! VHG! GB>A! 1P0/!=4G! AG32/J!2112A>G>2/!2F!4=1P2Y43Ao!23J0/>Z0G>2/Ae!0A!GB4!4=1P2Y43A!B0K!G2!10Y!F23!>Gf!U/4!2F!GB4!H/K43PY>/J!=2G>@4A! 2F! GB4!5>PP! >A! G2! 4/0VP4! Y2H/J! F0GB43A! G2! J4G! h4<H0PPYi! >/@2P@4K!d>GB! GB4! H1V3>/J>/J! 2F! GB4>3! ;B>PK34/! 3>JBG! F32=! GB4! V4J>//>/Jf! ,B>A! ;2HPK!AHVA4<H4/GPY!4/0VP4!d2=4/!G2!103G>;>10G4!=234!4<H0PPY!>/!GB4!P0V2H3!=03Q4Gf!!!Equality body decisions/opinions85 !University discriminates against pregnant student )!SHG;B!P0d!AGHK4/G!dB2!V4;0=4!134J/0/G!0/K!J0@4!V>3GB!G2!0!;B>PK!KH3>/J!GB4!GB>3K!Y403! 2F! B43! AGHK>4A!=>AA4K! Gd2! 4b0=A!2F! 0! ;43G0>/! ;2H3A4f!+B4! 01140P4K! 0J0>/AG! GB4!

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NORWAY!r!6&1F$'`"%&!!Policy developments !SH4! G2! GB4!103P>0=4/G03Y!4P4;G>2/A!4/K>/J!2/!"?!+41G4=V43!&((Le!/2G!=0/Y!J4/K43!4<H0P>GY! >AAH4A! B0@4! V44/! 34;4>@>/J! 0GG4/G>2/f! ,B4! 12P>G>;>0/A! G2H;B4K! H12/! >AAH4A!AH;B! 0A! 4<H0P! 10Y! G2! @03>2HA! K4J344Ae! VHG! A>/;4! GB4! 134A4/G! 82@43/=4/G! ;B2A4! G2!AB4P@4! GB4! 6<H0P! E0Y! C2==>AA>2/A! 34;2==4/K0G>2/A! GB4Y! K2! /2G! B0@4! 0! P2G! 2F!;34K>V>P>GY!2/!GB>A!>AAH4f!!Legislative developments !White Paper 2009:14: A new common Anti-discrimination Act for all discrimination grounds87 ,B4!82@43/=4/G! 0112>/G4K! 0! C2==>GG44! G2! 134A4/G! 0! 13212A0P! F23! 0! /4d! ;2==2/!)/G>IK>A;3>=>/0G>2/!);G! F23! 0PP! GB4! @03>2HA! 132G4;G4K! J32H/KA! 2/! "! :H/4! &(($f! ,B4!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!^#!! 6,C U1>/>2/!2F!&L!:HPY!&((Le!T2f!&((LI$"e!0@0>P0VP4!0G!BGG1lmmdddf;JVf/Pm/2K4m"?L"&m@2PP4K>J!^$!! BGG1lmmdddf34Jc43>/J4/f/2m/VmK41mVPKmK2Qm/2H43m&((Lm/2HI&((LI"?fBG=Ps>Kt%###&?e!0;;4AA4K!"'!+41G4=V43!&((Lf!


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SLOVAKIA!r!}"b$%$'+$F")-8/!!Policy developments !Institutional framework of gender equality still insufficient )PGB2HJB! GB4! +P2@0Q! T0G>2/0P! C4/G34! F23! NH=0/! ->JBGA! >A! 34J03K4K! VY! GB4!82@43/=4/G!0A!GB4!J4/K43!4<H0P>GY!V2KY!0/K!>GA!A;214!2F!;2=14G4/;4A!d0A!4bG4/K4K!P0AG!Y403e!>G!K24A!/2G!B0@4!0!A14;>0P!K>@>A>2/!2/!J4/K43!4<H0P>GY!d>GB!AHFF>;>4/G!FH/K>/J!0/K!J4/K43!4<H0P>GY!4b143GAf!,B4!A0=4!011P>4A!G2!GB4!82@43/=4/G!C2H/;>P!F23!84/K43!6<H0P>GYf!!Positive development: three female candidates in presidential elections ./! 903;Be! GB4! F>3AG! 32H/K! 2F! 134A>K4/G>0P! 4P4;G>2/A! d0A! B4PKe! d>GB! GB4! B>AG23>;0PPY!B>JB4AG!/H=V43!2F!F4=0P4!;0/K>K0G4Af!./!GB4!134@>2HA!4P4;G>2/Ae!2/PY!2/4!d2=0/!30/!F23!134A>K4/Gf!,B>A!Y403!GB434!d434!GB344!d2=4/!3H//>/J!F23!GB4!2FF>;4!2F!E34A>K4/G!2F!GB4!+P2@0Q!-41HVP>;!0/K!2/4!2F!GB4=!d0A!GB4!=2AG!A43>2HA!3>@0P!F23!GB4!134A>K4/G!34I4P4;G4K!KH3>/J!GB4!A4;2/K!32H/K!2F!4P4;G>2/A!>/!)13>Pf!!National Action Plan for the Prevention and Elimination of Violence against Women for the years 2009 to 2012 U/! "$! :H/4e! GB4!82@43/=4/G! 01132@4K! GB4! K30FG! 2F! 0!T0G>2/0P!);G>2/! EP0/! F23! GB4!E34@4/G>2/!0/K!6P>=>/0G>2/!2F!]>2P4/;4! 0J0>/AG!a2=4/! F23! GB4!Y403A!&((L! G2!&("&!hT)Eif!);;23K>/J!G2!GB4!T)Ee!+P2@0Q>0!/44KA!G2!;2/A>K43!0!/4d!P0d!K40P>/J!d>GB!0PP!F23=A! 2F! @>2P4/;4! 2/! d2=4/e! 23! K2=4AG>;! @>2P4/;4e! d>GB! dB>;B! 2GB43! 6H32140/!;2H/G3>4A! B0@4! 4b143>4/;4f! )PA2e! 132=1G! 0/K! 4FF4;G>@4! B4P1! G2! 0PP! d2=4/! dB2! 034!@>;G>=A! 2F! @>2P4/;4! B0A! G2! V4! A4;H34Kf! ,B434F234e! 0! 94GB2K2P2J>;0P! C223K>/0G>2/!C4/G34! F23! 134@4/G>2/! 0/K! 4P>=>/0G>2/! 2F! @>2P4/;4! 0J0>/AG! d2=4/! AB2HPK! V4!4AG0VP>AB4Ke!0/K!0PP!+P2@0Q!;2H/G>4A!AB2HPK!B0@4!0G!P40AG!2/4!;3>A>A!>/G43@4/G>2/!;4/G34!0A!d4PP!0A!0!=>/>=H=!2F!2/4!G4=12303Y!B2=4!F23!d2=4/!0/K!2/4!;2/AHPG>/J!;4/G34f!! ./! 903;Be! Gd4P@4! T8UAe! 21430G>/J! >/! GB4! 0340! 2F! d2=4/oA! BH=0/! 3>JBGAe!AHV=>GG4K! c2>/G! 1HVP>;! ;2==4/GA! 2/! GB4! 13212A4K!T)Ee! K30FG4K! VY! GB4!9>/>AG3Y! 2F!70V2H3e! +2;>0P! )FF0>3A! 0/K! W0=>PYf! ,B4A4! 23J0/>Z0G>2/A! ;2/A>K43! GB4! T)E! 0A! 0/!>/0K4<H0G4!F30=4d23Q!F23!GB4!4FF4;G>@4!4P>=>/0G>2/!0/K!134@4/G>2/!2F!@>2P4/;4!0J0>/AG!d2=4/! 0/K! GB4Y! AHV=>GG4K! =234! GB0/! ?(! ;2==4/GA! =0Q>/J! 13212A0PA! F23! >GA!>=132@4=4/Gf! )PGB2HJB! GB4A4! T8UA! AHV=>GG4K! GB4>3! ;2==4/GA! V0A4K! 2/! GB4!>/G43/0G>2/0P!AG0/K03KA!F23!132G4;G>2/!2F!d2=4/oA!3>JBGA!0/K!GB4!J4/430P!13>/;>1P4A!2F!BH=0/!3>JBGA!G2!GB4!9>/>AG3Y!0G!403P>43!AG0J4A!2F!1341030G>2/!2F!GB4!T)Ee!GB4!9>/>AG3Y!B03KPY!G22Q!GB4=!>/G2!0;;2H/Gf!!Legislative developments !./!+P2@0Q>0!0!A14;>F>;!P0d!2/!J4/K43!4<H0P>GYe!B0A!AG>PP!/2G!V44/!0K21G4Kf!!


Case law of national courts !Lack of cases ,B4!)/G>K>A;3>=>/0G>2/!);G! >A! AG>PP!/2G! AHFF>;>4/GPY!011P>4K! >/!130;G>;4f!,B434!034!/2!/4d!;0A4A!;2/;43/>/J!J4/K43!K>A;3>=>/0G>2/f!!Equality body decisions/opinions !The Report on the observance of human rights including the principle of equal treatment in the Slovak Republic for the year 2008 !*/K43!GB4!)/G>K>A;3>=>/0G>2/!);Ge!GB4!+P2@0Q!T0G>2/0P!C4/G34!F23!NH=0/!->JBGA!hvGB4!C4/G34oi!0;GA!0A!GB4!A2P4!>/AG>GHG>2/!A0F4JH03K>/J!4<H0P>GYe!VY!0AA4AA>/J!GB4!2VA43@0/;4!2F! GB4! 3>JBG! G2! 4<H0P! G340G=4/G! 0;;23K>/J! G2! GB4!)/G>K>A;3>=>/0G>2/!);Gf!,B4!C4/G34!0//H0PPY! 4P0V230G4A! 0/K! 1HVP>AB4A! GB4! -4123G! 2/! GB4! UVA43@0/;4! 2F! NH=0/! ->JBGA!>/;PHK>/J!GB4!;2J/>Z0/;4!2F!GB4!4<H0P!G340G=4/G!13>/;>1P4!>/!GB4!+P2@0Q!-41HVP>;!F23!GB4!134@>2HA!;0P4/K03!Y403f""(!,B4!J4/430P!103G!2F!GB4!-4123G!v,B4!FH/K0=4/G0P!BH=0/!3>JBGAo!;2/G0>/A!@43Y!AB23G!;B01G43A!;2/;43/>/J!GB4!G30FF>;Q>/J!>/!BH=0/!V4>/JA!h/2G!0!A41030G4!103G!;2/;43/>/J!G30FF>;Q>/J!>/!d2=4/ie!@>2P4/;4!0J0>/AG!d2=4/e!103G>;>10G>2/!2F!d2=4/!>/!1HVP>;!J2@43/0/;4!0/K!;243;>@4!AG43>P>A0G>2/A!2F!-2=0!d2=4/f!,B4!>AAH4!2F!;243;>@4!AG43>P>A0G>2/!>A!103G!2F!GB4!;B01G43!;2/;43/>/J!GB4!3>JBG!G2!GB4!132G4;G>2/!2F!B40PGB!0/K!12AA>VP4!0A14;GA!2F!K>A;3>=>/0G>2/!034!/2G!=4/G>2/4K!>/!GB4!34123Gf!! ,B4!A41030G4!103G!2F! GB4!34123G!v,B4!13>/;>1P4!2F!4<H0P! G340G=4/G!0/K!132B>V>G>2/!0J0>/AG! K>A;3>=>/0G>2/o! >A! B>JBPY! J4/430P! 0/K! /2G! @43Y! ;3>G>;0Pf! .G! >/@2P@4A! GB4!=0>/!0=4/K=4/GA!2F!GB4!)/G>K>A;3>=>/0G>2/!);G!0K21G4K!KH3>/J!GB4!Y403!&((^f!,B4!C4/G34!>A!/2G!;3>G>;0P!2F!GB4!F0;G!GB0G!E03P>0=4/G!34FHA4K!G2!>/;PHK4!GB4!0K21G>2/!2F!G4=12303Y!A14;>0P! =40AH34A! 2/! GB4! J32H/KA! 2F! A4b! 0/K! 4GB/>;! 23! 30;>0P! 23>J>/e! /0G>2/0P>GY! 23!4GB/>;!J32H1!0/K! 341P0;4K! GB4A4!J32H/KA!VY! A2;>0P! 0/K!4;2/2=>;!K>A0K@0/G0J4f!,B4!C4/G34!2/PY!;3>G>;>Z4A!GB0G!G4=12303Y!0FF>3=0G>@4!0;G>2/!;2HPK!V4!0K21G4K!2/PY!VY!AG0G4!0K=>/>AG30G>2/! 0HGB23>G>4Ae! 0/K! /2G! VY! 2GB43! AHVc4;GA! AH;B! 0A! 4=1P2Y43A! 23! A4PFIJ2@43/=4/G!0HGB23>G>4Af!! ,B4! ;B01G43! ;2/;43/>/J! K>A;3>=>/0G>2/! 2/! GB4! J32H/K! 2F! A4b! >A! AB23G! 0/K! G22!J4/430Pf!,B4!C4/G34! AG0G4A! GB0G! GB4! A>GH0G>2/!2F!d2=4/! >/! 4=1P2Y=4/G! 34P0G>2/A! B0A!/2G! >=132@4K! 0/K! GB0G! >/4<H0P>GY! >/! GB4! 34=H/430G>2/! 2F!=4/! 0/K!d2=4/! >A! AG>PP! 0!143A>AG>/J!132VP4=f!./!&((^e!GB4!C4/G34!K40PG!d>GB!A4@430P!;0A4A!KH4!G2!134J/0/;Y!0/K!=0G43/>GY! >/! GB4! 0340!2F! 4=1P2Y=4/G! 34P0G>2/Af!,B4A4! ;0A4A! 034!/2G!K4A;3>V4K! >/! GB4!34123Gf!!Miscellaneous !ECHR case law: judgment in K.H. and Others v Slovakia (28 April 2009) ./!>GA!K4;>A>2/!>/!GB>A!;0A4e!GB4!6H32140/!C2H3G!2F!NH=0/!->JBGA!F>/KA!GB0G!+P2@0Q>0!@>2P0G4K! GB4! BH=0/! 3>JBGA! 2F! 4>JBG!-2=0!d2=4/!dB2! V4P>4@4! GB4Y!d434! @>;G>=A! 2F!AG43>P>Z0G>2/! d>GB2HG! GB4>3! >/F23=4K! ;2/A4/G! 0/K! dB2! d434! AHVA4<H4/GPY! K4/>4K!>/F23=0G>2/! 0V2HG! GB4>3! 34132KH;G>@4! B40PGBf! ,B4! C2H3G! B2PKA! GB0G! GB4! 34FHA0P! G2!132@>K4! 1B2G2;21>4A! 2F! =4K>;0P! 34;23KA! @>2P0G4K! GB4! d2=4/oA! 3>JBG! G2! 13>@0G4! 0/K!F0=>PY!P>F4f!,B4!C2H3G!0PA2!34;2J/>Z4K!GB0G!>/F23=0G>2/!0V2HG!GB4>3!34132KH;G>@4!B40PGB!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!""(!!,B>A! 34123G! >A! 0@0>P0VP4! >/! ! 6/JP>AB! 2/! BGG1lmmdddfA/AP1fAQm3AmA/AP1q3Af/AFm(m?"5)(#$6^'))&#%LC"&%$#&C((?^$W)"sU14/S2;H=4/G!

!


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! ./!0KK>G>2/!G2!GB4!4P4;G>2/!34AHPGA!GB434!d434!A2=4!;3>G>;A!2F!GB4!;0=10>J/!F23!GB4!6H32140/!4P4;G>2/A!0A!d4PPf!);;23K>/J! G2! GB4!0AA4AA=4/G!2F! GB4!a2=4/|A!72VVY!GB4!=0c23>GY!2F!12P>G>;0P!103G>4A!B0@4!/2G!A14;>F>;0PPY!>K4/G>F>4K!GB4!J4/K43!4<H0P>GY!>AAH4f!,B4!a2=4/oA!72VVY!>A!0PA2!;3>G>;0P!2F!0PP!12P>G>;0P!103G>4A!V4;0HA4!GB4Y!K>K!/2G!1P0;4!0/Y!F4=0P4!;0/K>K0G4A!0G!GB4!G21!2F!GB4!;0/K>K0G4!P>AGAf!!Activities of the Office for Equal Opportunities UF!GB4!0;G>@>G>4A!2F!GB4!UFF>;4!F23!6<H0P!U1123GH/>G>4Ae!2/4!GB0G!>A!d23GB!=4/G>2/>/J!>A!GB4!1HVP>;0G>2/!2F!GB4!)//H0P!-4123G!2/!GB4!d23Q!2F!GB4!)K@2;0G4!2F!GB4!13>/;>1P4!2F!6<H0P>GY!F23!&((^!0/K!>GA!134A4/G0G>2/!G2!GB4!82@43/=4/G!>/!)13>P!&((Lf!);;23K>/J!G2!GB4!34123Ge!GB4!/H=V43!2F!J4/K43!K>A;3>=>/0G>2/!;0A4A!K4;340A4K!F32=!?(!g!>/!&(($!G2!&(!g! >/! &((^f! ,B>A! =40/A! GB0G! GB4! )K@2;0G4! K40PG! d>GB! ?$! ;0A4A! 2F! 0PP4J4K!K>A;3>=>/0G>2/! 2/! @03>2HA! J32H/KAe! 2HG! 2F! dB>;B! 2/PY! L! ;0A4A! d434! J4/K43!K>A;3>=>/0G>2/!;0A4Af!!Government activities ,B4! 82@43/=4/G! >A! ;2/A>K43>/J! G2! =43J4! A2=4! J2@43/=4/G! 2FF>;4A! hGB4! UFF>;4! F23!T0G>2/0P!9>/23>G>4Ae! GB4!UFF>;4! F23!6<H0P!U1123GH/>G>4A! 0/K! GB4!82@43/=4/G!UFF>;4!F23!GB4!E32G4;G>2/!2F!CP0AA>F>4K!./F23=0G>2/if!,2!GB>A!4/Ke!GB4!82@43/=4/G!>A!1P0//>/J!G2! 4AG0VP>AB! 0! J2@43/=4/G! 2FF>;4! F23! >=1P4=4/G0G>2/! 2F! 4<H0P>GY! dB>;B! d2HPK! G0Q4!2@43!GB4!d23Q!2F!GB4A4!2FF>;4Af!! )/2GB43! >G4=! d23GB! =4/G>2/>/J! >A! GB4! K>A;HAA>2/! 0/K! 0K21G>2/! 2F! GB4! )//H0P!-4123G!2F!GB4!70V2H3!./A14;G230G4!F23!&((^!0G!>GA!A4AA>2/!0G!GB4!4/K!2F!90Y!&((L!0/K!>GA!134A4/G0G>2/!G2!GB4!T0G>2/0P!)AA4=VPYf!);;23K>/J!G2!GB4!34123G!GB4!132B>V>G>2/!2F!K>A;3>=>/0G>2/!d0A!@>2P0G4K!>/!^!;0A4A!>/!0;;4AA!G2!4=1P2Y=4/G!0/K!>/!%!;0A4A!KH3>/J!GB4!4=1P2Y=4/G!34P0G>2/AB>1f!!Ombudsman activities ,B4!U=VHKA=0/!134A4/G4K!>GA!)//H0P!-4123G!F23!&((^!G2!GB4!T0G>2/0P!)AA4=VPYf!,B4!U=VHKA=0/! K4;>K4K! >/! 2/PY! 2/4! ;0A4! 2F! J4/K43! K>A;3>=>/0G>2/! 0/K! K>K! /2G! F>/K!K>A;3>=>/0G>2/f!! !Legislative developments !Regulation on Measures to Protect the Dignity of Employees in Public Administration Bodies (‘the Regulation’) ./!90Y!&((Le!0!/4d!-4JHP0G>2/!4/G434K!>/G2!F23;4!>/!23K43!G2!132G4;G!K>J/>GY!0G!d23Q!>/!1HVP>;!0K=>/>AG30G>2/!V2K>4Af!U/!GB>A!V0A>Ae!G30>/>/J!;2H3A4A!d434!P0H/;B4K!>/!:HPY!&((L! >/! 23K43! G2! 30>A4! 0d034/4AA! >/! GB4! F>4PK! 2F! 132G4;G>2/! 0J0>/AG! A4bH0P! 0/K! 2GB43!B030AA=4/G!F23!=>/>AG3>4A!0/K!J2@43/=4/G!A43@>;4Af!!Equality body decisions/opinions !Gender discrimination found in a case regarding access to and supply of goods and services ./!:HPY!&((Le! GB4!)K@2;0G4!2F! GB4!E3>/;>1P4!2F!6<H0P>GY!K4;>K4K!>/!0!;0A4!2F!0PP4J4K!H/4<H0P! G340G=4/G! V0A4K! 2/! J4/K43! 34J03K>/J! 0;;4AA! G2! 0/K! AH11PY! 2F! J22KA! 0/K!A43@>;4Af!)!=0P4!>/>G>0G23!;2=1P0>/4K!2F!K>A;3>=>/0G>2/!V4;0HA4!GB4!4/G30/;4!F44!G2!0!;43G0>/!;PHV!d0A!;B03J4K!2/PY!G2!=4/f!,B4!)K@2;0G4!F2H/K!4/G3Y!F44A!;B03J4K!2/PY!G2!=4/!K>34;GPY!K>A;3>=>/0G23Y!G2d03KA!=4/!>/!0!d3>GG4/!21>/>2/!T2f!(L&(I"'m&((LI&f!


!Miscellaneous !Various activities to promote gender equality ./!23K43! G2!132=2G4!4<H0P!21123GH/>G>4A! F23!=4/!0/K!d2=4/! Gd2!132c4;GA!AB2HPK!V4!=4/G>2/4Kf!,B4!F>3AG!2/4!>A!GB4!vS>@43A>GY!90/0J4=4/G!>/!6=1P2Y=4/Go!132c4;G!dB>;B!B0A!V44/!>=1P4=4/G4K!>/!GB4!A;214!2F!GB4!E32J34AA!E32J30==4f!,B>A!>A!0!c2>/G!132c4;Ge!dB>;B! >/;PHK4A! GB4!/2/IJ2@43/=4/G0P!)AA2;>0G>2/!F23!NH=0/!->JBGA!�O*CI77e! GB4!)AA2;>0G>2/! 2F! W344! ,30K4! */>2/A! 2F! +P2@4/>0! 0/K! )AA2;>0G>2/! 2F! 6=1P2Y43A! 2F!+P2@4/>0! >/! 23K43! G2! 4/;2H30J4! A2;>0P! 103G/43A! G2! 0K01G! 0/K! >=1P4=4/G! K>@43A>GY!=0/0J4=4/G!>/!GB4!4=1P2Y=4/G!12P>;>4Af!,B4!4=1B0A>A!>A!2/!=40AH34A!G2!>/;340A4!GB4!4=1P2Y0V>P>GY! 2F! 2PK43! 0/K!Y2H/J!1421P4e! K>A0VP4Ke! 30;>0P! 0/K! 4GB/>;!=>/23>G>4A! 0/K!132G4;G>2/! 0J0>/AG! K>A;3>=>/0G>2/! V0A4K! 2/! 34P>J>2/e! J4/K43! 0/K! A4bH0P! 23>4/G0G>2/f!,B4! A4;2/K! 2/4! >A! GB4! 132c4;G! 2/! =HPG>1P4! K>A;3>=>/0G>2/! dB>;B! >A! 3H/! VY! GB4!./F23=0G>2/!C4/G34!74J4V>G30!0/K!>GA!103G/43Af!,B4!=0>/!1H312A4!2F!GB>A!132c4;G!>A!G2!J0GB43! >/F23=0G>2/! 2/! =HPG>1P4! K>A;3>=>/0G>2/e! G2! V3>/J! GB4! >AAH4! 2F! =HPG>1P4!K>A;3>=>/0G>2/! G2! GB4! 0GG4/G>2/! 2F! GB4! J4/430P! 1HVP>;! 0/K! G2! F>/K! A2PHG>2/A! 34J03K>/J!B2d!G2!K40P!d>GB!GB>A!>AAH4!G2J4GB43!d>GB!GB4!4b143GAf!)A!103G!2F!GB>A!132c4;Ge!0!12AG43!;0=10>J/e! G30>/>/J! ;2H3A4A! F23! 4b143GA! K40P>/J! d>GB! 12G4/G>0PPY! K>A;3>=>/0G4K!>/K>@>KH0PAe!0/K!0!<H0P>G0G>@4!AGHKY!B0@4!V44/!;033>4K!2HGf!!!

SPAIN!r!(&)<$'m$1,Y#!!Policy developments !,B4!82@43/=4/GoA! V0A>;! 12P>;Y! >A! F2;HA4K! 2/! G0Q>/J!=40AH34A! 0J0>/AG! GB4! F>/0/;>0P!0/K! 4;2/2=>;! ;3>A>A! GB0G! >A! B0@>/J! 0! 103G>;HP03PY! /4J0G>@4! 4FF4;G! 2/! +10>/oA!H/4=1P2Y=4/G!30G4f!./!:HPY!&((L!GB4!A2;>0P!K>0P2JH4!d>GB!G30K4!H/>2/A!0/K!4=1P2Y43A!0AA2;>0G>2/A! d0A! V32Q4/! 2FFk! GB>A! >=1P>4A! ;2/FP>;G>/J! 12A>G>2/A! 0/K! AHJJ4AGA! GB0G!0HGH=/!d>PP!V3>/J!A2;>0P!;2/F32/G0G>2/Af!./!GB>A!;2/G4bGe!B2d4@43e!GB4!82@43/=4/G!B0A!AG0G4K!GB0G!0/Y!=40AH34A!0K21G4K!AB0PP!/2G!0FF4;G!;>G>Z4/Ao!A2;>0P!3>JBGAf!W23!GB4!G>=4!V4>/Je! 4<H0P! 3>JBGA! 12P>;>4A! 034! AG>PP! V4>/J! K4@4P214Ke! V2GB! GB32HJB! /4d! 34JHP0G>2/A!0/K! =40AH34A! G2! 132=2G4! d2=4/! >/! 4;2/2=Y! 0/K! 4=1P2Y=4/Gf! 92342@43e! GB4!9>/>AG3Y!2F!84/K43!6<H0P>GY! >/G4/KA! G2!;2=1P4G4! GB4! 34JHP0G23Y! F30=4d23Q! F23!0/G>IK>A;3>=>/0G>2/! P4J>AP0G>2/! >/! +10>/! 0/K! B0A! V4JH/! G2! K4@4P21! 0! /4d! P0d! 2/! 4<H0P!G340G=4/G!GB0G!d>PP!0KK34AA!0PP!F23=A!2F!K>A;3>=>/0G>2/f!!Policy developments in Aragón: creation of the Women’s Health Advisory Council ,B4! ;340G>2/! 2F! GB4! a2=4/oA! N40PGB! )K@>A23Y! C2H/;>P! hVY! S4;344! ""%m&((Le!1HVP>AB4K! >/! GB4! UFF>;>0P! 5HPP4G>/! 2F! )30J\/! 2F! :HPY! 'e! &((Li! 0>=A! G2! ;B0/J4! GB4!A>GH0G>2/!2F!J4/K43!>/4<H0P>GY!GB0G!134cHK>;4A!d2=4/!F23!A2;>0P!340A2/A!0/K!KH4!G2!GB4!d0Y! B40PGB! A43@>;4A! 034! AG3H;GH34Kf! ,B>A! )K@>A23Y! C2H/;>P! >A! 0! ;2/AHPG0G>@4! 0/K!0K@>A23Y!V2KY!GB0G!0KK34AA4A!d2=4/|A!B40PGB!12P>;Y!>AAH4Af!)=2/J!>GA!FH/;G>2/A!>A!G2!13212A4! ;3>G43>0! 0/K! 143F23=0/;4! AG30G4J>4A! G2! 132=2G4! =0>/AG340=>/J! >/! d2=4/|A!B40PGB! 12P>;>4Ae! 0K@>A4! 2/! P>/4A! 2F! 34A403;B! 0/K! 13212A4! B40PGB! >/G43@4/G>2/!132J30==4A!F23!d2=4/f!!!Policy developments in Cantabria: coordination of activities towards mainstreaming ,B4! 82@43/=4/G! 2F! C0/G0V3>0! B0A! ;340G4K! GB4! 84/K43! 6<H0P>GY! C2==>AA>2/! hVY!S4;344! &#m&((Le! UFF>;>0P! 5HPP4G>/! 2F! C0/G0V3>0! '! )13>P! &((Lif! .GA! 2Vc4;G>@4! >A! G2!


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Legislative developments !Merger of ombudsmen and anti-discrimination acts )A! ;2HPK! V4! 4b14;G4Ke! P4J>AP0G>@4! 0;G>@>G>4A! >/! GB4! F>4PK! 2F! S>A;3>=>/0G>2/! 70d! 0/K!84/K43! 6<H0P>GY! 70d! B0@4! V44/! A;03;4! GB>A! Y403f! ,B4! /4d! S>A;3>=>/0G>2/! );Ge""&!=43J>/J! A4@4/! F23=43! 0;GA! 2/! K>A;3>=>/0G>2/! >/G2! 0! +>/JP4! T2/IK>A;3>=>/0G>2/! );G!0/K! >=1P4=4/G>/J! GB4!6H32140/!4<H0P>GY!K>34;G>@4Ae! 4/G434K! >/G2! F23;4!2/!"! :0/H03Y!&((Lf!)A!2F!GB4!A0=4!K0G4e!F2H3!F23=43!2=VHKA=4/!d434!=43J4K!>/G2!0!+>/JP4!52KY!AH143@>A>/J! GB4! /4d! );Ge! GB4! 6<H0P>GY! U=VHKA=0/e! SU! hT*#7)*2*%&)*%F#S-2?",#2$%%&%e!SUif""'!!Transfer of parental benefits ,B4! 2/PY! P4J0P! >/>G>0G>@4! 2F! >/G434AG! A2! F03! GB>A! Y403! >A! GB4! 82@43/=4/GoA! 5>PP!&((^m(Ll"L?!2/!h0=2/J!2GB43!GB>/JAi!4bG4/K4K!3>JBGA!G2!G30/AF43!1034/G0P!V4/4F>GAf!)!1034/G! d>GB! A>/JP4! ;HAG2KY! dB2! >A! B>=ImB43A4PF! G22! A>;Q! G2! ;034! F23! GB4! ;B>PK! >A!AHJJ4AG4K!G2!B0@4!GB4!3>JBG!G2!G30/AF43!B>A!23!B43!3>JBG!G2!1034/G0P!V4/4F>GA!G2!0/2GB43!143A2/!r!4fJf!0!34P0G>@4!23!0!F3>4/Kf!+H;B!3>JBGA!;0/!2/PY!V4!G30/AF4334K!G2!0!143A2/!dB2!0VAG0>/A!F32=!34=H/430G4K!d23Q!0/K!d>PP!2/PY!011PY!G2!GB4!;034!2F!;B>PK34/!H/K43!GB4!0J4!2F!GB344f!!!Case law of national courts !./! 403PY! &((Le! GB4! +d4K>AB! h+H134=4i! 70V2H3! C2H3G! K4;>K4K! Gd2! ;0A4A! ;2/;43/>/J!J4/K43!K>A;3>=>/0G>2/l!70V2H3!C2H3G!C0A4!&((L!T2Af!"'!0/K!"%f""?!T2d!0/2GB43!;0A4!;0/!V4!0KK4Kf!!!Labour Court Case 2009 No. 45 on parental leave 70V2H3! C2H3G! C0A4! &((L! T2f! ?%! ;2/;43/A! +4;G>2/! "%! >/! GB4! F23=43! 6<H0P!U1123GH/>G>4A! );G! h6U)e"LL"l?''i! 0/K! +4;G>2/! "#! 2F! GB4! +d4K>AB! h"LL%l%^?i!E034/G0P!740@4!);Gf!)!134J/0/G!4=1P2Y44!B0K!011P>4K!F23!AGHKY!P40@4!F23!0!2/4Id44Q!;2H3A4!1P0//4K!G2!G0Q4!1P0;4!>/!GB4!d44Q!134;4K>/J!B43!=0G43/>GY!P40@4f!N43!4=1P2Y43!K4/>4K! GB>A! P40@4! 03JH>/J! GB0G! >G! d2HPK! V4! K>FF>;HPG! G2! ;2/A2P>K0G4! GB4! ;2=14G4/;4!>=132@4=4/G!KH4!G2!GB4!1P0//4K!134J/0/;Ym=0G43/>GY!P40@4f!! ,B4!C2H3G!F2H/K!K4G3>=4/G0P!G340G=4/G!2/!GB4!J32H/KA!2F!1034/G0P!P40@4!0;;23K>/J!G2! +4;G>2/! "#! 2F! GB4! "LL%! E034/G0P! 740@4!);G! 0/K! >/K4=/>F>;0G>2/!d0A! A4G! 0G! +6O!&%!(((! h01132bf! 6*-! &!%((if! ,B4! cHKJ=4/G! 0PA2! ;2/G0>/Ae! B2d4@43e! 0/! >/G434AG>/J!K>A;HAA>2/! 2/!dB4GB43! K>A;3>=>/0G>2/! 2/! GB4! J32H/KA! 2F! A4b! 0;;23K>/J! G2! GB4!6<H0P!U1123GH/>G>4A!);G!h6U)i!B0K!G0Q4/!1P0;4f!,B4!C2H3G!134A4/GA!0/K!K>A;HAA4A!>/G2!A2=4!K4G0>P! GB4!6C:oA!;0A4! P0d! >/!T&77&)e!A&??! 0/K!6&)<b! 2/!134J/0/;Ym=0G43/>GY! P40@4!K>A;3>=>/0G>2/!0A!K>34;G!K>A;3>=>/0G>2/!/2G!34<H>3>/J!0!;2=1030G23f!,B4/!>G!12A4A!GB4!<H4AG>2/! dB4GB43! GB>A! d0A! 0! ;0A4! 2F! 134J/0/;Y! K>A;3>=>/0G>2/! h/2G! 34<H>3>/J! 0!;2=1030G23! 23! dB434! GB4! 34P4@0/G! ;2=1030G23! d0A! GB4! A0=4! 4=1P2Y44! VHG! /2G!134J/0/Gi!23!>F!GB4!34P4@0/G!;2=1030G23!d0A!0!=0/!dB2!d0A!K4/>4K!AGHKY!P40@4!2/!GB4!J32H/KA!2F!0!P2/J43!H1;2=>/J!143>2K!2F!P40@4!F32=!d23Qe!dB>;B!d0A!0;GH0PPY!1034/G0P!P40@4f!);;23K>/J! G2! GB4!C2H3Ge! GB434! 034! AG32/J! 340A2/A! vG2! AHJJ4AG! GB0G! GB4!d2=0/!;2/;43/4K!d0A!>/!0!A>=>P03!A>GH0G>2/!0A!GB4!=0/!dB2!1P0//4K!0!P2/J43!1034/G0P!P40@4!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!""&!!);G!&((^l%#$f!""'!!+44!dddfK2fA4e!P0AG!0;;4AA4K!$!S4;4=V43!&((Lf!""?!!+44!687-!&((LI"f!./G43/4G!A2H3;4!0/K!0KK>G>2/0P!>/F23=0G>2/l!BGG1lmmdddf03V4GAK2=AG2P4/fA4e!P0AG!0;;4AA4K!$!S4;4=V43!&((Lf!


0/K!d0A!K4/>4K!;2=14G4/;4!K4@4P21=4/G!2/!GB>A!J32H/Kof!N2d4@43e!GB4!C2H3G!K>K!/2G!G0Q4!0!AG0/K!2/!GB>Ae!/23!2/!12AA>VP4!K>A;3>=>/0G>2/!0;;23K>/J!G2!GB4!h2PKi!6U)e!A>/;4!GB4!4=1P2Y43oA!K4;>A>2/!d0A!>/!V340;B!2F!GB4!E034/G0P!740@4!);Gf!!Equality body decisions/opinions !Complaints to Equality Ombudsman on sex discrimination ,B434!B0@4!V44/!/2!K4;>A>2/A!2F! 0!=234!13>/;>1P4K! >/G434AG! F32=! GB4!6<H0P>GY!52KY!A>/;4! >GA!AG03G! >/!:0/H03Y!&((Lf!N2d4@43e!0!/H=V43!2F!;2=1P0>/GA!2/! GB4!J32H/KA!2F!A4b! B0@4! V44/! 134A4/G4K! G2! GB4! 6<H0P>GY!U=VHKA=0/! >/! &((Lf! +2=4! 2F! GB4=! B0@4!V44/!A4GGP4K!2HG!2F!C2H3Gf!! U/4! ;0A4! hNU! "'^?m&((î! ;2/;43/4K! 0! d2=0/! dB2! d0A! >/! B43! 4=1P2Y=4/G!132V0G>2/!143>2Ke!dB>;B!d0A!4/K4K!2/;4!GB4!4=1P2Y43!P403/4K!GB0G!AB4!h>i!B0K!K>0V4G4A!0/K!=2342@43! h>>i! d0A! 134J/0/Gf! ,B4! A4GGP4=4/G! >=1P>4K! GB0G! GB4! 4=1P2Y43! 10>K! 0/!>/K4=/>F>;0G>2/!2F!+6O!#%!(((!h01132bf!6*-!#!%((if!! )/2GB43! ;0A4! h:X=U! #&&m&((î! ;2/;43/4K! 0! d2=0/! d23Q>/J! d>GB! V22QAf! ,B4!K4=0/KA!2/!1BYA>;0P! AG34/JGB! GB0G!011P>4K! G2!d23Q>/J!d>GB!2/4!2F! GB4!V>J!=0;B>/4A!d434!G2!GB4!K4G3>=4/G!2F!d2=4/!0;;23K>/J!G2!GB4!6<H0P>GY!U=VHKA=0/!0/K!0=2H/G4K!G2! >/K>34;G! K>A;3>=>/0G>2/f! ./K4=/>F>;0G>2/! d0A! A4G! 0G! +6O! '%!(((! h01132bf! 6*-!'!%((if!!! D4G! 0/2GB43! ;0A4! ;2/;43/4K! 0! F4=0P4! /H3A4! dB2! d0A! 2FF434K! 0! P2d43! d0J4!>/;340A4! 2/! GB4! J32H/KA! GB0G! AB4! B0K! B0K! G22!=H;B! G>=4! 2FF! F23! GB4! ;034! 2F! A=0PP!;B>PK34/f! ,B>A! 0=2H/G4K! G2! >PP4J0P! K4G3>=4/G0P! G340G=4/G! 0;;23K>/J! G2! GB4! E034/G0P!740@4!);Gf!./K4=/>F>;0G>2/!d0A!A4G!0G!+6O!&(!(((!h01132bf!6*-!&!(((if!! W>/0PPYe!GB434!d0A!0!;0A4!;2/;43/>/J!0!d2=0/!dB2!d0A!K4/>4K!4=1P2Y=4/G!>/!0!AB21!2/! GB4!J32H/KA!2F!134J/0/;Yf! ./K4=/>F>;0G>2/!d0A!A4G!0G!+6O!%(!(((! h01132bf!6*-!%!(((if!!!

UNITED KINGDOM!r!`*1&&%'+HK-1F$%!!Policy developments !The Equality Bill: an introduction ,B4!v2/PY!AB2d!>/!G2d/o!F32=!0/!4<H0P>GY!143A14;G>@4!0G!134A4/G!>A!GB4!P2/J!0d0>G4K!6<H0P>GY! 5>PP! dB>;B! d0A! F>/0PPY! 1HVP>AB4K! 2/! &?! )13>P! &((Lf! ,B4! 5>PP! A44QA! G2!>/;231230G4!0PP!4b>AG>/J!K>A;3>=>/0G>2/!P0d!132@>A>2/A!>/G2!0!A>/JP4!1>4;4!2F!P4J>AP0G>2/!dB>;B!d2HPK! 34JHP0G4! K>A;3>=>/0G>2/!2/!J32H/KA!2F! A4be! 30;4! h>/;PHK>/J!/0G>2/0P>GYe!/0G>2/0P!23>J>/Ae!4GB/>;>GY!0/K!;2P2H3ie!K>A0V>P>GYe!34P>J>2/!23!V4P>4Fe!A4bH0P!23>4/G0G>2/e!0J4e!134J/0/;Y!0/K!J4/K43!340AA>J/=4/Gif!,B4!5>PP!0PA2!AHJJ4AGA!GB4!>=12A>G>2/!2F!0/!2VP>J0G>2/! 2/! 1HVP>;! 0HGB23>G>4A! G2! ;2/A>K43! A2;>2I4;2/2=>;! K>A0K@0/G0J4! dB4/!1P0//>/J!0/K!=2/>G23>/J!A43@>;4!132@>A>2/f!!!Sex discrimination/equal pay )A! F03! 0A! GB4! A>/JP4! 6<H0P>GY! 5>PP! 011P>4A! G2! A4b! 0/K! 134J/0/;Y! 0/K! J4/K43!340AA>J/=4/Ge! >G! AHJJ4AGA! 34P0G>@4PY! F4d! AHVAG0/G>@4! ;B0/J4A! G2! GB4! 134A4/G! P0df!)A!0/G>;>10G4K! >/! GB4! P0AG! 6867-e! 0/Y! 403PY! B214A! GB0G! >G! =>JBG! >/;PHK4! 132@>A>2/A!34<H>3>/J!4=1P2Y43A!G2!;033Y!2HG!10Y!34@>4dA!d434!K>A0112>/G4Kf""%!6<H0P!10Y!d2HPK!

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THE EUROPEAN NETWORK OF LEGAL EXPERTS IN THE FIELD OF GENDER EQUALITY

no. 2 / 2009 · e q u a lity , a ctio n a g a in st d iscrim in a tio n : l e g a l q u e stio n s...

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